LIBRARY 

THE  UNIVERSITY 
OF  CALIFORNIA 

SANTA  BARBARA 

PRESENTED  BY 

MRS.    ALFRED  W.    INGALLS 


IlLTOH  ^  €0. 


^GARDEN    FLOWERS  : 


How  TO    CULTIVATE   THEM./ 


A  TREATISE  ON  THE  CULTURE  OF   HARDY  ORNAMENTAL 

TREES,    SHRUBS,   ANNUALS,    HERBACEOUS 

AND   BEDDING   PLANTS. 


BY 

EDWARD  SPRAGUE  RAND,  JR., 


BOSTON: 

J.    E.    TILTON    AND    COMPANY. 
1866. 


Entered,  according  to  Act  of  Congress,  in  the  year  1866,  by 

EDWARD   SPRAGUE   RAND,   JR., 
In  the  Clerk's  Office  of  the  District  Court  of  the  District  of  Massachusett 


STEREOTY'PED   BY   C.    J.   PETERS   &   SON, 
13  Washington  St.,  Boston. 


PRESS  OF  GEO.  C.  RAND 


DR.    J.    P.    KIRTLAND, 

OF   CLEVELAND,   OHIO, 

THE     PIONEER     OF     HORTICULTURE     IN     THE 
GREAT     WEST. 


INTRODUCTION. 


IN  presenting  the  present  volume,  the  author  can 
lay  but  little  claim  to  originality.  The  work  was  un- 
dertaken to  supply  the  want,  which  has  long  been 
felt,  of  a  trustworthy  handbook  of  garden-flowers ;  one 
which  should  comprise  a  short  treatise  on  the  culture 
of  hardy  perennials,  biennials,  and  annuals,  as  well  as 
the  more  showy  family  of  bedding-plants.  In  a  Work 
of  a  few  hundred  pages,  it  is  manifestly  impossible  to 
give  minute  directions  for  the  successful  cultivation 
of  every  plant.  The  volume  is  not  intended  to  teach 
gardening ;  but,  a  knowledge  of  the  several  principles 
of  gardening  —  the  preparation  of  the  soil,  the  appli- 
cation of  manures,  the  sowing  of  seed,  the  formation 
of  hot-beds  —  being  presupposed,  it  is  proposed  to 
teach  the  peculiar  culture  each  plant  may  require,  to 
give  the  soil  in  which  it  best  succeeds,  and  to  furnish 
a  condensed  list  of  species  and  varieties  best  adapted 
to  garden  culture,  with  the  height,  color  of  flowers, 
season  of  bloom,  riative  country,  and  date  of  intro- 

v 


VI  INTRODUCTION. 

duction  of  each.  This  first  plan  has  been  somewhat 
amplified ;  and  all  hardy  plants,  comprising  trees  and 
shrubs,  have  been  included,  until  the  present  volume 
comprises  short  and  concise  directions  for  the  culture 
of  every  plant  usually  met  with  in  the  garden,  includ- 
ing trees,  shrubs,  and  climbers. 

The  labor  of  compilation  has  been  greatly  lessened 
by  adaptations  from  two  English  works  of  somewhat 
similar  character,  Glenny's  "  Handbook  of  the  Gar- 
den," and  Johnson's  "Cottage  Gardener's  Dictionary," 
books  of  great  value,  but  almost  useless  to  the  Amer- 
ican florist  on  account  of  the  great  difference  in  cli- 
mate between  our  own  country  and  England,  which 
renders,  in  many  cases,  entirely  different  treatment 
necessary  in  the  culture  of  the  same  plant. 

Many  plants  which  are  hardy  in  England  are  not 
hardy  with  us,  while,  strange  as  it  may  seem,  some 
plants  which  survive  our  severest  winters  uninjured 
require  frame  protection  in  England. 

While  the  heat  of  our  summer's  sun  will  forever 
prevent  our  raising  such  florists'  flowers  as  Pansies, 
Auriculas,  and  Pinks,  in  perfection,  the  same  warm 
summers  enable  us  to  bring  many  plants  to  a  perfec- 
tion of  bloom  unknown  in  England.  The  directions 
for  the  culture  of  these  florists'  flowers  are  ample,  and 
the  list  of  species  of  trees  will  be  found  very  complete. 


INTRODUCTION.  VII 

The  author  has  experienced  great  difficulty  in  the 
application  of  the  word  "hardy"  to  the  various  plants. 
The  extent  of  our  country  is  so  great,  and  the  range 
of  temperature  so  varied,  that  it  is  impossible  to  fix 
with  certainty  the  exact  locality  where  a  plant  ceases 
to  be  hardy.  Much  also  depends  on  situation  and 
exposure. 

Philadelphia,  New  York,  and  Boston,  respectively, 
each  have  many  hardy  plants  which  are  winter-killed 
farther  north.  The  Liquidamber  is  hardy  five  miles 
south  of  Boston,  but  is  killed  to  the  ground  each  win- 
ter twenty-five  miles  north  of  the  same  city.  Pyrus 
Japonica  stands  well  as  a  hedge-plant  in  Massachu- 
setts, yet  is  winter-killed  in  western  New  York.  These 
instances  might  be  multiplied  a  hundred-fold. 

Again  :  neighborhood  to  the  sea  has  much  to  do 
with  the  hardiness  of  plants,  usually  operating  unfa- 
vorably ;  as  also  has  the  protection  afforded  by  snow 
in  each  winter.  Thus  it  will  be  seen  no  rule  of  gen- 
eral application  can  be  laid  down.  Where  a  plant  is 
called  "  hardy,"  it  may  be  taken  as  hardy  in  Massa- 
chusetts, and,  of  course,  southward ;  though  often  some 
species  of  such  a  plant  may  require  frame  protection. 
In  this  the  author  has  given  the  results  of  his  own 
experience  and  observation ;  and,  while  he  cannot 
hope  to  have  made  no  mistake,  he  trusts  tho,  experi- 


VIII  INTRODUCTION. 

ence  of  others  may  confirm  his  near  approximation 
to  accuracy. 

The  present  volume  omits  entirely  the  hardy  ferns, 
which  it  is  proposed  to  embrace  in  a  forthcoming  vol- 
ume devoted  entirely  to  cryptogamous  plants.  A 
companion  volume  to  the  present,  classifying  and 
describing  "Greenhouse  Plants"  in  the  same  manner, 
is  already  in  press,  which,  with  his  previous  work 
on  "  Parlor  Gardening,"  and  his  forthcoming  work 
on  "  Orchids,"  now  far  advanced  towards  completion, 
the  author  hopes  will  form  indispensable  companions 
both  to  the  florist  and  amateur,  and  indeed  to  all,  both 
old  and  young,  who  love  the  culture  of  flowers,  the 
bright  and  beautiful  gifts  which  the  Author  of  all 
good  has  so  lavishly  strewn  around  our  earthly  path- 
way, and  which,  if  we  rightly  read  their  silent  teach- 
ings, cannot  but  ennoble  and  elevate  the  soul. 

GLEN  RIDGE,  January,  1866. 


GARDEN  FLOWERS, 


HOW     TO     CULTIVATE     THEM. 


ABIES.     Spruce  Fir.     [Pinaceae.]     Hardy  evergreen  or- 
namental trees  and  shrubs,  growing  in  common  soil, 
and  increased  by  seeds  and  by  grafting.    A  numerous  family. 

A.  Ajonesis  (Ajona) ;  large  tree;  Siberia.  A.  alba  (white 
spruce);  50  feet ;  May;  North  America  ;  1700.  A.  alba  ttana 
(dwarf) ;  May.  A.  amabilis  (lovely) ;  180  feet ;  April ;  New  Cali- 
fornia; 1831.  A.  aromatica  (aromatic);  100  feet;  Oregon.  A. 
balsamea  (balsam-fir) ;  45  feet ;  May ;  North  America.  A.  bracte- 
ata  (bracted) ;  120  feet ;  California.  A.  Brrinoniana  (Brown's) ; 
75  feet ;  Nepaul.  A.  Canadensis  (Canadian  ;  hemlock-spruce) ; 
85  feet;  May;  North  America;  1736.  A.  Cephalonica  (Cepha- 
lonian);  60  feet;  May;  Cephalonia ;  1824.  A.  concolor  (one- 
colored);  mountains  of  Mexico.  A.  Doiiglasii  (Douglas's) ;  170 
feet ;  May  ;  North  America  ;  1826.  A.  excelsa  (lofty) ;  150  feet ; 
May ;  north  of  Europe.  Carpatica,  Clanbrasiliana,  gigantea, 
monstrosa,  mucronata,  nana,  tenuifolia,  variegata,  and  viminalis 
are  all  varieties  of  excelsa.  A.  falcata  (sickle-leaved) ;  35  feet ; 
Oregon.  A.  firma  (solid);  mountains  of  Japan.  A.  Fraseri 
(Eraser's);  30  feet ;  May;  1811.  A.  Fraseri  nana  (dwirf).  A. 


10  GARDEN    FLOWERS. 

grandts  (great);  170  feet;  May;  New  California;  1831.  A. 
heterophylla  (various-leaved) ;  180  feet ;  Oregon.  A.  homolepis 
(equal-scaled);  25  feet;  mountains  of  Japan.  A.JezoensisQezo; 
spruce-fir);  55  feet;  Japan.  A.  KJmtrow  (Khutrow) ;  50  feet; 
Himalayas.  A.  lasiocarpa  (woolly-coned) ;  North-west  America ; 
A.  Menziesii  (Menzies') ;  60  feet;  May;  North-west  America ; 
1831.  A.  Mertensiana  (Merten's) ;  Island  of  Sitcha.  A.micro- 
phylla  (small-leaved);  180  feet;  Oregon.  A.  Morinda  (Morin- 
da);  40  feet;  North  India.  A.  mucronata  (sharp-pointed);  180 
feet;  Oregon.  A.  nigra  (black-spruce) ;  60  feet ;  May;  North 
America;  1700.  A.  nobilis  (noble);  65  feet;  North  America; 
1831.  A.  Nordmanniana  (Nordmann's) ;  80  feet;  Crimea.  A. 
obovata  (reversed-egg-coned) ;  Siberia.  A.  orientalis  (eastern) ; 
30  feet ;  May;  Levant ;  1825.  A. picea  (pitchy) ;  160  feet ;  May ; 
Germany;  1603.  A.  picea  Apollinis  (Apollini) ;  Greece.  A. 
picea  leioclada  (smooth-branched) ;  Levant.  A.  pichta  (pitch) ; 
50  feet;  May;  Siberia;  1820.  A.  Pindrow  (Pindrow) ;  100 
feet ;  May  ;  Himalayas  ;  1837.  A.  Pinsapo  (Pinsapo) ;  65  feet ; 
Spain;  1838.  A.  polita  (neat);  50  feet;  mountains  of  Japan. 
A.  religiosa  (sacred) ;  150  feet ;  Mexico.  A.  rubra  (red-spruce) ; 
50  feet ;  May;  North  America  ;  1755.  A.  rubra  violacea  (vio- 
let). A.  rubra  arctica  (arctic).  A.  Schrenkiana  (Schrenk's) ; 
Siberia.  A.  Sitchensis  (Sitchan) ;  Island  of  Sitcha.  A.  trigona 
(three-angled) ;  300  feet ;  Oregon.  A.  Tsuga  (Tsugan) ;  North 
of  Japan.  A.  Tsuga  nana  (dwarf).  A.  Webbiana  (Webb's) ;  90 
feet;  Himalayas;  1822. 

These  are  all  now  classed  under  PINUS. 

ABOBRA.  [Cucurbitaceae.]  A  very  ornamental  climber, 
nearly  allied  to  the  ornamental  gourds  which  have  of  late 
become  so  popular.  The  flowers  are  greenish  and  incon- 
spicuous ;  the  foliage  finely  cut,  dark-green,  and  very  orna- 
mental ;  the  fruit,  which  is  the  chief  beauty,  small,  glossy 
scarlet,  freely  produced.  The  plant  is  dioecious. 

Raised  from  seeds,  in  hot-bed,  in  pots,  and  turned  out  in 
a  rich  sunny  border,  the  plants  grow  rapidly,  and  before 
autumn  are  very  showy.  It  also  strikes  freely  from  cuttings. 


GARDEN    FLOWERS.  II 

We  know  of  but  one  species.  The  plant  is  perennial,  but 
succeeds  best  as  an  annual. 

A.  viridiflora  (green-flowered);  tender  perennial;  15  feet; 
flowers  green,  fruit  scarlet,  all  summer  ;  South  America;  1860. 

ABRONIA.  [Nyctaginaceae.]  A  very  pretty  genus  of  trail- 
ing plants,  which,  though  properly  frame  perennials,  succeed 
better  with  us  treated  as  annuals.  The  flowers  are  in  heads 
like  a  verbena,  and  cover  the  plant. 

Soil,  a  sandy  peat  and  leaf-mould,  though  the  plants  suc- 
ceed in  any  good  garden  soil.  Propagated  by  cuttings 
rooted  in  sand  in  spring,  from  plants  wintered  in  the  green- 
house ;  or,  better,  by  seeds  sown  in  frame  in  May,  and  trans- 
planted to  the  garden  after  the  weather  has  become  warm. 
A.  umbellata,  with  rosy-lilac  flowers,  is  the  best  variety. 

A.  mellifera  (honey-bearing);  flowers  orange,  from  June  to 
August;  California;  1826.  A.  pulchella  (neat);  flowers  pink, 
from  July  to  September  ;  California;  1848.  A.  rosea  (rose-col- 
ored); flowers  rosy-red,  July  to  September;  California;  1847. 
A.  umbellata  (umbel-flowered);  flowers  rosy-lilac,  all  summer; 
California  ;  1825.  All  the  varieties  grow  about  six  inches  high. 

ACACIA.  [Mimoseae.]  The  only  hardy  species  of  this 
very  extensive  genus  is  A.  Julibrissin,  which  succeeds  well 
south  of  New  York,  as  a  hardy  shrub  or  small  tree,  in  any 
garden  soil.  Propagated  by  cuttings  of  year-old  shoots,  or 
by  seeds.  • 

A.  Julibrissin  (silk- tree) ;  hardy  tree;  I  a  to  12  feet;  flowers 
pinkish-white,  in  August;  Levant;  1745. 

ACACIA  PSEUDO.     See  ROBINIA. 

ACACIA  ROSE.     See  ROBINIA. 

ACACIA  THREE-THORNED.     See  GLEDITSCHIA. 

ACAENA.  [Sanguisgrbeae.]  A  family  of  not  very  showy 
perennials,  growing  in  common  garden  soil,  and  propagated 
by  seeds  or  division ;  generally  tender. 


12  GARDEN   FLOWERS. 

A.  millefolium  (thousand-leaved) ;  hardy  perennial ;  6  inches ; 
flowers  greenish,  in  September  ;  south  of  Europe.  A.  latebrosa 
pinnatifida  and  sericea  are  other  species. 

ACANTHOLIMON.  Prickly  Thrift.  [Plumbaginacea?.]  Dwarf 
hardy  perennials,  very  pretty  ornaments  for  rock-work.  Soil, 
sandy  loam  and  peat.  Propagated  by  cuttings  of  the  half- 
ripened  shoots  in  a  gentle  heat,  by  division,  or  by  seed. 

A.  glumaceum  (gluraaceous).  Hardy  evergreen  perennial ; 
6  inches  ;  flowers  rose-color,  in  June  ;  Armenia  ;  1845. 

ACANTHUS.  BeaSs-Breech.  [Acanthaceae.]  Hardy  her- 
baceous perennials,  somewhat  coarse,  but  of  stately  appear- 
ance, the  blooms  being  borne  in  a  tall  spike,  white  and  pur- 
plish, protected  by  spiny  bracts.  They  grow  in  any  kind  of 
soil,  and  propagate  most  readily  by  division  of  the  root ;  also 
by  seeds.  A.  spinosissimus  has  beautifully  divided  leaves. 

A.  Hispanicus  (Spanish) ;  hardy  perennial  ;  2  feet ;  flowers 
white,  in  August ;  Spain  ;  1700.  A.  mollis  (soft) ;  hardy  peren- 
nial ;  3  feet ;  flowers  white  and  purple,  in  summer  ;  Italy  ;  1548. 
The  leaves  of  this  species,  growing  through  an  old  basket,  are 
said  to  have  given  the  idea  of  the  Corinthian  style  of  architecture. 
A.  niger  (black) ;' hardy  perennial;  3  feet ;  flowers  white,  in  Au- 
gust;  Portugal;  1759.  A.  spinosissimus  (most  spiny);  hardy 
perennial ;  3  feet ;  flowers  purple  and  white,  in  summer  ;  south 
of  Europe  ;  1629.  A.  spinosus  (spiny) ;  hardy  perennial ;  3  feet ; 
flowers  white,  in  August ;  Italy  ;  1629. 

These  plants,  in  the  most  northern  States,  need  slight 
protection  in  winter. 

ACER.  Maple.  [Aceraceas.]  Hardy  trees  and  shrubs. 
Common  soil.  Propagated  by  seeds  and  layers.  Cuttings 
will  strike  in  the  open  ground,  if  inserted  in  spring  and  kept 
moderately  moist.  The  usual  method  is  by  seeds,  or,  in  va- 
riegated or  dark-foliaged  varieties,  by  budding,  inarching,  or 
grafting  on  the  common  maple. 

A.  Austriacum  (Austrian  maple) ;  40  feet ;  flowers  green,  in 


GARDEN    FLOWERS.  13 

May ;  Austria.  A.  barbatum  (bearded-calyxed) ;  1 5  feet ;  flowers 
green  and  yellow,  in  April ;  North  America ;  1812.  A.  campestre 
(common) ;  25  feet ;  flowers  green  and  yellow,  in  May ;  Britain. 
A.  campestre  Austriacumj  30  feet;  flowers  green  and  yellow,  in 
June  ;  Austria ;  1 81 2.  A.  campestre  collinum  (hill-dwelling) ;  25 
feet;  flowers  green  and  yellow,  in  April ;  France.  A.  campestre 
hebecarpum  (downy-fruited) ;  25  feet ;  flowers  green  and  yellow, 
in  June  ;  Britain.  A.  campestre  lavigatum  (smooth-leaved) ;  30 
feet ;  flowers  green  and  yellow,  in  June.  A.  campestre  nanum 
(dwarf) ;  6  feet ;  flowers  green  and  yellow,  in  June.  A.  campes- 
tre variegatum  (variegated) ;  25  feet ;  flowers  green  and  yellow, 
in  May ;  Britain.  Must  be  grafted  or  budded.  A.  circinatum 
(round-leaved) ;  30  feet ;  flowers  green  and  yellow,  in  April ; 
Columbia;  1827.  A.  Creticum  (Cretan);  6  feet;  flowers  in 
May;  Levant;  1752.  A.  dasycarptim  (hairy-fruited);  flowers 
green  and  yellow,  in  April;  North  America;  1725.  A.  hetero- 
pJiyllum  (various-leaved) ;  flowers  green  and  yellow,  in  May ; 
Levant;  1759;  evergreen.  A.  Ibericum  (Georgian);  40  feet; 
flowers  green;  Asiatic;  Georgia;  flowers  yellow;  1826.  A. 
lobatiim  (lobed-leaved) ;  20  feet ;  flowers  green  ;  Siberia  ;  1820. 
A.  7>iacrophyllum  (long-leaved) ;  25  feet ;  flowers  green,  in  May  ; 
North  America;  1812.  A.  montanum  (mountain);  25  feet; 
flowers  green  and  yellow  ;  North  America  ;  1750.  A.  Monspes- 
sulanum  (Montpelier) ;  8  feet ;  flowers  green  and  yellow,  in 
May;  France;  1739.  A.  nigrum  (black);  40  feet;  flowers 
green  and  yellow,  in  April ;  North  America  ;  1812.  A.oblongum 
(oblong-leaved) ;  20  feet ;  flowers  green  and  white  ;  Nepaul ; 
1 824.  A .  obtusatum  (blunt-lobed-leaved) ;  40  feet ;  flowers 
green  and  yellow,  in  May;  Hungary ;  1825.  This  is  the  Nea- 
politatium  of  the  Italians,  and  the  hybridum  of  London  nurseries. 
A.  obtusifolium  (blunt-leaved);  4  feet;  flowers  green  and  yel- 
low, in  May  ;  Crete.  A.  opulifolium  (Guelder-rose-leaved) ;  20 
feet;  flowers  green  and  yellow,  in  May;  France;  1823.  A. 
opalus  (opal) ;  50  feet ;  flowers  green  and  yellow,  in  May ; 
Italy;  1752.  A .  palamatum  (palmate-leaved) ;  10  feet ;  flowers 
green;  Japan;  1820.  A.  Pennsylvanicum  (Pennsylvanian  or 
striped  bark) ;  20  feet ;  flowers  green  and  yellow,  in  May  ;  North 


14  GARDEN    FLOWERS. 

America;  1755.  A  variety  of  this,  striatum,  must  be  increased 
by  grafting  or  budding.  A.  platanoides  (plane-like) ;  50  feet ; 
flowers  green  and  yellow,  in  June ;  Europe  ;  1683.  A.  plata- 
noides  laciniatum  (cut-leaved) ;  30  feet ;  flowers  green  and  yel- 
low, in  June  ;  Europe  ;  1683.  Must  be  grafted  or  budded.  A. 
platanoides  Lobelli  (Lobels) ;  50  feet ;  flowers  green  and  yellow, 
in  May;  Naples.  A.  platanoides  variegatum  (variegated);  30 
feet;  flowers  green  and  yellow,  in  June  ;  Europe;  1683.  Must 
be  grafted  or  budded.  A .  pseudoplatanus  (the  sycamore) ;  50 
feet;  flowers  green  and  yellow,  in  April;  Britain.  A.  pseudo- 
platanus purpureum  (purple-leaved) ;  flowers  purple,  in  May  ; 
1828.  A .  pseudoplatanus  subobtusum  (slightly  blunt-leaved) ;  50 
feet ;  flowers  green  and  yellow,  in  May.  A.  pseudoplatanus 
variegatum  (variegated) ;  50  feet ;  flowers  green  and  yellow, 
in  April ;  Britain.  Must  be  grafted  or  budded.  A.  rubrum 
(red-flowered  or  swamp-maple).  There  are  two  varieties,  one 
with  leaves  variegated  with  white,  and  the  other  with  yellow  ;  20 
feet;  flowers  red,  in  April ;  North  America  ;  1656.  A.sacchari- 
num  (sugar-maple) ;  40  feet ;  flowers  yellow,  in  April ;  North 
America;  1735.  A.  Tartaricum  (Tartarian);  20  feet;  flowers 
green  and  yellow,  in  May  ;  Tartary  ;  1759. 

ACHTLLEA.  Milfoil.  [Composite.]  Hardy  herbaceous 
perennials  ;  many  of  the  kinds  weedy,  but  some  very  pretty. 
They  are  free-flowering,  easily  grown  in  common  soil,  and 
propagated  by  division  of  the  plant,  by  cuttings,  and  by  seed. 

A.  Clavennce  (Clavenna's) ;  hardy  perennial ;  6  inches  ;  flow- 
ers white,  in  June  and  July  ;  Austria ;  1656.  A.  ptarmica  flore 
plena  (double  Sneezewort);  hardy  perennial ;  18  inches  ;  flowers 
white,  in  July;  gardens.  A.  toinentosa  (woolly);  hardy  peren- 
nial ;  9  inches  ;  flowers  yellow,  in  May  ;  England. 

There  are  some  thirty  other  species;  all,  except  one  (A. 
sEgyptiaca)  hardy  perennials.  The  flowers  of  all  are  white  or 
yellow. 

ACHYRANTHES.     See  IRESINE. 

Acis.     [Amaryllidaceas.]     Hardy  bulbs  ;   small,  but  very 


GARDEN    FLOWERS.  15 

pretty.  Soil,  light  sandy  loam.  Propagated  by  offsets  from 
the  bulbs,  which  should  be  carefully  separated,  and  planted 
where  they  may  not  be  disturbed.  In  the  Northern  States, 
a  slight  winter  protection  will  be  found  necessary. 

A.  autumnalis  (autumnal) ;  hardy  bulb  ;  6  inches  ;  flowers 
white  and  pink,  in  September;  Portugal;  1629.  A.  grandi- 
florus  (large-flowered) ;  hardy  bulb  ;  6  inches  ;  flowers  white,  in 
August;  Numidia ;  1820.  A.  rosea  (rosy);  hardy  bulb;  6 
inches  ;  flowers  rose-colored,  in  August  and  September ;  Corsi- 
ca; 1820.  A.  trichophyllus  (hair-leaved);  6  inches;  flowers 
white,  in  early  spring  ;  Spain  ;  1820. 

ACONITUM.  Monkshood.  [Ranunculaceag.]  Hardy  per- 
ennials, with  showy,  curious  hood-shaped  flowers.  Soil,  any 
common  loam.  Propagated  by  parting  the  roots,  which  is 
best  done  after  the  bloom  declines  in  the  autumn.  Divide 
the  root  into  as  many  pieces  as  there  are  hearts  to  the  plant, 
with  a  portion  of  root  to  each,  and  plant  them  in  nursery- 
beds  about  a  foot  apart :  the  plants,  however,  need  not  be 
parted  for  several  years ;  for,  the  larger  they  spread,  the  more 
showy  they  are.  Once  in  three  or  four  years  is  often  enough 
to  disturb  the  plant ;  and  even  then,  if  it  be  too  large,  you 
may  cut  away  some  all  round  to  lessen  it,  without  digging 
the  main  plant  up.  Propagated  also  by  seeds. 

Many  of  the  species  do  well  in  partially  shaded  places. 
All  species  are  poisonous,  and  possess  powerful  medical 
properties. 

There  are  about  one  hundred  and  thirty  species,  of  which 
about  ninety  are  tuberous-rooted,  and  the  remainder  fibrous- 
rooted.  The  following  are  good  species  :  — 

A.  autumnale  (autumnal);  hardy  perennial;  2  feet;  flowers 
deep-blue,  in  autumn;  China;  1846.  A.  Chinense  (Chinese); 
hardy  perennial ;  2  feet ;  flowers  purple,  in  September  ;  China  ; 
1833.  A.  Japonicum  (Japanese) ;  hardy  perennial ;  5  feet  ; 
flowers  purple,  in  August ;  Japan.  A,  ATapellus  (Monkshood)  ; 


1 6  GARDEN    FLOWERS. 

hardy  perennial ;  4  feet ;  flowers  blue,  in  June  and  July  ;  Europe  ; 
1596.  A.  ochroleucum  (yellowish-white);  hardy  perennial;  3 
feet ;  flowers  yellowish-white,  in  June  and  July  ;  Caucasus  ; 
1794.  A.speciosum  (showy) ;  hardy  perennial ;  3  feet;  flowers 
blue,  in  July  ;  1804.  A.  variegattim  (variegated) ;  hardy  peren- 
nial ;  5  feet ;  flowers  blue  and  white,  in  July  ;  south  of  Europe. 

ACORUS.  [Orontiaceae.]  A  small  genus  of  hardy  peren- 
nials with  gladiate  leaves,  which  succeed  well  in  moist  gar- 
den soil.  Easily  propagated  by  division. 

A.  calamus  is  the  sweet-flag  of  druggists. 

A.  calamus  (sweet-flag) ;  2  feet ;  flowers  green,  in  June  ;  Eng- 
land. A.  gramineus  (grassy) ;  hardy  perennial ;  6  inches  ;  flow- 
ers green,  leaves  very  flagrant;  China;  1796.  A.  terrestris 
(land) ;  i  foot ;  flowers  green,  in  June  ;  China ;  1822. 

ACROLINIUM.  [Compositas.]  A  beautiful  half-hardy  an- 
nual. Soil,  sandy  peat  and  loam.  Propagated  by  seeds. 

A.  roseum  (rosy) ;  half-hardy  annual ;  18  inches  ;  flowers  rose- 
pink,  in  June  ;  Swan  River  ;  1853. 

ACT^EA.  [RanunculacecE.]  A  family  of  hardy  peren- 
nials, conspicuous  for  their  white  flowers  and  red  or  white 
berries^  succeeding  in  any  garden  soil,  but  preferring  a  moist, 
half-shaded  position.  Propagated  by  division  of  the  root  in 
early  spring  and  by  seeds. 

A.  alba  (white);  hardy  perennial ;  2  feet ;  flowers  and  berries 
white,  in  May  and  August ;  North  America.  A.  rubra  (red) ; 
hardy  perennial ;  2  feet ;  flowers  white,  in  May  ;  berries  bright- 
red,  in  August ;  North  America.  These  two  have  been  consid- 
ered varieties  of  A.  spicata,  but  seem  sufficiently  distinct  to  con- 
stitute species.  A.  spicata  (spiked) ;  herb  Christopher  ;  hardy 
perennial ;  3  feet ;  flowers  white,  in  May ;  England. 

ACTINOMERIS.  [Composite.]  Half-hardy  ornamental 
perennials,  nearly  allied  to  Coreopsis,  and  of  easy  culture  in 
any  good  garden  soil.  Propagated  by  division  of  the  root 
and  by  seed. 


GARDEN    FLOWERS.  I/ 

A.  alata  (winged) ;  hardy  perennial ;  3  feet ;  flowers  yellow,  in 
July;  Mexico;  1803.  A.  helianthoides  (sunflower-like);  hardy 
perennial;  3  feet;  flowers  yellow,  in  July;  Louisiana;  1825. 
A.  procera  (tall) ;  hardy  perennial ;  8  feet ;  flowers  yellow,  in 
September;  North  America  ;  1766.  A.  squarrosa  (spreading) ; 
hardy  perennial ;  3  feet ;  flowers  yellow,  in  July  ;  North  Ameri- 
ca ;  1640. 

ADAM'S  NEEDLE.     See  YUCCA. 

ADENOPHORA.  [Campanulacese.]  Hardy  herbaceous 
plants  related  to  and  resembling  Campanula,  thriving  in 
common  garden  soil,  and  easily  propagated  by  division. 

A.  denticulata  (denticulated) ;  hardy  perennial ;  I  foot ;  flow- 
ers blue,  in  June  and  July  ;  Siberia  ;  1817.  A.  intermedia  (inter- 
mediate); hardy  perennial;  18  inches;  flowers  pale-blue,  from  July 
to  September  ;  Siberia;  1819.  A.  vcrticillata  (whorled) ;  hardy 
perennial;  2  feet ;  flowers  pale-blue,  in  June  ;  Siberia;  1783. 

ADENOSTOMA.  [Sanguisorbaceae.]  A  hardy  shrub  nearly 
allied  to  Alchimilla..  Propagated  by  cuttings  of  the  young 
shoots,  rooted  in  sand  under  a  bell-glass  in  spring.  Soil, 
rich  peaty  loam.  Requires  protection  in  winter  in  more 
Northern  States. 

A.  fasciculata  (fascicled) ;  hardy  shrub  ;  3  feet ;  flowers  white, 
in  June  ;  California;  1848. 

ADLUMIA.  [Fumariacese.]  A  very  pretty  hardy  biennial 
climber ;  flowers  white,  tipped  with  pink ;  foliage  finely  cut 
and  very  ornamental.  Seeds  sown  in  May  produce  plants 
which  climb  and  flower  the  following  year.  Propagated  by 
seeds.  As  with  all  biennials,  to  insure  bloom  every  year, 
seed  must  be  sown  each  spring :  in  rich  soil,  however,  the 
seed  sows  itself  and  the  plants  come  up  without  further 
trouble.  The  genus  is  nearly  allied  to  Corydalis. 

A.  cirrhosa  (tendril  bearing);  hardy  biennial;  8  to  15  feet;* 
flowers  white,  rose  tipped,  all  summer  ;  North  America  ;  1778. 

ADONIS.     Pheasanfs  Eye.     [Ranunculaceae.]     Hardy  an- 


1 8  GARDEN    FLOWERS. 

nuals  and  perennials,  with  pretty  poppy-like  blooms.  Com- 
mon garden  soil.  The  annuals  may  be  sown  in  pots  in 
February,  a  few  in  a  three-inch  pot,  and  kept  under  glass 
until  May,  when,  if  planted  out  with  their  ball  of  earth  entire 
in  the  borders,  they  will  flower  directly;  or  they  may  be 
sown  in  patches  in  the  open  border  or  in  beds,  about  May. 
The  fault  of  the  Flos  Adonis  as  a  garden  plant  is,  that  the 
bloom  is  scanty.  The  perennials  like  a  cool  situation,  but 
require  no  peculiar  culture  :  they  are  propagated  by  dividing 
the  roots.  There  are  several  species. 

ANNUALS.  A.  aestivalis  (summer) ;  2  feet ;  flowers  scarlet, 
in  June  ;  south  of  Europe;  1629.  A.  autumnalis  (autumnal; 
Flos  Adonis,  Pheasant's  Eye);  18  inches;  flowers  crimson,  in 
July;  England.  A.  citrina  (citron-colored);  i  foot;  flowers 
orange,  in  June  ;  south  of  Europe  ;  1819. 

PERENNIALS.  A.  Appenina  (Appenine) ;  i  foot ;  flowers  yel- 
low, in  May;  Europe.  A,  Daurica  (Dahurican) ;  i  foot ;  flow- 
ers yellow,  in  May  ;  Siberia;  1827.  A.  distorta  (distorted)  ;  i 
foot;  flowers  yellow,  in  spring;  Naples;  1827.  A.  Pyrenaica 
(Pyrenean) ;  18  inches  ;  flowers  yellow,  in  July  ;  Pyrenees  ;  1817. 
A.  Siberica  (Siberian) ;  2  feet ;  flowers  yellow,  in  May;  Siberia  ; 
1827.  A.  vernalis  (spring);  i  foot;  flowers  yellow,  in  April; 
Europe;  1629.  A.  Volgensis  (Volga) ;  i  foot ;  flowers  yellow,  in 
May;  Russia;  1818. 

^EGOCHLOA.  [Polemoniaceae.]  Dwarf  hardy  annuals, 
nearly  allied  to  Gilia,  and  requiring  the  same  management. 
They  grow  in  ordinary  light  garden  soil ;  and  seeds  require 
to  be  sown  about  the  middle  of  May  in  patches  in  the  flower- 
borders,  the  young  plants  being  thinned  out  while  young,  so 
that  they  may  not  grow  up  crowded.  The  genus  is  now 
called  Navarrettia. 

&.  cotulafolia  (cotula-leaved) ;  hardy  annual ;  3  inches  ; 
flowers  white,  in  June  ;  California  ;  1833.  sE.  intertexta  (inter- 
woven) ;  hardy  annual ;  I  foot ;  flowers  blue,  in  June  ;  Califor- 


GARDEN    FLOWERS.  19 

nia ;  1 833.  ;E.  pubescens  (downy) ;  hardy  annual ;  i  foot ;  flow- 
ers blue,  in  June  ;  California;  1833.  ^?.  sguarrosa (spreading) ; 
hardy  annual ;  i  foot ;  flowers  blue,  in  August ;  Santa  Cruz  ; 
1847- 

^ESCULUS.  [Sapindaceae.]  The  Horse-chestnut  is  too  well 
known  to  need  description.  All  the  species  are  hardy  orna- 
mental trees,  flourishing  in  rich  loam,  of  stately  growth,  alike 
desirable  both  for  foliage  and  flower.  Propagated  by  seed, 
layers,  or  by  grafting. 

jE.  glabra  (smooth-leaved) ;  1 2  feet ;  flowers  greenish-yellow, 
in  May  ;  North  America  ;  1812.  ^E.  hippocastanum  (common 
Horse-chestnut) ;  40  feet ;  flowers  white,  in  May ;  Asia ;  1629. 
^E.  hippocastanum  flore-pleno  (double-flowered);  40  feet;  flowers 
white,  in  May ;  gardens.  ^E.  hippocastanum  foliis  argenteis 
(silver-leaved) ;  40  feet ;  flowers  white,  in  May  ;  gardens.  ;E. 
hippocastanum  variegatum  (commmon  striped-leaved) ;  16  feet ; 
flowers  white,  in  May;  Asia;  1629;  layers.  JE.  Ohiotensis 
(Ohio) ;  30  feet ;  flowers  white,  in  May ;  North  America.  ^E. 
pallida  (pale-flowered) ;  1 2  feet ;  flowers  greenish-yellow,  in 
June;  North  America;  1812;  grafts  or  buds.  JE.  rubicunda 
(red-flowered);  12  feet;  flowers  red,  in  June;  North  America; 
grafts  or  buds  ;  1 820. 

The  double-flowered  variety  is  very  desirable. 

^ETHIOISUEMA.  [Cruciferas.]  Annuals  and  perennials  of 
low  growth  succeeding  in  light  soil.  Propagated  by  summer 
cuttings,  or  by  seed  sown  in  spring. 

ANNUALS.  ;E.  Buxbaumii  (Buxbaum's) ;  6  inches  ;  flowers 
pale-red,  in  June  ;  Levant ;  1 823.  ^E.  gracile  (slender) ;  3 
inches  ;  flowers  pale-red,  in  June  ;  Carniola  ;  1823.  ^E.  saxatile 
(rock) ;  6  inches  ;  flowers  flesh-color,  in  June  ;  south  of  Europe ; 

1759- 

PERENNIALS.  ^E.  heterocarpum  (various-podded) ;  6  inches  ; 
flowers  purple,  in  July ;  Armenia ;  1837.  jE.  membranaceum 
(membranous);  i  foot;  flowers  lilac,  in  June;  Persia;  1829. 
jE.  monospermum  (one-seeded) ;  6  inches  ;  flowers  pale-purple, 


2O  GARDEN    FLOWERS. 

in  July;    Spain;    1778.     ^f.  parviflorum   (small-flowered);  6 
inches  ;  flowers  lilac,  in  July;  Persia  ;  1830. 

AFRICAN  MARIGOLD.     See  TAGETES. 

AGATH^EA.  [Composite.]  Greenhouse  sub-shrubby  plants, 
useful  for  the  summer  decoration  of  the  flower-garden.  Good 
garden  soil,  or  loam  and  leaf-mould.  Propagated  freely  by- 
cuttings  in  August  or  February,  the  young  plants  being  kept 
in  a  frame  or  greenhouse,  and  planted  out  in  May. 

A.  ccelestis  (heavenly);  frame  sub-shrub;  1 8  inches  ;  flowers 
pale-blue,  from  May  onwards  ;  Cape  of  Good  Hope  ;  1753.  A. 
linifolia  (flax-leaved) ;  frame  sub-shrub;  18  inches  ;  flowers  blue, 
all  summer  ;  Cape  of  Good  Hope  ;  1800. 

AGERATUM.  [Composite.]  Hardy  or  half-hardy  annuals, 
which  may,  however,  be  kept  as  perennials,  by  cuttings  or  in 
pots,  if  not  allowed  to  ripen  seed.  Light  rich  soil.  Propa- 
gated by  seeds,  which  should  be  sown  in  April,  in  a  frame, 
and  the  plants  pricked  out  in  the  open  border  in  May,  not 
less  than  six  inches  apart.  The  best  is  A.  Mexicanum. 

A.  Mexicanu m*vel odoratum  (Mexican  or  fragrant) ;  half-hardy 
annual;  18  inches;  flowers  blue,  all  summer;  Mexico;  1822. 
A.  angnstifolium ;  from  Monte  Video  ;  has  white  flowers,  in 
July.  A.  strictum  ;  from  Nepaul ;  has  white  flowers,  in  June. 
A.  cceruleum  ;  from  the  West  Indies  ;  has  sky-blue  flowers,  in 
July. 

AGRIMONIA.  [Rosaceas.]  Hardy  herbaceous  perennials, 
easily  propagated  by  division  of  the  root,  and  growing  in 
common  garden  soil.  The  genus  is  allied  to  Potentilla. 

A.  Eupatoria  (Eupatoria) ;  hardy  perennial;  3  feet;  flowers 
yellow,  in  June  ;  Great  Britain.  A.  odorata  (scented) ;  hardy 
perennial ;  3  feet ;  flowers  yellow,  in  July  and  August ;  Italy  ; 
1640.  A.  suaveolens  (sweet-smelling) ;  hardy  perennial ;  3  feet ; 
flowers  yellow,  in  July  ;  Virginia  ;  1820. 

AGROSTEMMA.      [Caryophyllaceae.]      Hardy    perennials, 


GARDEN    FLOWERS.  21 

with  Lychnis-like  flowers.     They  should  be  planted  in  a  pre- 
pared rich  loamy  soil,  and  are  increased  by  division. 

The  species  commonly  known  as  Rose  Campion  (A.  cor- 
onaria)  is  now  referred  to  Lychnis. 

A.  Bitngeana  (Bunge's) ;  hardy  perennial ;  18  inches  ;  flowers 
scarlet,  in  July;  Asiatic  Russia;  1834.  A.  Pyrenaica  (Pyre- 
nean) ;  hardy  perennial ;  i  foot ;  flowers  pale-rose,  in  June  ;  Py- 
renees ;  1819.  A.  Suecica  (Swedish) ;  i  foot ;  flowers  pink,  in 
August ;  Sweden  ;  1834. 

AGROSTIS.  [GraminaceEe.]  A  very  beautiful  annual  or- 
namental grass.  Easily  grown  from  seed  sown  in  light 
loamy  soil.  If  grown  in  a  frame,  in  pots,  the  plants  develop 
well  and  are  very  ornamental. 

A .  pulchella  (neat) ;  hardy  annual ;  i  foot ;  apetalous,  flower 
panicle  slender,  much  branched;  Italy;  1831.  A.  dulcis,  ele- 
gans,  laxiflora,  nebulosa,  plumosa,  and  retrofracta  are  fine  new 
varieties,  all  succeeding  with  similar  treatment. 

AJUGA.  Bugle.  [Labiatae.]  Hardy  perennials  or  an- 
nuals, the  latter  of  little  interest  in  gardens ;  some  of  the 
former  are  neat  plants  for  damp  rock-work,  or  for  flower- 
borders  in  a  cool  situation.  Common  damp  garden  soil. 
Propagated  by  division. 

A.  alpina  (alpine) ;  hardy  perennial ;  6  inches  ;  flowers  blue, 
in  May  ;  England.  A.  Genevensis  (Geneva) ;  hardy  perennial ; 
6  inches  ;  flowers  blue,  from  May  to  July  ;  Switzerland  ;  1656. 
A.  pyramidalis  (pyramidal) ;  hardy  perennial ;  6  inches  ;  flow- 
ers blue,  in  May  and  June  ;  Britain.  A.  rep  tans  (common) ; 
hardy  perennial ;  6  inches  ;  flowers  blue,  in  May  and  June  ; 
England.  There  are  white-flowered  and  red-flowered  varieties 
of  this. 

•  AILANTHUS.  [Xanthoxylaceae.]  Tree  of  Heaven.  De- 
ciduous trees  formerly  extensively  planted  on  account  of 
their  rapid  growth  and  graceful  foliage,  but  now  generally 


22  GARDEN    FLOWERS. 

discarded  on  account  of  the  vile  smell  of  the  blossoms. 
Cuttings  and  seed.  Dry  soil. 

A.  glandulosa  (glanded) ;  hardy  tree  ;  20  feet ;  flowers  green  ; 
China  ;  1751. 

ALCHEMILLA.  Lady's  Mantle.  [Sanguisorbaceae.]  Har- 
dy perennials.  Common  soil.  Propagated  by  division. 
The  species  have  all  insignificant  flowers,  but  a  pretty 
foliage.  A.  alpina,  conjuncta,  and  sericea  are  the  most  inter- 
esting. A.  Capensis  and  sibbaldicefolia  are  greenhouse  plants. 
Some  other  hardy  species  are  A.fissa  and  pentaphylla. 

ALDER.     See  ALNUS. 

ALETRIS.  Colic  Root.  [Liliaceae.]  Curious  hardy  peren- 
nials, requiring  a  cool,  moist  situation  and  peaty  soil,  and  to 
be 'in  a  shady  place.  Propagated  by  offsets. 

A.  aurea  (golden-tipped) ;  hardy  perennial ;  6  inches  ;  flowers 
yellow,,  in  July;  North  America;  1811.  A.  farinosa  (mealy); 
hardy  perennial ;  6  inches  ;  flowers  white,  in  June  ;  North 
America  ;  1768. 

ALISMA.  Water  Plantain.  [Alismaceae.]  Hardy  water 
plants.  The  plants  maybe  planted  in  the  muddy  soil  of  the 
margins  of  ponds  or  lakes  ;  or  potted  into  large  pots,  and  the 
pots  set  into  water  deep  enough  to  cover  them.  Propagated 
by  seeds,  or  division  of  the  roots. 

A.  lanceolata  (spear -leaved) ;  hardy  aquatic  perennial;  18 
inches  ;  flowers  pinkish-white,  in  July;  England.  A.  plantago 
(plantain) ;  hardy  aquatic  perennial  ;  2  feet ;  flowers  blush,  in 
July;  England.  A.  ranunculoides  (ranunculus-like);  hardy 
aquatic  perennial ;  I  foot  ;  flowers  purplish,  in  August  ;  Britain. 
A.  trivialis ;  2  feet ;  flowers  white,  in  July ;  North  America ;  1816. 

ALLIUM.  Garlic.  [Liliaceae.]  Hardy  bulbs.  Good 
loamy  soil.  Propagated  by  offsets. 

A.  acuminatum  (sharp-pointed) ;  half-hardy-bulb ;  i  foot ; 
flowers  white  and  crimson,  in  March;  California;  1847.  A. 


GARDEN    FLOWERS.  23 

azureum  (azure) ;  hardy  bulb  ;  i  foot ;  flowers  blue,  in  Septem- 
ber ;  Siberia;  1830.  A.  bisulcum  (jonquil-leaved) ;  hardy  bulb; 
I  foot;  flowers  purple,  in  June  ;  south  of  Europe.  A.  Co-want 
(Cowan's) ;  hardy  bulb  ;  9  inches  ;  flowers  white,  in  June  ;  Chili ; 
1823.  A.  flavum  (yellow) ;  hardy  bulb  ;  2  feet ;  flowers  yellow, 
in  June;  Austria;  1759.  A.  longifolium  (long-leaved);  hardy 
bulb  ;  i  foot ;  flowers  dark  purplish-red,  in  September  ;  Mexico  ; 
1826.  A.  Moly  (Moly) ;  hardy  bulb  ;  I  foot ;  flowers  yellow,  in 
June  ;  south  of  Europe  ;  1604.  A.  Neapolitanum  (Neapolitan) ; 
hardy  bulb  ;  i  foot ;  flowers  white,  in  June  ;  Italy  ;  1824. 

There  are  about  one  hundred  and  twenty  other  species, 
some  of  which  are  ornamental ;  but  the  above  list  com- 
prises the  best. 

ALMOND.     See  AMYGDALUS. 

ALNUS.  [Betulaceae.]  Hardy  deciduous  trees,  with  apeta- 
lous  flowers,  growing  freely  in  moist  situations.  The  tree 
is  short-lived,  but  very  useful  where  a  temporary  shade  is 
needed.  Propagated  by  layers  or  seeds. 

A.  barbata  (bearded);  flowers  in  March  ;  Russia  ;  1838.  A. 
Canadensis  (Canadian) ;  flowers  in  June  ;  Canada.  A.  cordifolia 
(heart-leaved) ;  flowers  in  June  ;  Naples  ;  1818.  A.  glauca 
(milky-green) ;  flowers  in  June  ;  North  America  ;  1820.  A.  glu- 
tinosa  (sticky) ;  flowers  in  April ;  Britain.  A.  glutinosa  emar- 
ginata  (five-notched-leaved) ;  flowers  in  April ;  Britain.  A.  glu- 
tinosa foliis  variegatis  (variegated-leaved) ;  flowers  in  April  ; 
Britain.  A.  glutinosa  incisa  (cut-leaved) ;  flowers  in  April ;  Bri- 
tain. A.  glutinosa  laciniata  (jagged-leaved) ;  flowers  in  April ; 
Britain.  A.  glutinosa  quercifolia  (oak-leaved) ;  flowers  in  April ; 
Britain;  1838.  A.  incana  (hoary-leaved);  20  feet;  flowers  in 
June;  Europe;  1780.  A.  incana  angulata  (angular-leaved); 
20  feet.  A.  incana  pinnata  (pinnate) ;  26  feet ;  flowers  in  June  ; 
Europe.  A.  Jorullensis  (Jorulla) ;  Mexico.  A.  macrocarpa 
(long-fruited) ;  20  feet ;  flowers  in  June.  A,  macrophylla  (long- 
leaved) ;  20  feet ;  flowers  in  June  ;  Naples.  A.obcordata  (two- 
lobed) ;  flowers  in  March ;  Russia.  A.  oblongata  (oblong-leaved); 


24  GARDEN    FLOWERS. 

20  feet;  flowers  in  June  ;  south  of  Europe  ;  1730.  A.  oblongata 
elliptica  (elliptic-lobed) ;  20  feet ;  flowers  in  June.  A.  oxyacan- 
thifolia  (oxycanth-leaved) ;  20  feet ;  flowers  in  June.  A.  pumila 
(dwarf);  10  feet;  flowers  in  June.  A.  rubra  (red);  20  feet; 
flowers  in  Jane.  A.  rugosa  (wrinkled) ;  flowers  in  March  ;  North 
America.  A.serrulata  (saw-leaved);  20  feet;  flowers  in  June  ; 
North  America ;  1769.  A.  Siberica  (Siberian) ;  Siberia;  1820. 
A.  subrotunda  (roundish-leaved) ;  23  feet ;  flowers  in  April.  A. 
imdulata  (wave-leaved) ;  20  feet ;  flowers  in  June ;  North  Amer- 
ica ;  1782. 

ALONSOA.  [Scrophulariaceae.]  Greenhouse  or  half-hardy 
evergreen  sub-shrubs,  with  pretty  scarlet  flowers.  Soil,  sandy 
loam  and  leaf-mould,  equal  parts.  Propagated  by  seeds 
sown  in  March  in  a  hot-bed  ;  the  seedlings  pricked  out  when 
large  enough,  and  by  the  end  of  April  potted  separately  into 
small  pots>  and  then  hardened  off  in  cold  frames  for  planting 
out.  Cuttings  planted  in  sandy  soil,  and  put  in  a  hot-bed  in 
spring,  should  be  treated  in  the  same  way  as  soon  as  they 
are  rooted  :  during  summer  they  will  root  freely  under  a 
hand-glass,  on  a  shady  border.  For  pot  blooming,  strong 
young  plants  should  be  selected  in  March,  and  shifted  into 
larger  pots  as  they  grow,  the  stronger  branches  being  stopped 
to  make  the  plants  bushy  ;  they  should  be  grown  in  a  green- 
house, or  a  well-glazed  frame.  The  plants  require  plenty  of 
air,  and  to  be  kept  from  frost  in  winter. 

A.  acutifolia  (acute) ;  greenhouse  sub-shrub  ;  3  feet ;  flowers 
scarlet,  from  May  to  October  ;  Peru  ;  1790.  A.  incisifolia  (cut- 
leaved)  ;  greenhouse  sub-shrub ;  2  feet ;  flowers  scarlet,  from 
May  to  October ;  Chili ;  1795.  A.  linearis  (linear) ;  greenhouse 
sub-shrub  ;  2  feet ;  flowers  scarlet,  from  May  to  October  ;  Peru ; 
1790.  A.  Warczewicziij  greenhouse  perennial;  18  inches; 
flowers  crimson  scarlet,  all  summer  ;  Peruvian  Andes  ;  1854. 

ALOYSIA.  [Verbenaceae.]  A  greenhouse  shrub,  which, 
kept  in  a  cellar  in  winter,  succeeds  well  in  the  border  in 


GARDEN    FLOWERS.  25 

summer.  It  is  chiefly  cultivated  for  the  leaves,  which  pos- 
sess a  pleasant  lemon-like  fragrance,  whence  the  common 
name  "  Lemon  verbena."  The  flowers  are  in  spikes  purplish- 
white  and  inconspicuous.  Soil,  sandy  loam  and  leaf-mould. 
Propagated  by  cuttings,  which  root  freely  in  sand  in  March 
from  the  old  wood,  in  August  from  the  new. 

A.  citriodora  (lemon-scented) ;  greenhouse  shrub  ;  i  to  5  feet ; 
flowers  purplish-white,  in  summer  ;  Chili ;  1784. 

ALSINE.  [Caryophyllaceae.]  Hardy  annuals,  some  of 
which  are  rather  pretty.  A.  laricifolia,  introduced  from  Si- 
beria in  1834,  is  a  perennial ;  propagated  by  division.  A. 
mucronafa,  molluginea,  pubescens,  and  segetalis,  are  pretty  an- 
nual species  with  white  flowers.  Propagated  by  seeds. 

ALTHAEA.  Marsh  Mallow.  [Malvaceae.]  Hardy  annuals, 
biennials,  and  perennials,  but,  excepting  the  Hollyhocks  (A. 
rosea  and  ficifolia J,  of  little  horticultural  importance.  Com- 
mon garden  soil.  Propagated,  the  annuals  and  biennials,  by 
seeds ;  the  perennials,  by  division  of  the  root. 

The  Hollyhock  (Althcea  rosea)  is  a  noble  flower ;  and  the 
varieties  are  becoming  so  numerous,  and  so  much  improved, 
that  it  is  an  established  favorite.  It  is  raised  from  seed,  and 
multiplied  by  parting  the  roots  ;  the  former  to  produce  new 
varieties,  the  latter  to  propagate  old  ones.  In  autumn  the 
old  plants  must  be  dug  up  and  parted,  each  heart  being 
separated  with  a  portion  of  root  to  it.  These  are  to  be 
planted  out  in  a  nursery-bed  one  foot  apart,  or  they  may 
be '  planted  at  once  where  they  are  to  bloom.  They  will 
stand  three  years,  or  even  more,  if  a  large  plant  and  a  num- 
ber of  spikes  of  flower  be  the  object.  Even  in  parting  them, 
they  need  not  be  divided  into  single  hearts,  unless  increase 
is  desired.  Choice  varieties  may  be  increased  by  cuttings  of 
the  flowering  stems  ;  every  leaf,  with  a  portion  of  the  old 
stem  containing  a  bud,  being  capable  of  forming  a  plant  if 


26  GARDEN    FLOWERS. 

treated  as  a  cutting.  They  are  best  planted  at  the  back  of 
borders,  or  in  the  midst  of  shrubs,  the  plants  being  in  no 
way  interesting ;  but  the  flower-spikes,  which  are  produced  at 
the  upper  part  of  the  stem,  are  very  noble  objects.  The 
variety  of  color  afforded  by  this  plant  is  now  considerable, 
and  some  varieties  are  very  rich  and  distinct.  They  bloom 
from  the  latter  part  of  July  to  September. 

A.ficifolia  (Antwerp  Hollyhock);  hardy  biennial ;  6  feet;  flow- 
ers various,  in  July;  Levant;  1597.  A.  rosea  (common  holly- 
hock) ;  hardy  biennial,  or  perennial  by  culture  ;  8  to  10  feet ; 
flowers  various,  in  July  ;  Levant ;  1573. 

For  the  newest  varieties  of  double  Hollyhocks  consult  the 
florists'  catalogues,  where  a  large  list  may  be  found,  with 
colors  and  habit  described. 

ALYSSUM.  Madwort.  [Cruciferae.]  Dwarf  hardy  peren- 
nials, or  sub-shrubby  plants,  with  cruciferous  flowers.  A. 
saxatile  is  very  suitable  for  rock-work,  or  the  front  part  of  a 
flower-border,  and  forms  a  beautiful  spring-blooming  bed  in 
the  flower-garden.  It  is  increased  by  cuttings.  Good  gar- 
den soil.  The  herbaceous  species  are  propagated  by  divi- 
sion, the  sub-shrubby  ones  by  cuttings.  Vigorous  two-year- 
old  plants  are  the  best  for  blooming :  the  others  are  unim- 
portant. The  plant  commonly  called  Sweet  Alyssum  is  not 
of  this  genus  :  it  is  Koniga  maritima. 

A.  saxatile  (rock);  hardy  sub-shrubby  perennial;  i  foot; 
flowers  yellow,  in  April ;  Candia  ;  1710. 

There  are  some  twenty  other  species,  all  with  white  or 
yellow  flowers. 

AMARANTHUS.  Amaranth.  [Amaranthaceae.]  Hardy 
and  half-hardy  annuals,  sometimes  showy  from  the  large 
masses  of  rich-colored  flowers,  as  in  A.  caudatus,  in  which 
they  droop,  and  A.  hypochondriacus,  in  which  they  grow 


GARDEN    FLOWERS.  2/ 

erect ;  sometimes  grown  for  the  curiously-colored  foliage,  as 
in  A.  tricolor.  Soil  for  the  hardy  sorts,  rich  garden  mould. 
These  are  propagated  by  seeds  sown  in  the  open  borders  in 
April,  the  young  plants  thinned  out  to  six  inches  apart. 
The  tender  sorts  require  a  light  and  highly  manured  soil 
(equal  parts  light  loam,  leaf-mould,  and  decayed  manure),  and 
must  be  sown  in  a  hot-bed  in  April,  and  carefully  tended  till 
the  weather  becomes  settled,  and  then  planted  out.  A.  mel- 
ancholicus  is  a  very  dark-foliaged  species,  which  is  now  very 
popular  for  massing. 

A.  atropurpureus  (dark-purple) ;  hardy  annual ;  3  feet ;  leaves 
and  flowers  purple,  in  September;  East  Indies;  1820.  A,  bi- 
color  (two-colored) ;  hardy  annual ;  2  feet ;  leaves  red  and  green, 
in  August ;  East  Indies  ;  1802.  A.  caudatus  (Love-lies-bleed- 
ing) ;  hardy  annual ;  4  feet ;  flowers  red,  in  August  ;  East  In- 
dies ;  1596.  A.  hypochondriacus  (Prince's  feather);  hardy  an- 
nual ;  3  to  4  feet ;  flowers  crimson,  in  August ;  Virginia  ;  1684. 
A.  spedosus  (showy) ;  hardy  annual ;  6  feet ;  flowers  red,  in  July  ; 
Nepaul ;  1819.  A.  tricolor  (three-colored) ;  tender  annual;  2 
feet ;  foliage  variegated,  —  red,  green,  and  yellow  ;  East  Indies  ; 
1548. 

AMBERBOA.  [Compositae.]  Hardy  annuals.  Plant  in 
rich  garden  soil.  Propagated  by  seeds  sown  in  the  open 
border  in  May. 

A.  moschata  (Sweet-Sultan);  hardy  annual;  2  feet;  flowers 
lilac-purple,  in  July  ;  Persia  ;  1629.  A.  suavolens  (Yellow-Sul- 
tan) ;  hardy  annual ;  18  inches  ;  flowers  yellow,  in  July  ;  Levant ; 
1683. 

AMELANCHIER.  [Rosaceas.]  Hardy  deciduous  shrubs, 
sometimes  attaining  to  the  height  of  trees,  bearing  snowy- 
white  flowers  early  in  the  season,  followed  by  dark-purple 
edible  berries.  Propagated  by  seeds,  layers,  and  grafting 
on  thorn  or  quince.  Called  also  June-berry  and  shad-bush. 

A.  Botryapium  (snowy  Mespilus) ;  hardy  tree  ;  12  feet ;  flow- 


28  GARDEN    FLOWERS. 

ers  white,  in  May  ;  North  America  ;  1746.  This  and  A.florida, 
and  variety  parviflora ;  ovalis,  and  varieties  semi-integrifolia, 
subcordata,  oblongifolia,  rotundifolia,  alnifolia,  sanguinea,  and 
oligocarpa,  —  all  seem  varieties  of  one  species,  A.  Canadensis, 
to  which  all  can  readily  be  referred.  All  are  natives  of  North 
America.  A .  vulgaris  (common) ;  6  feet ;  south  of  Europe  ; 
1596. 

AMERICAN  COWSLIP.     See  DODOCATHEON. 

AMBLYOLEPIS.  [Compositae.]  A  pretty  and  fragrant 
hardy  annual.  Common  garden  soil.  Propagated  by  seeds 
sown  in  May. 

A.  setigera  (bristly) ;  hardy  annual ;  2  feet ;  flowers  yellow,  in 
August ;  East  Indies. 

AMETHYSTEA.  [Lamiaceae.]  A  pretty  hardy  annual. 
Sow  the  seeds  in  May  in  a  light  peaty  soil,  cover  slightly, 
and  thin  out  as  they  grow.  Propagated  by  seeds. 

A .  ccerulea  (blue) ;  hardy  annual ;  2  feet ;  flowers  blue,  in 
July;  Siberia;  1759. 

AMMOBIUM.  [Composite.]  Half-hardy  herbaceous  plants, 
flourishing  in  common  garden  soil.  Propagated  by  cuttings 
and  seed. 

A.  alatum  (winged) ;  half-hardy  perennial ;  2  feet ;  flowers 
white,  in  June  ;  New  Holland  ;  1822.  A.  plantagyneum  (plan- 
tain-leaved) ;  half-hardy  perennial ;  I  foot  ;  flowers  white,  in 
August;  New  Holland;  1827. 

AMMYRSINE.  [Ericaceae.]  Dwarf  hardy  evergreen  shrubs, 
separated  from  Ledum;  conspicuous  for  masses  of  white 
flowers  in  June,  and  for  neat  evergreen  foliage.  They  suc- 
ceed well  in  a  Rhododendron  bed.  A  damp  peaty  soil  will 
grow  them  in  perfection,  if  well  sheltered  from  the  direct  sun- 
light. Propagated  by  layers. 

A.  buxifolium  (box-leaved) ;  hardy  evergreen  shrub ;  6  inches ; 
flowers  white,  in  May  and  June  ;  North  America ;  1736.  A. 


GARDEN    FLOWERS.  2Q 

prostrata  (flat-lying) ;  hardy  evergreen  shrub  ;  6  inches  ;  flow- 
ers white,  in  May  and  June  ;  North  America. 

AMMOGETON.  [Compositae.]  A  hardy  herbaceous  per- 
ennial, thriving  in  sandy  loam.  Propagated  by  division  of 
the  root. 

A.  scorzonerifolium  (scorzonera-leaved) ;  hardy  herbaceous 
perennial ;  I  foot ;  flowers  yellow,  in  May  ;  North  America  ; 
1834. 

AMORPHA.  [Leguminosae.]  Deciduous  hardy  shrubs, 
called  also  Bastard  Indigo,  natives  of  North  America,  thriv- 
ing in  common  garden  soil.  Propagated  by  seed  or  layers. 
The  tips  of  the  shoots  are  very  liable  to  be  winter-killed. 
A.  herbacea,  Lewisii,  nana,  and  microphylla,  require  winter 
protection  in  the  Northern  States. 

A.fragrans  (fragrant) ;  hardy  shrub  ;  3  feet ;  flowers  purple, 
in  July;  North  America  ;  1800.  A.  fruticosa  (shrubby) ;  hardy 
shrub;  6  feet;  flowers  purple,  in  July;  Carolina;  1724.  A. 
microphylla  (small-leaved) ;  half-hardy  shrub  ;  2  feet ;  flowers 
purple,  in  August;  Missouri;  1811.  A.  nana  (dwarf);  half- 
hardy  shrub  ;  2  feet ;  flowers  blue,  in  August ;  Missouri ;  1811. 

AMPELOPSIS.  [Vitaceas.]  Hardy  deciduous  climbing 
shrubs.  The  Virginian  Creeper  {A.  hederacea)  is  one  of 
the  best  of  all  plants,  not  evergreen,  for  covering  a  large 
space  of  bare  wall  or  fence,  thriving  in  the  most  confined 
situations  :  in  autumn  the  leaves  assume  a  rich  crimson  tint. 
Common  garden  soil.  Propagated  by  layers,  cuttings,  and 
seeds. 

This  plant  is  commonly  known  as  Woodbine  in  the 
Northern  States. 

A.  bipinnata  (double-winged);  half-hardy  climber;  15  feet; 
flowers  greenish,  in  August ;  North  America  ;  1700.  A.  cordata 
(heart-leaved) ;  half-hardy  climber  ;  20  feet ;  flowers  greenish,  in 
May;  North  America;  1803,  These  two  require  winter  pro- 


3O  GARDEN    FLOWERS. 

tection  in  the  Northern  States.  A.  hederacea  (Virginian  creep- 
er) ;  hardy  climbing  shrub  ;  60  feet ;  flowers  greenish,  in  June  ; 
North  America;  1629.  A.  hirsuta  (hairy);  hardy  climbing 
shrub  ;  60  feet ;  flowers  greenish,  in  May  ;  North  America  ; 
1806. 

AMPHEREPHIS.  [Composite.]  A  very  pretty  floriferous 
plant,  of  easy  culture  in  good  garden  soil.  Sow  the  seeds 
in  May,  in  the  open  border,  and  thin  out  the  plants. 

A.  aristata  (awned) ;  hardy  annual ;  i  foot ;  flowers  purple, 
in  July  ;  Caraccas  ;  1824.  A.  intermedia  (intermediate);  hardy 
annual ;  18  inches  ;  flowers  purple  or  lavender,  in  August ;  Bra- 
zil;  1821.  A.  mutica  (awnless) ;  hardy  annual ;  I  foot ;  flowers 
purple,  in  July  ;  South  America  ;  1803. 

AMSONIA.  [Apocynacece.]  Very  neat  pretty  hardy  per- 
ennials, thriving  in  common  garden  soil,  propagated  by  divi- 
sion of  the  root,  or  by  cuttings,  in  summer. 

A.  angustifolia  (narrow-leaved) ;  hardy  perennial ;  2  feet ; 
flowers  blue,  in  June;  North  America;  1774.  A.  latifolia 
(broad-leaved) ;  hardy  perennial ;  2  feet ;  flowers  blue,  in  June  ; 
North  America;  1759.  A.  salicifolia  (willow-leaved);  hardy 
perennial ;  2  feet ;  flowers  blue,  in  June  ;  North  America  ;  1812. 

AMYGDALUS.  Almond.  [Rosaceae.]  Small  deciduous  flow- 
ering trees  and  shrubs.  The  double-flowered  varieties  are 
particularly  beautiful.  All  grow  freely  in  good  loamy  well- 
drained  garden  soil.  Propagated  by  budding  on  plum- 
stocks  ;  the  shrubs  by  transplanting  the  suckers,  or  by  lay- 
ering. 

A.  communis  (common)  ;  hardy  tree,  15  feet ;  flowers  pink,  in 
April;  Barbary  ;  1548.  A.  incana  (hoary);  hardy  shrub;  2 
feet ;  flowers  red,  in  April  ;  Caucasus.  A.  nana  (common 
dwarf) ;  hardy  shrub  ;  3  feet ;  flowers  pink,  in  April ;  Russia  ; 
1683.  A ,  pumila  (double  dwarf)  ;  hardy  shrub;  4  feet ;  flowers 
red,  in  April ;  China  ;  1683. 

There  are  about  a  dozen  or  more  varieties  of  the  common 


GARDEN    FLOWERS.  31 

almond.  Most  of  these  will  survive  the  winter  as  far  north 
as  the  peach-tree  can  live.  They  flower,  but  seldom  fruit. 
The  sweet  almonds  are  more  tender  than  the  bitter  vari- 
eties. To  make  the  dwarf  flowering-almond  flower  to  great- 
est advantage,  cut  the  plant  off  close  to  the  ground  as  soon 
as  the  bloom  has  faded. 

ANACYCLUS.  [Composite.]  A  genus  of  hardy  annuals, 
with  rayed  flowers  of  no  special  beauty.  Easily  grown  in 
common  garden  soil.  Propagated  by  seeds. 

A.  Alexandrinus  (Alexandrian);  i  foot;  flowers  yellow,  in 
July;  Egypt ;  1828.  A.aureus  (golden);  I  foot;  flowers  yel- 
low, in  August ;  Levant ;  1570.  A.  da-vatus  (clavate) ;  2  feet ; 
flowers  white,  in  August ;  Barbary  ;  1810.  A.  pyrethrum  (like 
pyrethrum) ;  2  feet;  flowers  white,  in  August ;  Barbary;  1837. 
A.  radiatus  (rayed)  ;  2  feet ;  flowers  yellow,  in  August ;  south 
of  Europe  ;  1 596. 

ANAGALLIS.  Pimpernel.  [Primulaceae.]  Hardy  and  half- 
hardy  slender  annuals  and  herbaceous  perennials,  of  pros- 
trate habit.  The  hardy  annuals  are  sown  in  May  in  the 
open  border,  and  are  propagated  by  seeds.  The  half-hardy 
sorts  are  increased  by  cuttings,  planted  in  March  in  hot- 
beds, or  in  July  or  August  under  a  hand-glass,  and  when 
potted  off,  should  be  grown  in  three  parts  loam  and  one 
part  peat,  and  preserved  during  winter  in  a  greenhouse. 
They  all  do  well  in  beds  and  borders  in  the  flower-garden. 

A.  alternifolia  (alternate-leaved)  ;  perennial  ;  I  foot ;  flowers 
yellow  and  pink,  in  May  ;  Rio  Janeiro  ;  1839.  A.  carnea  (flesh- 
colored)  ;  hardy  annual ;  I  foot ;  flowers  flesh-colored,  in  Au- 
gust ;  Switzerland  ;  1819.  A.  Indica  (Indian)  ;  hardy  annual  ; 
i  foot ;  flowers  blue,  in  June;  Nepaul ;  1824.  A.  Marryattce 
(Mrs.  Maryatt's) ;  half-hardy  perennial  ;  I  foot ;  flowers  cop- 
per-colored, in  June  ;  garden  hybrid.  A.  Afonelli  (Monelli's)  ; 
half-hardy  herbaceous  trailer ;  i  foot ;  flowers  blue,  in  June  ; 
Italy  ;  1648.  A.  var,  Breuuerii  has  red  flowers.  A  lilacina  has 


32  GARDEN    FLOWERS. 

pale-lilac  flowers.  A.  Piicsnecia  has  scarlet  flowers  ;  introduced 
from  Morocco  in  1803.  A.  Phillipsii  has  blue  flowers.  A.  Wil- 
moreana  has  purple  flowers  ;  introduced  from  Madeira  in  1834. 
A.  Webbiana  (Webb's) ;  half-hardy  perennial  ;  i  foot ;  flowers 
blue,  in  July;  Portugal;  1828.  A.  Wellsiana  (Wells's) ;  half- 
hardy  perennial ;  I  foot ;  flowers  copper-color,  in  July  ;  hybrid. 

There  are  numerous  seeding  varieties. 

ANANTHERIX.  [Asclepiadaceae.]  A  hardy  herbaceous 
plant  of  no  special  beauty,  growing  in  any  garden  soil,  and 
readily  increased  by  division. 

A  -viridis  (green) ;  hardy  perennial ;  6  inches  ;  flowers  green 
and  yellow,  in  September  ;  North  America  ;  1812. 

ANARRHINUM.  Very  pretty  half-hardy  biennials,  allied 
to  Antirrhinum.  Seed  sown  in  summer  will  give  bloom 
the  following  year.  Common  garden  soil.  May  also  be 
increased  by  cuttings.  Winter  in  cold  frame. 

A.  bellidifolium  (daisy-leaved) ;  18  inches  ;  flowers  blue,  in 
July;  France;  1629.  A.  fruticosuin  (shrubby) ;  2  feet ;  flowers 
white,  in  July;  south  of  Europe  >  1826.  A.pubescens  (downy) ; 
1 8  inches  ;  flowers  white,  in  July  ;  south  of  Europe  ;  1818. 

ANASTATICA.  [Cruciferae.]  An  annual  plant  of  the  Egyp- 
tian deserts,  called  Rose  of  Jericho.  When  full  grown,  it 
contracts  its  rigid  branches  inta  a  ball,  and  is  blown  about 
by  the  wind  ;  when  it  alights  upon  a  damp  place  the  branch- 
es relax  as  if  it  came  to  life  ;  hence  the  name  of  Resurrec- 
tion Flower.  Aside  from  this,  it  is  a  plant  of  no  interest,  the 
flowers  being  small  and  white.  It  grows  readily  from  seed, 
but  needs  a  warm  exposure. 

A.  Hierochnntina  (Rose  of  Jericho);  hardy  annual;  18 
inches  ;  flowers  white,  in  July  ;  Levant ;  1597. 

ANCHUSA.  Bugloss.  [Boraginaceae.J  A  genus  of  orna- 
mental herbaceous  plants,  comprising  perennials,  biennials, 
and  annuals.  They  all  grow  freely  in  common  garden  soil. 


GARDEN    FLOWERS.  33 

The  perennials  are  increased  by  division  and  seeds ;  the  bi- 
ennials and  annuals  by  seed.  As  they  transplant  badly, 
they  should  be  sown  where  they  are  to  bloom. 

The  flowers  of  most  of  the  species  —  of  which  there 
are  more  than  thirty  —  are  blue ;  but  A.  angustifolia,  lep- 
tophylla,  petiolata,  and  undulata,  have  purple  flowers  ;  A. 
incarnccta  has  flesh-colored,  and  A.  ochroleuca  and  its  vari- 
eties, have  yellowish-white  ;  A.  myosotiflora  has  pink  flowers. 
A.  Capensis  and  pulchella  require  greenhouse  protection. 
The  following  are  good  species :  — 

A  •  aggregata  (cluster-flowered) ;  hardy  annual ;  flowers  blue, 
in  June  ;  Levant;  1827.  A.  amcena  (pleasing) ;  hardy  annual; 
flowers  blue,  in  June ;  south  of  Europe;  1817.  A.  Barrelieri 
(Barrelier's) ;  hardy  perennial ;  2  feet ;  flowers  blue,  in  May  ; 
south  of  Europe  ;  1820.  A.  Capensis  (Cape) ;  greenhouse  bi- 
ennial ;  6  inches  ;  flowers  blue,  in  July  ;  Cape  of  Good  Hope  ; 
1800.  A.  Milleri  (Miller's) ;  hardy  annual ;  1 8  inches  ;  flowers 
pink,  in  June  ;  Levant  51713.  A.  ochroleuca  (yellowish) ;  hardy 
perennial ;  2  feet ;  flowers  pale-yellow,  in  July  ;  Mount  Cauca- 
sus ;  1810.  A.  paniculata  (panicled) ;  hardy  perennial ;  3.  feet ; 
flowers  blue,  in  June;  Madeira;  1777.  A.  tinctoria  (alkanet); 
hardy  biennial,  or  perennial ;  1 8  inches  ;  flowers  purple,  in  June  ; 
Montpelier  ;  1596. 

ANDROMEDA.  [Ericaceae.]  Beautiful  evergreen  shrubs, 
principally  hardy,  but  a  few  requiring  a  greenhouse  or  stove. 
Soil,  good  rich  moist  peat,  or  peat  with  a  third  part  loam. 
They  are  best  propagated  from  layers,  put  down  in  Septem- 
ber, and  taken  off  the  following  autumn.  The  seeds  are 
very  small,  and  require  to  be  sown  as  soon  as  ripe,  very 
lightly  covered,  and  set  in  a  cool  close  frame;  but  this  is 
too  tedious  a  process,  except  with  very  rare  kinds.  Perhaps 
A.floribunda  maybe  set  down  as  one  of  the  most  useful  of 
all  dwarf  shrubs ;  for  it  looks  well  from  the  time  the  bloom- 
3 


34  GARDEN   FLOWERS. 

buds  first  appear  till  they  are  dead,  and  that  comprises  one- 
half  the  entire  year. 

There  are  some  forty  species,  most  of  which  are  hardy  ; 
the  genus  has,  however,  by  later  botanists  been  separated 
into  Leucothce,  Cassandra,  Oxydendrum,  and  Cassiope  :  of 
A.  polifotia  there  are  many  garden  varieties.  The  following 
are  most  ornamental :  — 

A.  (Leucothoe)  axillaris  (axil-flowering) ;  hardy  evergreen 
shrub  ;  2  feet ;  flowers  white,  in  June  ;  North  America  ;  1765. 
A.  (Cassandra)  calyculata  (small-calyxed) ;  hardy  shrub  ;  2  feet ; 
flowers  white,  in  March  ;  North  America  ;  1748.  A.  (Leucothoe) 
Catesbeei  (Catesby's) ;  hardy  evergreen  shrub  ;  2  feet ;  flowers 
white,  in  June  ;  North  America  ;  1793.  A.  floribunda  (free- 
flowering)  ;  hardy  evergreen  shrub  ;  3  feet ;  flowers  white,  in 
May;  North  America  ;  1812.  A .  polifolia  (poly-leaved) ;  hardy 
evergreen  shrub  ;  i  foot ;  flowers  pink,  in  July ;  North  America  ; 
1790.  A.  Mariana  (stagger-bush) ;  hardy  .deciduous  shrub  ;  3 
feet;  flowers  large  white,  in  June;  North  America;  1763.  Oxy- 
dendrum arboreum  (sorrel-tree)  is  a  very  ornamental  tree  of  the 
second  class,  bearing  in  August  large  racemes  of  white  flowers. 
Hardy  south  of  Massachusetts. 

ANDROSACE.  [Primulaceae.]  Elegant  alpine  plants,  re- 
lated to  the  primroses  ;  the  hardiest  of  them  well  adapted 
for  sheltered  rock-work,  and  all  very  interesting ;  grown  in 
pots.  Soil,  sandy  peat  and  light  turfy  loam  in  about  equal 
proportions.  Their  greatest  risk  is  from  excess  of  moisture 
about  the  crowns  or  roots  ;  and  from  dampness  in  winter 
they  are  much  more  liable  to  suffer  injury  than  from  the  de- 
gree of  cold.  They  ought  to  be  kept  in  small  pots,  very  well 
drained  ;  and,  in  the  application  of  water,  great  care  is  neces- 
sary at  all  seasons,  but  especially  in  winter.  In  our  sum- 
mers, they  require  a  cool  situation.  The  perennial,  bien- 
nial, and  annual  species  require  the  same  kind  of  treatment, 


GARDEN   FLOWERS.  35 

differing  only  in  the  mode  of  propagation,  which  in  the  per- 
ennials is  by  division,  and  in  the  others  by  seeds. 

A.  carinata  (keeled) ;  hardy  perennial ;  3  inches ;  flowers 
yellow,  in  May  ;  North  America  ;  1826.  A.  carnea  (flesh-col- 
ored) ;  hardy  perennial ;  3  inches  ;  flowers  flesh-color,  in  July  ; 
Switzerland;  1768.  A.  Chamcejasme  (bastard-jasmine) ;  hardy 
perennial  ;  3  inches  ;  flowers  pink,  in  June  ;  Austria  ;  1768. 
A.  lactea  (milk-white) ;  hardy  perennial ;  6  inches  ;  flowers 
white,  in  June  ;  Austria  ;  1752.  A.  lactiflora.  (milk-flowered) ; 
liardy  biennial ;  6  inches  ;  flowers  white,  in  June  ;  Siberia  ; 
1806.  A.  lanuginosa  (woolly) ;  frame  perennial ;  6  inches  ;  flow- 
ers rosy-lilac,  in  August ;  Himalaya ;  1841.  A  linearis  (linear) ; 
hardy  perennial ;  3  inches  ;  flowers  white,  in  May  ;  North 
America;  1826.  A.  maxima  (greatest);  hardy  annual;  6 
niches;  flowers  white,  in  May;  Austria;  1797.  A.  septentri- 
onalis  (northern) ;  hardy  annual ;  6  inches  ;  flowers  white,  in 
May;  Russia;  1755.  A.  villosa  (villous) ;  hardy  perennial ;  3 
inches  ;  flowers  pink,  in  June  ;  Pyrenees  ;  1790. 

ANDROS^EMUM.  [Hypericaceae.]  A  woody-stemmed  her- 
baceous perennial,  growing  in  the  shade  in  common  soil, 
and  increased  by  division. 

A.  officinale  (officinal) ;  i  foot ;  flowers  yellow,  in  August ; 
England. 

ANDRYALA.  [Composite.]  A  genus  of  composite  plants 
of  little  beauty,  comprising  annuals,  biennials,  perennials, 
and  greenhouse  plants.  Soil,  garden  loam.  Increased  by 
seed  or  division. 

ANEMONE.  [Ranunculaceae.]  A  fine  genus  of  hardy  and 
half-hardy  herbaceous  perennials,  many  having  tuberous 
roots,  flourishing  in  rich  light  loam.  Propagated  by  offsets, 
division,  or  seed  sown  in  July,  from  which  plants  will  bloom 
the  next  year.  A.japonica,  a  fine  autumnal  blooming  kind, 
makes  a  fine  bed,  and  is  propagated  by  every  little  fragment 


36  GARDEN   FLOWERS. 

of  its  roots,  these  being  thickly  set  with  little  buds  or  bulb- 
lets.  Some  of  the  smaller-growing  spring  kinds  are  very 
pretty  if  grown  in  large  patches,  or  planted  about  in  shrub- 
beries :  these  propagate  by  separating  their  tubers  when  in 
a  dormant  state.  A.  narcissiflora  is  a  very  fine  hardy  species, 
blooming  early  in  June. 

There  are  about  twenty  tuberous-rooted  species  and  va- 
rieties, and  about  forty  with  herbaceous  roots. 

The  Anemone,  the  florist's  flower  of  our  gardens,  is  the 
offspring  of  A.  coronaria  (poppy  anemone),  and  A.  hortensis. 
Sprung  from  these  are  annually  increased  varieties.  A  vari- 
ety lasts  about  twelve  years. 

Characteristics  of  a  good  single  Anemone.  —  The  stem 
strong,  elastic,  and  erect,  not  less  than  nine  inches  high ; 
the  flower  at  least  two  inches  and  a  half  in  diameter,  con- 
sisting of  large,  substantial,  well-rounded  petals,  at  first  hor- 
izontally extended,  and  then  turning  a  little  upwards,  so  as 
to  form"  a  broad,  shallow  cup  ;  the  color  clear  and  distinct 
when  diversified  in  the  same  flower,  or  brilliant  and  strik- 
ing if  it  consists  only  of  one  color,  as  blue,  crimson,  or 
scarlet.. 

A  double  Anemone  should  have  the  outer  petals  quite  flat ; 
the  second  series  a  little  shorter,  the  third  shorter  still,  and 
so  on  till  the  centre  is  quite  full,  when  the  whole  should 
form  a  rather  flat  hemisphere.  Every  double  flower  should 
be  of  one  full  color. 

Propagation.  —  Offsets  from  the  root,  and  new  varieties 
from  seed.  In  propagating  by  offsets,  all  the  best  kinds 
should  be  taken  up  annually  at  the  decay  of  the  leaf,  and 
the  root  divided  at  the  time  of  taking  up,  to  allow  the  wound 
to  heal,  into  as  many  pieces  or  knobs  as  are  furnished  with 
an  eye  or  bud ;  observing,  however,  that,  if  they  are  divided 
very  small,  they  flower  very  weak  the  first  year. 


GARDEN   FLOWERS.  37 

The  time  for  taking  up  the  roots  is  June,  when  the  leaf 
and  stalk  are  withered ;  for  then  the  roots  cease  to  grow  for 
a  month  or  six  weeks.  Take  them  up  in  dry  weather, 
spread  in  an  airy  place  out  of  the  sun  for  about  a  week, 
then  clear  from  earth,  and  store  in  bags  or  boxes. 

In  propagating  by  seed,  sow  from  the  best  single  or  semi- 
double  flowers.  Double  flowers  produce  none. 

The  time  for  planting  is  October,  or  early  in  November, 
and  the  plants  will  come  into  flower  in  May  or  June. 

Make  the  beds  in  a  sheltered  part  of  your  garden,  facing 
the  south ;  remove  the  old  soil  from  the  beds  to  the  depth 
of  sixteen  or  eighteen  inches.  If  it  is  low  and  swampy,  with 
a  wet,  clay  bottom,  drain  well,  and  do  not  dig  so  deep ;  if 
high  and  dry,  or  with  a  sandy  or  gravelly  subsoil,  you  may 
go  a  little  deeper.  Then  put  in  from  four  to  six  inches  of 
unmixed  cowdung,  such  as  might  be  gathered  up  where 
cows  feed.  Upon  this  layer  of  dung,  place  as  much  good 
fresh  loam  as  will  raise  the  beds  to  their  former  level,  or  a 
little  higher.  During  winter,  cover  the  beds  with  an  old 
frame,  or  with  leaves  and  boughs. 

Any  common,  moderately  light  earth  suits  the  Anemone  ; 
overmoist  and  stiff  soils  rot  the  roots  in  winter.  If  neces- 
sary to  make  a  soil,  take  maiden  loam  from  the  surface  of  a 
pasture,  the  top  spit,  turf  and  all ;  to  every  load  of  this  add 
one  of  cowdung,  and  half  a  load  of  sea  or  sharp  sand :  blend 
the  whole  together,  and  form  it  into  a  ridge,  in  which  let  it 
remain  a  year,  at  least,  turning  it  over  once  in  two  or  three 
months.  But,  in  default  of  pasture-earth,  a  good  compost 
may  be  formed  of  common  light  garden  soil  and  rotted  cow- 
dung,  adding  to  every  load  of  the  former  half  a  load  of  the 
latter,  and  about  a  quarter  of  a  load  of  sharp  sand  ;  and  of 
either  of  the  above  composts  the  bed  is  to  be  formed.  Make 
it  about  twelve  or  fifteen  inches  in  depth,  and  three  feet  and 
a  half  broad. 


38  GARDEN    FLOWERS. 

A.  Apennina  (Apennine) ;  hardy  tuber  ;  6  inches  ;  flowers 
blue,  in  May  ;  England.  A.  Caroliniana  (Carolina) ;  hardy  tu- 
ber ;  I  foot;  flowers  white,  in  May;  North  America;  1824. 
A.  coronaria  (poppy) ;  hardy  tuber  ;  6  inches  ;  flowers  various, 
in  May;  Levant;  1596.  A.  Halleri  (Haller's) ;  hardy  peren- 
nial ;  6  inches  ;  flowers  purple,  in  May  ;  Switzerland  ;  1816. 
A.  hortensis  (garden) ;  hardy  tuber  ;  6  inches  ;  flowers  rose,  in 
May;  Italy;  1597.  A.  Hudsoniana  (Hudson's);  hardy  peren- 
nial ;  6  inches  ;  flowers  white,  in  June  ;  North  America  ;  1827. 
A.  Japonica  (Japanese) ;  hardy  perennial ;  3  feet ;  flowers  rose, 
in  September  ;  Japan  ;  1844.  A.  nemorosa  (grove) ;  hardy  tu- 
ber ;  6  inches  ;  flowers  white,  in  April  and  May  ;  England.  A. 
palmata  (palmate) ;  hardy  tuber  ;  6  inches  ;  flowers  yellow,  in 
May;  Portugal;  1597.  A.  pavonia  (peacock);  hardy  tuber; 
i  foot ;  flowers  red,  in  May  ;  France.  A.  Pennsylvania  (Penn- 
sylvania) ;  hardy  perennial  ;  I  foot ;  flowers  white,  in  May  ; 
North  America;  1766.  A.  pulsatilla  (pasque-flower);  hardy 
perennial ;  9  inches  ;  flowers  purple,  in  April ;  England.  A. 
ranunculoides  (ranunculus-like) ;  hardy  tuber  ;  6  inches  ;  flow- 
ers yellow,  in  May ;  England.  A.  vernalis  (spring) ;  hardy  per- 
ennial;  6  inches;  flowers  white,  in  May;  Switzerland;  1752. 
A.  vitifolia  (vine-leaved) ;  hardy  perennial  ;  3  feet ;  flowers 
white,  in  September;  Nepaul ;  1829. 

There  are  many  other  species,  all  more  or  less  desirable. 

ANISEED -TREE.     See  ILLICIUM. 

ANISODUS.  [Solanaceae.]  Coarse-growing  perennials  of 
little  beauty,  growing  in  common  garden  soil,  and  increased 
by  division. 

A.  luridus  (lurid) ;  hardy  perennial ;  3  feet ;  flowers  yellowish- 
green,  in  July ;  Nepaul ;  1823. 

Requires  protection  in  the  Northern  States. 

ANODONTEA.  [Cruciferae.]  A  genus  of  hardy  plants 
allied  to  Alyssum,  and  requiring  the  same  treatment.  There 
are  seven  species,  of  no  special  interest. 

ANODA.     [Malvaceae.]     Hardy  annuals,  commonly  called 


GARDEN    FLOWERS.  39 

Blue  Hibiscus.  Easily  grown  in  common  soil,  and  very 
pretty.  Propagated  by  seed  sown  in  open  borders  in  May. 

A.  Dillenia;  hardy  annual;  18  inches;  flowers  blue,  in  Au- 
gust; Mexico;  1858. 

ANOMATHECA.  [Iridaceae.]  Pretty  half-hardy  bulbous 
perennials.  Soil,  light  rich  loam.  Propagated  readily  by 
seeds  or  by  offsets.  A.  cruenta,  planted  out  in  a  bed,  makes 
a  pretty  show,  the  bloom  lasting  till  September.  The  seed 
should  be  sown  in  wide-mouthed  pots  or  seed-pans,  very 
thinly ;  and  if  the  plants  come  up  too  thick,  they  must  be 
thinned.  The  next  season,  they  may  be  planted  four  or 
five  in  a  pot,  and  the  following  year  they  may  be  bedded 
out  in  spring  and  the  bulbs  taken  up  in  autumn.  The 
flower  is  very  bright,  sparkling,  and  effective.  The  plants 
also  do  well  in  pot-culture,  although  very  subject  to  red 
spider ;  and  bloom  all  summer  contrasting  prettily  in  the 
greenhouse  with  Gloxineas  and  Achimenes. 

A .  cruenta  (blood-colored) ;  half-hardy  bulb  ;  i  foot ;  flowers 
scarlet,  in  June  ;  Cape  of  Good  Hope  ;  1830.  A.  juncea  (rush- 
leaved)  ;  half-hardy  bulb ;  I  foot ;  flowers  lilac,  in  May ;  Cape 
of  Good  Hope  ;  1791. 

ANTENNARIA.  [Compositae.]  Small  hardy  and  half- 
hardy  herbaceous  perennials.  The  smaller  kinds  are  suit- 
able for  pot-culture.  Soil,  sandy  loam.  Propagated  by 
division. 

A.  Alpina  (Alpine) ;  hardy  perennial ;  6  inches  ;  flowers  pink, 
in  June;  Europe;  1775.  A.  Carpatica  (Carpathian) ;  hardy 
perennial ;  6  inches  ;  flowers  pink,  in  June  ;  Carpathian  Moun- 
tains ;  1775.  A.  dioica  (dioecious) ;  hardy  perennial ;  6  inches  ; 
flowers  pink,  in  June  ;  England.  A.  margariticia  (pearly) ;  hardy 
perennial ;  I  foot ;  flowers  white,  in  July  ;  England.  A.  plan- 
taginea  (plantain-leaved) ;  hardy  perennial ;  i  foot ;  flowers 
white,  in  June  ;  Virginia,  1759.  A-  triplinervis  (triple-nerved) ; 
hardy  perennial ;  6  inches  ;  flowers  white,  in  August ;  Nepaul ; 
1823. 


4O  GARDEN    FLOWERS. 

ANTHEMIS.  [Compositae.]  A  genus  of  mostly  hardy 
plants,  of  which  about  twenty-three  are  herbaceous  peren- 
nials, twelve  annuals,  and  three  evergreens.  The  common 
Chamomile  is  a  familiar  example.  None  of  the  species  are 
particularly  interesting.  All  are  of  easy  culture  in  common 
garden  soil. 

ANTHERICUM.  [Liliaceas.]  Greenhouse  or  hardy  herbace- 
ous perennials,  with  fleshy  bundled  roots.  They  are  rather 
pretty,  and  desirable  in  a  large  collection.  Soil,  sandy  loam, 
with  plenty  of  drainage.  Propagated  by  suckers,  offsets,  and 
seeds. 

A.  liliastrum  (St.  Bruno's  Lily)  is  a  fine  hardy  plant,  with 
white  flowers  in  May;  Switzerland;  1629.  A.  albucoides  (al- 
buca-like) ;  greenhouse  perennial ;  I  foot ;  flowers  white,  in 
July;  Cape  of  Good  Hope  ;  1788.  A .  filifoliuni  (thread-leaved) ; 
greenhouse  perennial ;  i  foot ;  flowers  white,  in  May ;  Cape  of 
Good  Hope  ;  1820.  A.  floribundum  (free-flowering) ;  green- 
house perennial ;  i  foot ;  flowers  white,  in  March  ;  Cape  of 
Good  Hope;  1774.  A .  fragrans  (swz&t) ;  greenhouse  perennial ; 
i  foot ;  flowers  white,  in  April ;  Cape  of  Good  Hope ;  1795.  A. 
sulphureum  (sulphur) ;  hardy  perennial ;  I  foot ;  flowers  pale- 
yellow,  in  May;  Hungary;  1823.  A.  "vespertinuni  (evening); 
greenhouse  perennial ;  2  feet ;  flowers  white,  in  May  ;  Cape  of 
Good  Hope ;  1803. 

There  are  some  twenty  other  species. 

ANTIRRHINUM.  Snapdragon.  [Scrophulariaceae.]  Har- 
dy herbaceous  plants,  mostly  perennials.  The  common 
Snapdragon  (A.  majus),  with  its  varieties,  is  the  most  im- 
portant. It  grows  well  in  a  common  border,  and  seeds  free- 
ly. The  seeds  may  be  sown  in  July  or  August  in  a  pan  or 
wide-mouthed  pot,  to  be  planted  out,  when  large  enough,  in 
a  bed,  which,  in  the  Northern  States,  should  be  protected 
by  a  frame  during  winter.  Striking  varieties,  such  as  the 
double-flowered  and  the  striped-flowered,  may  be  propa- 


'     GARDEN   FLOWERS.  4! 

gated  by  cuttings  of  the  small  unblooming  shoots,  inserted 
in  sandy  soil  under  a  hand-glass.  When  rooted,  they  may 
be  potted  singly  into  pots  and  preserved  in  frames  during 
winter,  ready  to  plant  out  in  the  following  April.  They 
bloom  very  well  in  six-inch  pots.  The  annuals  may  be 
sown  in  pots  in  a  frame  in  March,  and  planted  out  in  May. 

A.  asarina  (asarina) ;  half-hardy  trailing  herb  ;  flowers  white, 
in  July  ;  Italy  ;  1699.  A .  glandulosum  (glandulous) ;  hardy  an- 
nual ;  2  feet ;  flowers  red  and  yellow,  in  August ;  California  ; 
1834.  A.  majus  (common);  hardy  perennial;  2  feet;  flowers 
various,  in  July;  England.  A.  molle  (soft);  half-hardy  trailing 
herb;  flowers  white,  in  July;  Spain;  1752.  A.  Montevidense 
(Monte  Videan) ;  hardy  annual ;  i  foot ;  flowers  red,  in  July ; 
Monte  Video;  1829.  A.  sempervirens  (evergreen);  hardy  per- 
ennial ;  2  feet;  flowers  pink,  in  June  ;  Pyrenees  ;  1821. 

Most  of  the  species  require  frame  protection  during  win- 
ter in  the  Northern  States. 

ANTWERP  HOLLYHOCK.     See  ALTHAEA  FICIFOLIA. 

APARGIA.  [Composite.]  The  only  species  worth  culti- 
vating is  A.  aurantiaca,  a  hardy  herbaceous  perennial,  grow- 
ing one  foot  high,  with  orange-colored  flowers  in  June  ;  in- 
troduced from  Hungary  in  1816. 

APIOS.  [Leguminosag.]  A  tuberous-rooted  hardy  climb- 
ing perennial.  The  tubers  have  been  recommended  as  a 
substitute  for  potatoes.  Rich  loamy  soil.  The  plants 
flower  better  if  left  undisturbed.  Propagated  by  division  of 
the  tubers. 

A.  tuberosa  (tuberous);  hardy  climbing  perennial;  6  feet; 
flowers  purple,  in  August ;  very  fragrant  and  pretty ;  North 
America ;  1640. 

APOCYNUM.  Dogs-bane.  [Apocynacese.]  Acrid  hardy 
herbaceous  perennials,  of  rambling  growth,  with  small  cup- 
shaped  flowers,  not  very  showy.  Common  soil.  Increased 
by  division. 


42  GARDEN    FLOWERS. 

A.  androscemifolium  (tutsan-leaved) ;  hardy  perennial ;  3  feet ; 
flowers  pink,  in  July  ;  North  America  ;  1688.  A.  cannabinum 
(hemp-like) ;  hardy  perennial ;  3  feet ;  flowers  yellowish,  in  July  ; 
North  America ;  1699.  A.  hypericifolium  (hypericum-leaved) ; 
hardy  perennial ;  3  feet ;  flowers  white,  in  June  ;  North  America  ; 
1758.  A.  Venetian  (Venetian);  hardy  perennial ;  2  feet;  flowers 
white,  in  July;  Adriatic  Islands  ;  1690. 

APONOGETON.  [Fluviales.]  Curious  and  elegant  peren- 
nial water-plants ;  one  or  two  require  a  stove  temperature, 
others  a  greenhouse.  A.  distachyon  is  easily  grown  and 
flowered  in  the  open  air  in  summer,  and  may  be  preserved 
in  a  cellar  during  winter ;  the  tender  kinds  in  pots  set  into  a 
tank  or  tub.  Soil,  peat  and  loam.  Propagated  by  seeds, 
which  should  be  sown  in  spring  in  the  same  kind  of  soil, 
and  the  pots  set  under  water  :  they  also  increase  by  offsets. 

A.  distachyon  (two-spiked);  I  foot;  flowers  white,  in  June; 
Cape  of  Good  Hope;  1788.  A.  angustifolium  (narrow-leaved); 
greenhouse  aquatic ;  i  foot ;  flowers  white,  in  June ;  Cape  of 
Good  Hope  ;  1788.  A.  juncifolium  (rush-leaved) ;  greenhouse 
aquatic  ;  I  foot;  flowers  white,  in  July;  1847. 

AQUILEGIA.  Columbine,  [Ranunculaceae.]  Handsome 
hardy  perennials.  Common  garden  soil ;  good  turfy  loam 
for  the  choicer  sorts.  Propagated  by  seeds,  or  by  division. 
The  seed  of  the  common  kinds  may  be  sown  in  beds  thinly 
in  May ;  the  young  plants,  when  strong  enough,  planted  out 
six  inches  apart  every  way.  If  they  are  to  bloom  in  beds, 
they  should  be  nine  inches  apart  and  eighteen  inches  from 
row  to  row.  When  they  bloom,  pull  out  and  destroy  all  the 
single  and  ugly  ones,  and,  if  desirable,  propagate  the  better 
ones.  The  common  Columbine  has  sported  into  a  variety 
of  colors  ;  and  some  of  its  double  varieties  are  very  beautiful. 

A.  Alpina  (Alpine) ;  hardy  perennial ;  i  foot ;  flowers  blue,  in 
May  ;  Switzerland  ;  1731.  A.  atropurpurea  (dark  purple) ;  har- 
dy perennial;  I  foot;  flowers  purple,  in  May;  Siberia;  1827. 


GARDEN   FLOWERS.  43 

A.  Canadensis  (Canadian) ;  hardy  perennial ;  I  foot ;  flowers 
orange-red,  in  May  ;  North  America  ;  1640.  A.  formosa  (beau- 
tiful);  hardy  perennial;  18  inches;  flowers  reddish-orange,  in 
June  ;  Kamtschatka  ;  1822.  A.  fragrans  (fragrant) ;  hardy  per- 
ennial ;  6  inches  ;  flowers  pale-yellow,  in  May ;  Himalayas  ; 
1839.  A-  glandulosa  (glandular) ;  hardy  perennial ;  18  inches  ; 
flowers  white  and  blue,  in  June;  Siberia;  1822.  A.  glauca 
(glaucous) ;  hardy  perennial ;  2  feet ;  flowers  pale-yellow,  in 
May  ;  Himalaya  ;  1839.  A.jucunda  (joyous) ;  hardy  perennial ; 
I  foot;  flowers  blue  and  white,  in  June;  Siberia;  1844.  A. 
Kanaoriensis  (Kanaor) ;  hardy  perennial  ;  i  foot ;  flowers  violet 
with  blue  spurs,  in  May  ;  Himalaya.  A.  leptocceras  (slender- 
horned)  ;  hardy  perennial ;  I  foot ;  flowers  blue  and  cream- 
color,  in  July;  Siberia;  1846.  A.  macrantha  (large-flowered) ; 
hardy  perennial ;  1 8  inches  ;  flowers  cream-colored  tinged  with 
pink;  North  America;  1847.  A.  Siberica  (Siberian);  hardy 
perennial ;  18  inches  ;  flowers  blue  and  white,  in  June  ;  Siberia  ; 
1806.  A.  Skinneri  (Skinner's) ;  hardy  perennial;  18  inches; 
flowers  red  and  green,  in  May  ;  Guatimala  ;  1841.  A.  vulgaris 
(common) ;  hardy  perennial ;  2  feet ;  flowers  various,  in  June ; 
Britain.  A.  blanda  is  a  fine  hybrid  with  white  and  blue  flowers. 
A.ccerulea  is  a  Rocky-Mountain  species  erect  flowered  with  long 
spurs.  A.  spectabilis  is  a  Siberian  species  with  dark-purple 
flowers  with  yellow  centre.  A  variety  of  vulgaris,  A.  caryphyl- 
loides,  has  double  variegated  flowers  :  the  seeds  are  dark -green 
instead  of  black. 

ARABIS.  Wall-cress.  [Cruciferae.J  Dwarf  evergreen 
hardy  perennials,  with  cruciferous  flowers,  particularly 
adapted  for  rock-work.  Common  soil.  Propagated  by  cut- 
tings, planted  in  a  shady  border,  under  hand-glasses,  any 
time  during  summer.  The  annuals,  which  are  insignificant, 
are  raised  from  seeds  sown  in  May. 

A.  albida  (whitish) ;  hardy  perennial ;  9  inches  ;  flowers  white, 
in  April ;  Caucasus  ;  1798.  A.  Alpestris  (Alpine) ;  hardy  bien- 
nial ;  6  inches  ;  flowers  white,  in  May  ;  Switzerland  ;  1819.  A. 
Alpina  (Alpine) ;  hardy  perennial ;  9  inches  ;  flowers  white,  in 


44  GARDEN    FLOWERS. 

May;  Switzerland;  1596.  A.  cazrulea  (blue);  hardy  perennial; 
6  inches;  flowers  pale-blue,  in  June;  Switzerland;  1793.  A. 
lucida  (shining) ;  hardy  perennial ;  6  inches  ;  flowers  white,  in 
June;  Hungary;  1790.  A.  petraa  (rock);  hardy  perennial;  6 
inches  ;  flowers  white,  in  May  ;  Austria  ;  1800.  A.  rosea  (rosy) ; 
hardy  biennial ;  6  inches  ;  flowers  rose,  in  April ;  Calabria ; 
1832.  A.  undulata  (wavy) ;  hardy  perennial ;  9  inches  ;  flowers 
white,  in  May;  south  of  Europe  ;  1810.  A.  verna  (spring); 
hardy  annual ;  i  foot ;  flowers  purple,  in  May;  France;  1710. 

There  are  pretty  variegated  varieties  of  A.  albida,  pnzcox, 
and  lucida.  There  are  some  twenty  other  species. 

ARALIA.  [Araliaceae.]  Hardy  deciduous  shrubs,  and 
tall-growing  herbaceous  perennials.  They  grow  with  erect 
stems,  and  leaves  comparatively  large  and  very  compound ; 
the  herbaceous  kinds  being  smaller.  All  desirable  as  speci- 
men plants  for  the  lawn  or  shrubbery.  Common  soil. 
Propagated  by  cuttings  of  the  matured  stems,  planted  in 
sandy  soil  under  hand-glasses.  There  are  some  stove  and 
greenhouse  kinds.  Soil,  loam  and  peat.  Propagated  by 
cuttings. 

A.  hispida  (bristly) ;  hardy  deciduous  shrub  ;  8  feet ;  flowers 
white,  in  July;  North  America;  1799.  A.  nudicaulis  (naked 
stemmed) ;  hardy  perennial ;  3  feet ;  flowers  white,  in  June  ; 
North  America;  1731.  A.  Muhlenbergii  (Muhlenberg's) ;  hardy 
perennial  ;  2  feet ;  flowers  white,  in  July  ;  North  America.  A. 
racemosa  (raceme-flowered) ;  hardy  perennial ;  4  feet ;  flowers 
white,  in  June;  North  America;  1658.  A.  spinosa  (thorny); 
hardy  shrub ;  8  feet ;  flowers  white,  in  September ;  Virginia ; 
1688. 

There  are  fifteen  other  species,  mostly  greenhouse  plants. 

ARAUCARIA.  [Pinacece.]  A  genus  of  magnificent  ever- 
green trees,  hardy  south  of  Philadelphia.  The  best-known 
species  is  A.  imbricata,  the  Chili  Pine.  A.  excelsa,  the  Nor- 
folk-Island Pine,  requires  greenhouse  protection. 


GARDEN    FLOWERS.  4$ 

ARBOR-VITVE.      See  THUJA. 

ARBUTUS.  [Ericaceae.]  A  beautiful  genus  of  evergreen 
shrubs,  flourishing  in  loamy  garden  soil  or  peat.  Flowers 
bell-shaped,  white  or  pink.  Increased  by  seeds  or  layers, 
the  rarer  species  by  inarching  on  the  more  common.  The 
fruit  resembles  a  strawberry,  and  is  very  ornamental.  They 
are  not  hardy  north  of  Philadelphia.  Of  the  eighteen 
species  seven  are  greenhouse  evergreens. 

A.  andrachne  (andrachne) ;  10  feet ;  flowers  white,  in  April ; 
Levant;  1724.  A.  andrachnioides  (andrachne-like) ;  8  feet; 
flowers  whitish-green,  in  April.  A.  Canariensis  (Canary) ; 
greenhouse  evergreen  ;  8  feet ;  flowers  whitish-green,  in  June  ; 
Canaries;  1796.  A.  densiflora  (thickly-flowered);  greenhouse 
evergreen  ;  20  feet ;  flowers  white  ;  Mexico  ;  1826.  A.  hybrida 
(hybrid).  A.  laurifolia  (laurel-leaved) ;  greenhouse  evergreen  ; 
20  feet;  flowers  white;  Mexico;  1825.  A.  Menziesii  (Men- 
zie's) ;  flowers  white  ;  North  America  ;  1827.  A.  Milleri  (Mil- 
ler's) ;  hybrid  ;  10  feet ;  flowers  white,  in  September  ;  1825.  A. 
mucronata  (sharp-pointed-leaved) ;  greenhouse  evergreen  trail- 
er ;  i  foot;  flowers  white  ;  Magellan;  1828.  A.  pilosa  (hairy- 
branched);  i  foot;  flowers  white,  in  May;  Mexico;  1829.  A. 
phillyrecE folia  (phillyrea-leaved) ;  greenhouse  evergreen ;  i  foot ; 
flowers  white  ;  Peru  ;  1812.  A.  procera  (tall) ;  15  feet ;  flowers 
white  ;  North  America  ;  1825.  A.  pitmila  (dwarf)  ;  greenhouse 
evergreen  ;  4  feet ;  flowers  white  ;  Magellan  ;  1825.  A.  serrati- 
folia  (saw-edged-leaved) ;  greenhouse  evergreen  ;  6  feet ;  flowers 
whitish-green.  A.  spcciosa  (showy) ;  Mexico  ;  1837.  A.  toinen- 
tosa  (woolly-branched) ;  4  feet ;  flowers  white  ;  California ;  1826. 
A.  tomentosa  nuda  (smooth-branched.)  A.  unedo  (unedo) ;  10 
feet;  flowers  white,  in  October;  Ireland.  A.  unedo  crispa 
(curled) ;  8  feet ;  flowers  white,  in  October.  A.  unedo  integrifo- 
lia  (entire-leaved) ;  6  feet  ;  flowers  pink,  in  October.  A.  unedo 
plena  (double-flowered) ;  5  feet ;  -flowers  white,  in  October.  A. 
unedo  salicifolia  (willow-leaved) ;  6  feet ;  flowers  white,  in  Octo- 
ber. A.  schizopetala  (cut-petalled) ;  7  feet ;  flowers  white,  in 
October.  A.  schizopetala  rubra  (red-flowered) ;  10  feet ;  flowers 
pink,  in  October. 


46  GARDEN    FLOWERS. 

The  shrub  called  Strawberry-tree  in  the  Northern  United 
States  is  EUONYMUS. 

ARCTOSTAPHYLOS.  [Ericaceae.]  Dwarf  evergreen  shrubs, 
ornamental  in  foliage,  flowers,  and  berry,  succeeding  in  sandy 
peat.  Increased  by  layers  and  seed.  A.  Alpina  is  deciduous. 

A.  Alpina  (Alpine);  deciduous  trailer ;  i  foot;  flowers  flesh- 
colored,  in  May;  Scotland.  A.  longifolia  (long-leaved);  half- 
hardy  evergreen  under-shrub ;  Mexico;  1847.  A.nitida  (shin- 
ing) ;  half-hardy  evergreen  shrub ;  4  feet ;  flowers  white,  in  May ; 
Mexico;  1836.  A.  pungens  (stinging);  half-hardy  evergreen 
shrub;  i  foot;  flowers  white,  in  February;  Mexico  ;  1839.  A. 
tometitosa  (downy) ;  evergreen  shrub  ;  flowers  white  ;  North 
America  ;  1826.  A.  uva  ursi  (bear's-grape) ;  evergreen  trailer; 
i  foot ;  flowers  white,  in  April  ;  Britain. 

ARCTOTIS.  Bear's-ear.-  [Compositae.]  Greenhouse  per- 
ennial herbs,  with  showy  composite  flowers.  Soil,  sandy 
loam  and  leaf-mould.  Propagated  by  division.  Many  of 
the  species  are  remarkable  for  having  the  under  surface  of 
their  leaves  covered  with  a  close  white  wool ;  and  this,  to- 
gether with  the  form  of  the  leaves,  gives  them  a  distinct 
appearance  among  other  plants.  Many  of  the  species  form 
good  bedding  plants,  and  give  a  mass  of  bloom  all  summer. 
Treated  as  annuals,  they  bloom  the  first  year. 

A.  acaulis  (stemless);  greenhouse  perennial ;  6  inches  ;  flow- 
ers yellow,  in  May  ;  Cape  of  Good  Hope  ;  1759.  A.  arborescens 
(arborescent);  greenhouse  perennial;  1 8  inches  ;  flowers  white 
and  pink,  in  June  ;  Cape  of  Good  Hope  ;  1818.  A.  aspera 
(rough) ;  greenhouse  perennial ;  2  feet ;  flowers  pale-yellow,  in 
June  ;  Cape  of  Good  Hope  ;  1710.  A.  aureola  (golden) ;  green- 
house perennial  ;  18  inches  ;  flowers  orange,  in  April  ;  Cape  of 
Good  Hope;  1710.  A.  breviscarpa  (short-podded);  hardy  an- 
nual ;  i  foot ;  flowers  orange  with  dark  centre,  in  July  ;  Cape  of 
Good  Hope.  A.  grandiflora  (large-flowered) ;  greenhouse  per- 
ennial ;  1 8  inches;  flowers  yellow,  in  April;  Cape  of  Good 


GARDEN    FLOWERS.  47 

Hope;  1774.  A.speciosa  (showy);  greenhouse  perennial;  18 
inches  ;  flowers  yellow,  in  June  ;  Cape  of  Good  Hope  ;  1812. 

ARENARIA.  [Caryophyllaceas.]  Small  herbaceous  per- 
ennials and  annuals,  suitable  for  rock-work.  The  peren- 
nials increased  by  division,  the  annuals  by  seed.  All  grow 
in  good  garden  soil. 

A.  Balerica  (Balerian) ;  hardy  perennial ;  3  inches  ;  flowers 
white,  in  July  ;  Majorca  ;  1787.  A.  biflora  (two-flowered) ;  hardy 
perennial ;  3  inches  ;  flowers  white,  in  June  ;  Switzerland ;  1818. 
A.  ccespitosa  (tufted) ;  hardy  perennial ;  3  inches  ;  flowers  white, 
in  June;  Switzerland;  1826.  A.  glandulosa  (having  glands); 
hardy  annual ;  3  inches  ;  flowers  purple,  in  June  ;  Europe  ;  1-820. 
A.  nardifolia  (spikenard-leaved) ;  hardy  perennial ;  6  inches  ; 
flowers  white,  in  June  ;  Siberia  ;  1827. 

There  are  about  seventy  other  species. 

ARETHUSA.  [Orchiclaceas.]  A  genus  of  only  two  spe- 
cies, of  which  only  one  is  hardy.  The  plants  are  very  diffi- 
cult of  cultivation,  but  their  beauty  richly  repays  any  care. 
The  root  is  a  small  tuber,  about  the  size  of  a  large  pea.  Soil, 
peat,  very  wet. 

A.  bulbosa  (bulbous) ;  hardy  perennial ;  9  inches  ;  flowers  pur- 
ple and  white,  in  June ;  North  America  ;  in  low  peaty  swamps. 

This  plant  is  dying  out  in  many  localities  where  it  was 
once  very  plenty. 

ARETIA.  [Primulaceae.]  Pretty  little  perennials,  of  easy 
culture  in  loam  and  peat.  Propagated  by  division. 

A.  Alpina  (Alpine) ;  hardy  perennial ;  3  inches  ;  flowers  pink, 
in  June  ;  Switzerland  ;  1775.  A.  Helvetica  (Swiss) ;  hardy  per- 
ennial;  3  inches;  flowers  white,  in  June;  Switzerland;  1775. 
A.  pubescens  (downy) ;  hardy  perennial ;  3  inches  ;  flowers  white, 
in  June;  Switzerland;  1824.  A.  K/ta/z'tf/ztf  (Vital's) ;  hardy  peren- 
nial ;  3  inches  ;  flowers  yellow,  in  June  ;  Pyrenees  ;  1787.  A. 
argentea  is  half-hardy. 

All  the  species  are  very  impatient  of  standing  water  at 
the  roots. 


48  GARDEN    FLOWERS. 

ARGEMONE.  [Papaveraceae.]  Annuals  and  perennials, 
with  white  and  yellow  poppy-like  flowers.  Common  garden 
soil.  They  will  not  bear  transplanting.  The  annuals  are 
propagated  by  seed,  the  perennials  by  suckers.  The  latter 
require  winter  protection  in  the  Northern  States. 

A.  grandiflora  (large-flowered) ;  hardy  perennial  ;  2  feet ; 
flowers  white,  in  July  ;  Mexico  ;  1827.  A,  intermedia  (interme- 
diate) ;  hardy  perennial ;  18  inches  ;  flowers  white,  in  July  ; 
Mexico;  1827.  A.  Mexicana  (Mexican);  hardy  annual;  2 
feet;  flowers  yellow,  in  July ;  Mexico;  1592.  A.  ochroleuca  (yel- 
lowish) ;  hardy  annual  ;  2  feet ;  flowers  cream-colored,  in  July  : 
Mexico  ;  1827. 

ARIS^EMA.  [Araceae.]  Hardy  and  half-hardy  tuberous- 
rooted  perennials,  with  a  curious  and  spathaceous  inflores- 
cence. Soil,  peat  and  loam.  Propagated  by  division. 

A.  dracontinm  (dragon) ;  hardy  tuber  ;  2  feet ;  flowers  green, 
in  June;  North  America;  1759.  A.  ringens  (gaping);  half- 
hardy  tuber  ;  6  inches  ;  flowers  in  May  ;  Japan  ;  1800.  A.  ter- 
natum  (ternate) ;  half-hardy  tuber  ;  9  inches  ;  flowers  purple, 
in  May;  Japan;  1774.  A.  tripJiylluin  (three-leaved);  hardy 
tuber  ;  9  inches  ;  flowers  brown,  white,  purple,  and  green,  in 
May  ;  North  America  ;  1664. 

This  latter  species  is  commonly  known  as  "  Indian  Tur- 
nip," "Jack  in  the  Pulpit,"  or  "  Wild  Arum."  In  cultivation, 
it  grows  very  large,  and  is  very  curious  in  flower,  and  orna- 
mental in  fruit. 

ARISTOLOCHIA.  Birthwort.  [Aristolochiaceae.]  (Dutch- 
man's Pipe.)  Hardy  greenhouse  or  stove  herbs  or  shrubs, 
often  with  twining  stems.  Soil  for  the  hardy  sorts,  rich 
loam  and  sand ;  plenty  of  root-room.  Propagated  by  layers. 
The  twining  species  are  rampant  climbers,  often  growing 
thirty  feet  high  :  they  should  have  plenty  of  room,  to  appear 
to  advantage.  They  are  increased  by  layers  and  division. 

The  following  are  the  hardy  and  half-hardy  species,  of 


GARDEN    FLOWERS.  49 

which  A.  sipho  and  tomentosa  are  the  best.  There  are  also 
six  greenhouse  and  about  twenty  stove  species.  The  flow- 
ers of  all  are  more  curious  than  beautiful. 

A.  Bcetica  (Spanish) ;  deciduous  climber ;  6  feet ;  flowers 
purple,  in  June;  Spain;  1596.  A.  Chilensis  (Chilian);  decid- 
uous half-hardy;  6  feet;  flowers  purple  and  green,  in  Septem- 
ber ;  West  Indies  ;  1832.  A.  dematitis  (clematis-like) ;  herba- 
ceous perennial;  2  feet ;  flowers  yellow,  in  July;  Britain.  A. 
longa  (long-rooted) ;  deciduous  trailer ;  2  feet ;  flowers  purple, 
in  July;  south  of  Europe;  1548.  A.  pallida  (pale-flowered); 
herbaceous  perennial ;  2  feet ;  flowers  white  and  purple  ;  Italy; 
1640.  A.  pistolochia  (pistolochia) ;  deciduous  trailer;  2  feet; 
flowers  purple,  in  July;  south  of  Europe;  1597.  A.  sagittata 
(arrow-shaped) ;  herbaceous  perennial ;  i  foot ;  flowers  purple, 
in  July;  North  America;  1819.  A.  serpentaria  (snakeroot) ; 
deciduous  trailer  ;  i  foot ;  flowers  dark-purple,  in  July ;  North 
America  ;  1632.  A.  sipho  (tube-bearing) ;  deciduous  climber  ; 
30  feet ;  flowers  yellow  and  brown,  in  July ;  North  America  ; 
1763.  A.  tomentosa  (downy) ;  deciduous  climber  ;  20  feet ;  flow- 
ers purple,  in  July  ;  North  America  ;  1799. 

ARMERIA.  Thrift.  [Plumbaginaceae.]  Dwarf  herba- 
ceous plants,  nearly  all  hardy.  Soil,  sandy  loam.  Increased 
by  dividing  the  crown,  and  planting  the  separate  pieces  as 
cuttings  under  hand-glasses.  ;  They  are  fine  rock-plants, 
and  also  do  well  in  pots ;  .and  some  varieties  of  the  com- 
mon thrift,  especially  a  deep  rose  and  a  white  one,  make 
pretty  edging  to  flower-beds. 

A.  cepJialotes  (headed) ;  hardy  perennial;  18  inches;  flowers 
deep  rose-pink,  in  August;  Europe;  1800.  A.  dianthoides 
(pink-leaved) ;  hardy  perennial ;  I  foot ;  flowers  pale  red,  in 
May  ;  Europe  ;  1810.  A.  latifolia  (broad-leaved) ;  hardy  per- 
ennial ;  2  feet ;  flowers  pale-red,  in  June  ;  Portugal ;  1740.  A. 
plantaginea  (plantain-leaved) ;  hardy  perennial ;  i  foot ;  flowers 
pale-red,  in  June  ;  Jersey.  A.  vulgaris  (common) ;  hardy  per- 
ennial ;  6  inches ;  flowers  pink,  in  June ;  England.  There  is 
a  pretty  white-flowered  variety  of  this,  called  alba. 
4 


5O  GARDEN    FLOWERS. 

ARONICUM.  [Compositae.]  A  hardy  "herbaceous  plant 
allied  to  Doronicum,  flourishing  in  garden  soil,  and  propa- 
gated by  division. 

A.  A  Itaicum  (Altaic);  hardy  perennial ;  i  foot;  flowers  yel- 
low, in  July  ;  Siberia;  1783. 

ARROW-HEAD.     See  SAGITTARIA. 

ARTEMISIA.  Hardy  and  greenhouse  herbs  and  shrubs, 
with  a  few  annuals,  remarkable  in  many  cases  for  a  strong 
heavy  odor.  A.  Abrotamim,  the  Southernwood,  is  a  favor- 
ite in  cottage  gardens  ;  the  rest  are  unimportant.  Common 
soil.  Propagated  by  cuttings. 

A.  Abrotanum  (Southernwood) ;  hardy  shrub  ;  2  feet ;  flow- 
ers greenish,  in  August ;  Europe  ;  1548. 

There  are  about  forty  other  species. 

ARUM.  [Araceae.]  Curious  perennials.  The  majority 
hardy,  but  some  requiring  a  greenhouse,  others  a  stove.  It 
is  the  floral  sheath  or  spathe  of  these  plants  that  forms  the 
conspicuous  part  of  the  inflorescence.  The  tender  kinds 
should  have  rich  loam,  and  plenty  of  water  while  growing. 
For  the  hardy  sorts,  any  common  soil  that  is  deep.  Propa- 
gated by  suckers. 

A.  dracunculus  (dragon) ;  hardy  perennial ;  3  feet ;  flowers 
brown,  in  July ;  south  of  Europe  ;  1548.  A.  Italicum  (Italian) ; 
hardy  perennial ;  I  foot ;  flowers  yellowish,  in  June ;  Italy ; 
1683.  A.  tenuifolium  (slender-leaved) ;  hardy  perennial ;  i 
foot ;  flowers  white,  in  June  ;  south  of  Europe  ;  1750. 

Many  plants  formerly  belonging  to  Arum  have  been  re- 
ferred to  Arisaema. 

ARUNDO.  [Gramineae.]  Hardy  perennials,  flourishing  in 
rich  damp  soil.  Propagated  by  division. 

A.  Donax j  hardy  perennial ;  10  feet ;  flowers  apetaloiis ; 
south  of  Europe  ;  1648  A.  Donax  -versicolorj  a  pretty  striped 
variety. 


GARDEN    FLOWERS.  51 

ASARUM.  Asarabaeca.  [Aristolochiacete.]  Dwarf  hardy 
perennials,  more  remarkable  for  the  carious  structure  of 
their  flowers  than  for  their  beauty.  Cool  moist  common 
soil.  Propagated  by  division. 

A.  Canadense (Canadian) ;  hardy  perennial ;  6  inches  ;  flowers 
brown,  in  April;  Canada;  1713.  A.  Europceum  (European); 
hardy  perennial ;  6  inches ;  flowers  brown,  in  April ;  England. 
A.  Virginicum  (Virginian) ;  hardy  perennial ;  6  inches  ;  flowers 
brown,  in  April ;  Virginia;  1759. 

ASCLEPIAS.  Swallow-wort  [Asclepiadacese.]  Herba- 
ceous perennials,  including  stove,  greenhouse,  and  hardy 
kinds.  For  the  tender  kinds,  rich  loam  and  leaf-mould  in 
equal  parts.  They  are  best  raised  from  seeds,  which  are 
generally  produced  freely,  and  the  plants  should  be  often 
renewed  :  they  may  also  be  raised  by  cuttings  in  sand  in  a 
hot-bed.  The  seed  should  be  sown  in  pots  in  the  spring, 
and  the  plants  pricked  out  as  soon  as  large  enough,  after- 
wards ported  singly,  and  shifted  into  larger  pots  as  they 
grow.  Most  of  the  hardy  sorts  grow  in  good  deep  garden 
soil ;  but  A.  tuberosa  should  have  good  loam,  but  will  thrive 
in  garden  soil.  These  are  increased  by  division. 

A .  amtzna  (pleasing) ;  hardy  perennial ;  3  feet ;  flowers  pur- 
ple, in  July;  North  America ;  1732.  A.  Curassavica  (Curas- 
soa) ;  stove  perennial ;  3  feet ;  flowers  orange,  in  June  ;  South 
America ;  1692.  A  white  variety  is  called  alba;  a  long-leaved 
deep-red  variety  is  called  rubra :  these  are  very  desirable'  stove 
plants,  and  do  well  as  bedding  plants  in  summer.  A.  decumbens 
(decumbent) ;  hardy  tuberous  perennial ;  2  feet ;  flowers  orange, 
in  July  ;  North  America  ;  1731.  A.  exaltata  (tall) ;  hardy  per- 
ennial;  6  feet;  flowers  purple,  in  July;  North  America;  1800. 
A.  nivea  (snovry);  hardy  perennial;  3  feet;  flowers  white,  in 
July;  North  America;  1730.  A',  pulchra  (fair) ;  hardy  peren- 
nial ;  2  feet ;  flowers  purple,  in  July  ;  North  America.  A.  rubra 
(red) ;  hardy  perennial ;  i  foot ;  flowers  red,  in  July  ;  Virginia ; 
1825.  A.  Syriaca  (Syrian) ;  hardy  perennial ;  4  feet ;  flowers 


52  GARDEN    FLOWERS. 

purple,  in  July  ;  North  America ;  1629.  A.  tuberosa  (tuberous) ; 
hardy  tuberous  perennial ;  2  feet ;  flowers  orange-scarlet,  in 
July ;  North  America ;  1690. 

ASH.     See  FRAXINUS. 

ASPEN.     See  POPULUS. 

ASPERULA.  [Galiaceae.]  Very  pretty  hardy  perennials. 
Grow  in  cool  moist  soil ;  and  increased  by  division. 

A.  Aparine  (marsh) ;  hardy  perennial ;  2  feet ;  flowers  white, 
in  July;  south  of  Europe;  1818.  A.  galeoides  (galium-like) ; 
hardy  perennial ;  6  inches  ;  flowers  white,  in  June  ;  south  of 
Europe;  1710.  A.  longifolia  (long-leaved);  hardy  perennial ;  i 
foot ;  flowers  red,  in  July  ;  south  of  Europe  ;  1820.  A.  odorata 
(sweet) ;  hardy  perennial  ;  9  inches  ;  flowers  white,  in  May. 
A.  tinctoria  (dyer's) ;  hardy  perennial ;  9  inches  ;  flowers  pink, 
in  July  ;  Europe  ;  1764.  A.  trichodes  (hairy) ;  hardy  annual ; 
propagated  by  seeds  ;  flowers  white,  in  July  ;  1838. 

ASPHODELUS.  [Liliaceee.]  Hardy  herbaceous  perenni- 
als, growing  in  common  garden  soil.  Increased  by  division 

A.  albus  (white) ;  hardy  perennial ;  3  feet ;  flowers  white,  in 
Jane  ;  south  of  Europe  ;  1820.  A.  luteus  (yellow);  hardy  per- 
ennial; 18  inches;  flowers  yellow,  in  June ;  Sicily;  1596.  A. 
proliferous  (prolific) ;  hardy  annual ;  propagated  by  seed ;  flowers 
white,  in  August;  Armenia;  1824.  A.  ramosus  (branching); 
hardy  perennial ;  3  feet ;  flowers  white,  in  June  ;  south  of  Eu- 
rope 51551.  A.  tenuior  (more  slender) ;  hardy  perennial ;  2  feet ; 
flowers  white,  in  July  ;  Siberia  ;  1824. 

ASTER.  [Composite.]  Hardy  composite  perennials. 
Common  garden  soil.  Propagated  by  seed  and  by  division. 
A  very  large  family,  of  which  we  enumerate  a  very  small 
selection.  See  also  CALLISTEPHUS  and  FELICIA. 

A.  Alpinns  (Alpine) ;  hardy  perennial ;  9  inches  ;  flowers  blu- 
ish-purple, in  July;  Europe;  1658.  A.  Amellus  (Amellus); 
hardy  perennial ;  2  feet ;  flowers  purple,  in  August ;  Italy  ;  1596. 
A.  Bcssarabicus  (Bessarabian) ;  hardy  perennial ;  2  feet ;  flowers 
purple,  in  September;  Bessarabia;  1834.  A.  ATovce  Anglice 


GARDEN    FLOWERS.  53 

(New  England) ;  hardy  perennial ;  5  feet ;  flowers  purple,  in  Sep- 
tember ;  North  America  ;  1710.  A.  pulcherrimus  (prettiest); 
hardy  perennial ;  9  inches ;  flowers  purple,  in  August ;  North 
America ;  1800. 

There  are  more  than  a  hundred  and  fifty  other  species. 

ASTEROCEPHALUS.  Hardy  annuals  and  perennials,  in- 
cluding the  well-known  Sweet  Scabious,  or  Mourning  Bride. 
The  seeds  of  this  are  sown  in  the  flower-borders  in  May, 
and  merely  thinned  out  when  the  plants  come  up,  or  in  a 
hot-bed,  and  transplanted.  The  perennial  species  are  of 
easy  culture  in  common  garden  soil,  and  increase  by  di- 
vision. 

A.  atropurpnreus  (Sweet  Scabious);  hardy  annual ;  2  feet ; 
flowers  various  colors,  in  July  ;  India.  A .  graminifolius  (grass- 
leaved)  ;  hardy  perennial ;  i  foot ;  flowers  blue,  in  July  ;  Switzer- 
land ;  1683.  A.  incana  (hoary) ;  hardy  perennial ;  i  foot ;  flow- 
ers red,  in  June  ;  Europe;  1826.  A.  ochroleucus  (yellowish); 
hardy  perennial ;  2  feet ;  flowers  pale  yellow,  in  July  ;  Germany  ; 
1517. 

There  are  many  other  species. 

ASTRAGALUS.  Milk  Vetch.  [Legnminosae.]  Perennials 
and  annuals,  mostly  hardy,  bearing  papilionaceous  flowers. 
The  large  species  are  suitable  for  the  common  borders,  and 
the  smaller  ones  for  rock-work.  They  are  increased  by 
seeds,  by  division,  or  by  cuttings,  according  to  their  habit 
It  is  a  very  numerous  family,  containing  many  species  of 
merely  botanical  interest. 

A.  alopecuroides  (fox-tail) ;  hardy  perennial ;  18  inches  ;  flow- 
ers yellow,  in  June  ;  Spain  ;  1738.  A.  Austriacus  (Austrian) ; 
hardy  perennial ;  6  inches  ;  flowers  pale-blue,  in  June  ;  Austria  ; 
1640.  A.  hypoglottis  (under-tongue) ;  hardy  perennial ;  6  inch- 
es ;  flowers  purplish-blue  and  white,  in  June  ;  England.  A. 
leontimis  (lion's  tail) ;  hardy  perennial ;  6  inches  ;  flowers  blue,  in 
May ;  Austria  ;  1816.  A.  leptophyllus  (fine-leaved) ;  hardy  per- 


54  GARDEN    FLOWERS. 

ennial;  6  inches  ;  flowers  white,  in  June ;  Barbary;  1811.  A. 
Monspessulanus  (Montpelier) ;  hardy  perennial ;  i  foot ;  flowers 
purple,  in  July;  France;  1710.  A.  odoratus  (sweet);  hardy 
perennial;  i  foot ;  flowers  yellow,  in  June  ;  Levant;  1820.  A. 
onobrychis  (Saintfoin);  hardy  perennial ;  18  inches  ;  flowers  pur- 
ple or  white,  in  June  ;  Austria  ;  1640.  A.  Ponticus  (Pontic) ; 
hardy  perennial ;  2  feet ;  flowers  yellow,  in  July  ;  Tauria  ;  1820. 
A.  stipulatus  (stipuled) ;  hardy  perennial ;  I  foot ;  flowers  yel- 
low, in  June  ;  Nepaul ;  1822. 

There  are  more  than  a  hundred  other  species. 
ASTRANTIA.     [Umbelliferse.]     Elegant  herbaceous  plants, 
quite  hardy.     Common  garden  soil.     Increased  by  division. 

A.  Gzr;/z0//£d!  (Carniolian) ;  hardy  perennial  ;  i  foot;  flowers 
striped,  in  May;  Carniolia;  1812.  A.  Caucasica  (Caucasian) ; 
hardy  perennial ;  3  inches  ;  flowers  pink,  in  June  ;  Caucasus  ; 
1818.  A.  major  (greater);  hardy  perennial;  2  feet  ;•  flowers 
striped,  in  June  ;  Europe  ;  1596.  A.  maxima  (greatest) ;  hardy 
perennial ;  2  feet ;,  flowers  pink,  in  July  ;  Caucasus  ;  1804. 

ATRAGENE.  [Ranunculaceae.]  Hardy  deciduous  climb- 
ers, resembling  Clematis.  Soil,  rich  garden  loam.  Prop- 
agated by  cuttings  in  sand  under  a  bell-glass,  or  by  layers. 

A.  Americana  (American) ;  hardy  climbing  shrub  ;  10  feet ; 
flowers  purple,  in  June  ;  North  America  ;  1797.  A.  Austriaca 
(Austrian);  hardy  climbing  shrub;  12  feet;  flowers  blue,  in 
June;  Austria;  1792.  A.  Siberica  (Siberian);  hardy  climbing 
shrub  ;  12  feet ;  flowers  white,  in  June  ;  Siberia  ;  1753. 

AUBERGINE.     See  SOLANUM,  EGG-PLANT. 

ATJKRIETIA.  [Cruciferse.]  Very  pretty  dwarf  evergreen 
herbaceous  perennials,  growing  in  common  garden  soil,  and 
well  suited  to  rock-work.  Propagated  by  seeds  and  division, 
or  by  cuttings  under  a  bell-glass  in  sand. 

A.  deltoidea  (three-angled) ;  hardy  perennial ;  3  inches  ;  flow- 
ers purple,  in  May;  Levant ;  1710.  A.  hesperidiflora  (hesperis- 
flowered) ;  hardy  perennial ;  3  inches  ;  flowers  purple,  in  May  ; 


GARDEN    FLOWERS.  55 

south  of  Europe ;  1823.  A.  purpiirea  (purple);  hardy  peren- 
nial ;  3  inches  ;  flowers  lilac-purple,  in  May  ;  Levant ;  1820. 

There  are  varieties  with  variegated  foliage. 

ACUBA.  [Cornaceae.]  A  fine  evergreen  shrub,  conspicu- 
ous for  its  variegated  foliage ;  hardy  south  of  Philadelphia. 
Common  soil.  Propagated  by  cuttings  and  layers. 

A.  Japonica  (Japan) ;  hardy  shrub  ;  8  feet ;  flowers  chocolate, 
in  May  ;  Japan;  1783. 

The  plant  is  dicecious. 

AURICULA.     See  PRIMULA. 

AVENS.     See  GEUM. 

AVENA.  [Gramineae.]  OAT.  Too  well  known  to  need 
description.  A.  sterilis  is  the  common  animated  oats  of  the 
garden.  All  the  species  are  ornamental  in  a  collection  of 
grasses. 

AZALEA.  [Ericaceae.]  Handsome,  low,  hardy,  and 
greenhouse  shrubs. 

The  American  or  hardy  Azaleas  (A.  pontica,  calendulacea, 
nudiflora,  and  viscosa,  with  hosts  of  garden  varieties  bred 
from  them)  are  inhabitants  of  all  our  best  shrubberies,  and 
have  been  so  wonderfully  improved  by  seedling  culture  as 
to  throw  into  the  shade  the  original  species :  there  are 
now  to  be  selected  twenty  or  thirty  varieties  better  than 
the  very  best  of  the  original  species.  Every  year,  too,  adds 
to  the  diversity  of  sorts,  and  to  the  size  of  the  flowers, 
which  is  one  of  the  characteristics  of  the  improved  kinds. 
In  many  places  they  thrive  in  the  common  soil  of  the  gar- 
den, but,  in  general,  they  require  peat  earth  to  be  dug  in 
with  the  natural  soil ;  and  where  there  is  to  be  any  quantity 
grown,  or  a  nursery  of  them  made,  beds  of  peat  earth,  or 
compounds  of  the  greatest  part  of  turfy-peat  earth,  must  be 
made  up.  They  are  raised  from  seed  sown  in  beds  in  the 
open  air ;  but,  from  its  extreme  diminutiveness,  many  prefer 


56  GARDEN    FLOWERS. 

sowing  in  pans  and  wide-mouthed  pots.  When  they  are 
large  enough,  they  should  be  planted  out  in  peat-beds  six 
inches  apart :  the  second  year  every  alternate  plant  may  be 
taken  out  and  planted  elsewhere,  to  make  room ;  and,  as 
they  increase  in  size,  they  should  have  more  room.  They 
are  propagated  chiefly  by  layers ;  but  cuttings  of  the  last 
year's  wood  will  root  readily  in  sand.  The  following  are 
some  of  the  hardy  species  :  — 

A.  arborescens  (tree-like) ;  10  feet ;  flowers  red,  in  June  ;  North  • 
America  ;  1818.  A.  bicolor  (two-colored) ;  4  feet ;  flowers  scar- 
let, in  June  ;  North  America  ;  1 734.  A  canescens  (hoary) ;  3 
feet ;  flowers  red,  in  June  ;  North  America  ;  1812.  A.  calendu- 
lacea  (marigold-like) ;  4  feet ;  flowers  orange,  in  June  ;  North 
America;  1806.  A.  calendulacea  chrysolecta  (fine-golden);  4 
feet ;  flowers  yellow,  in  June  ;  North  America.  A.  calendulacea 
crocea  (saffron-colored) ;  4  feet ;  flowers  saffron,  in  June  ;  North 
America.  A.  calendulacea  cuprea  (copper-colored) ;  4  feet ; 
flowers  copper,  in  June ;  North  America.  A  calendulacea 
flammea  (flame-colored) ;  4  feet ;  flowers  red,  in  June ;  North 
America;  1812.  A.  calendulacea  grandiflora  (large-flowered)  ; 
4  feet ;  flowers  orange,  in  June  ;  North  America.  A.  calendu- 
lacea ignescens  (fire-colored) ;  I  foot ;  flowers  red,  in  June ; 
North  America.  A.  calendulacea  splendens  (shining);  4  feet; 
flowers  orange,  in  June  ;  North  America.  A.  calendulacea  tri- 
umphans  (triumphant) ;  4  feet ;  flowers  orange,  in  June  ;  North 
America.  A.  glauca  (dwarf-glaucous) ;  2  feet ;  flowers  white,  in 
June;  North  America;  1734.  ^A.  hispida  (bristly);  5  feet; 
flowers  white,  in  June;  North  America;  1734.  A.  ledifolium 
(ledum-leaved) ;  2  feet;  flowers  white,  in  April;  China;  1824. 
A.  nitida  (shining-leaved);  4  feet;  flowers  white,  in  April; 
North  America  ;  1812.  A.  nudiflora  (naked-flowered) ;  3  feet ; 
flowers  deep  pink,  in  June  ;  North  America ;  1734.  A.  nudiflora 
alba  (early- white) ;  4  feet ;  flowers  white,  in  June  ;  North  Amer- 
ica. A.  nudiflora  alba-plena  (double-white);  4  feet;  flowers 
white,  in  June ;  North  America.  A.  nudiflora  blanda  (soft) ; 
4  feet ;  flowers  blush,  in  June  ;  North  America.  A.  nudiflora 


GARDEN    FLOWERS.  57 

cornea  (flesh) ;  4  feet ;  flowers  pale-red,  in  June  ;  North  America ; 
1734.  A.  nudiflora  Caroliniana  (Carolina);  4  feet;  flowers 
scarlet,  in  June  ;  North  America.  A.  nudiflora  Coburghii  (Co- 
burg's)  ;  flowers  scarlet,  in  June  ;  North  America.  A.  nudiflora 
coccinea  (scarlet) ;  4  feet ;  flowers  scarlet,  in  June  ;  North  Ame- 
rica. A.  nudiflora  corymbosa  (corymbose) ;  4  feet;  flowers  scar- 
let, in  June  ;  North  America.  A.  nudiflora  crispa  (curled);  4 
feet;  flowers  pink,  in  June;  North  America.  A.  nudiflora 
cumulata  (bundled) ;  4  feet ;  flowers  scarlet,  pink,  in  June  ; 
North  America.  A.  nudiflora  discolor  (two-colored);  4  feet; 
flowers  white,  scarlet,  in  June;  North  America.  A.  nudiflora 
fastigiata  (pyramidal)  ;  4  feet ;  flowers  pink,  in  June  ;  North 
America.  A.  nudiflora  florida  (many-flowered) ;  4  feet ;  flowers 
pink,  n  June  ;  North  America.  A.  nudiflora  globosa  (globe- 
like)  ;  feet ;  flowers  pink,  in  June  ;  North  America.  A .  nudi- 
flora  glonierata  (round-headed);  4  feet ;  flowers  pink  in  June  ; 
North  America.  A.  nudiflora  incana  (hoary) ;  4  feet ;  flowers 
pink,  in  June  ;  North  America.  A.  nudiflora  incarnata  (flesh- 
colored) ;  4  feet;  flowers  flesh,  in  June;  North  America.  A. 
nudiflora  mirabilis  (wonderful) ;  4  feet ;  flowers  scarlet,  in  June  ; 
North  America.  A.  nudiflora  magnified,  (magnificent) ;  4  feet ; 
flowers  scarlet,  in  June  ;  North  America.  A.  nudiflora  montana 
(mountain) ;  4  feet ;  flowers  scarlet,  in  June  ;  North  America. 
A.  mtdiflora  pallida  (pale-flowered) ;  4  feet ;  flowers  pale-red,  in 
June  ;  North  America.  A.  nudiflora paludosa  (marsh) ;  4  feet ; 
flowers  pale-red,  in  June  ;  North  America.  A.  nudiflora  papi- 
lionacea  (butterfly) ;  4  feet ;  flowers  striped,  in  June  ;  North 
America.  A.  nudiflora  partita  (five-parted);  4  feet ;  flowers 
white  and  red,  in  June  ;  North  America.  A.  nudiflora  parvi- 
flora  (small-flowered) ;  4  feet ;  flowers  in  June ;  North  America. 
A.  nudiflora  prolifera  (proliferous) ;  4  feet ;  flowers  in  June  ; 
North  America.  A.  nudiflora pumila  (dwarf) ;  4  feet ;  flowers 
white,  in  June  ;  North  America.  A.  nudiflora  purpurascens 
(purplish) ;  4  feet ;  flowers  purple,  in  June  ;  North  America.  A. 
nudiflora  purpurea  (purple) ;  4  feet ;  flowers  purple,  in  June  ; 
North  America.  A.  nudiflora  purpureo-pleno  (double-purple) ; 
4  feet;  flowers  purple,  in  June  ;  North  America.  A.  nudiflora 


58  GARDEN    FLOWERS. 

rosea  (rosy) ;  4  feet ;  flowers  red,  in  June  ;  North  America. 
A.  nudiflora  ruberrima  (reddest) ;  4  feet ;  flowers  dark-red,  in 
June ;  North  America.  A.  nudiflora  rubescens  (reddish) ;  4 
feet ;  flowers  red,  in  June  ;  North  America.  A.  nudiflora  rubi- 
cunda  (ruddy) ;  4  feet ;  flowers  red,  in  June  ;  North  America. 
A.  nudiflora  rubra  (red) ;  4  feet ;  flowers  red,  in  June  ;  North 
America.  A.  nudiflora  rutilans  (shining-red);  4  feet ;  flowers 
dark-red,  in  June  ;  North  America.  A.  nudiflora  semi-duplex 
(semi-double) ;  4  feet ;  flowers  white,  in  June  ;  North  America. 
A.  nudiflora  staminea  (long-stamened) ;  4  feet;  flowers  red,  in 
June;  North  America.  A.  nudiflora  stellata  (starry);  4  feet; 
flowers  red,  in  June  ;  North  America.  A.  nudiflora  tricolor 
(three-colored) ;  4  feet  ;  flowers  scarlet,  white,  in  June  ;  North 
America.  A.  nudiflora  -variabilis  (variable);  4  feet;  flowers 
red,  in  June  ;  North  America.  A,  nudiflora  variegata  (varie- 
gated) ;  4  feet ;  flowers  red  and  white,  in  June  ;  North  America. 
A .  nudiflora  versicolor  (party-colored) ;  4  feet ;  flowers  red  and 
white,  in  June  ;  North  America.  A.  nudiflora  violacea  (violet- 
colored)  ;  4  feet ;  flowers  violet,  in  June  ;  North  America.  A. 
Pontica  (Pontic) ;  6  feet ;  flowers  yellow,  in  June  ;  Turkey;  1793. 
A.  Pontica  albiflora  (white-flowered) ;  6  feet  ;  flowers  white,  in 
May  ;  Turkey.  A.  Pontica  coronarium  (garland) ;  7  feet ;  flow- 
ers yellow,  in  June  ;  Holland  ;  1832.  A.  Pontica  cuprea  (cop- 
per-colored);  6  feet;  flowers  copper,  in  June;  Turkey.  A. 
Pontica  glauca  (milky-green-leaved) ;  6  feet ;  flowers  yellow,  in 
June;  Turkey.  A.  Pontica pallida  (pale) ;  6  feet ;  flowers  pale- 
yellow,  in  April ;  Turkey.  A.  Pontica  tricolor  (three-colored) ; 
6  feet ;  flowers  pale-red,  in  April ;  Turkey.  A.speciosa  (showy) ; 
4  feet ;  flowers  scarlet,  in  June  ;  North  America.  A.  speciosa 
dcutifolia  (pointed-leaved) ;  4  feet ;  flowers  in  June ;  North 
America.  A.  speciosa  aurantia  (orange);  4  feet;  flowers 
orange,  in  June  ;  North  America.  A.  speciosa  ciliata  (fringed) ; 
4  feet;  flowers  in  June;  North  America.  A.  speciosa  crispa 
(curled);  4  feet;  flowers  scarlet,  in  June  ;  North  America.  A. 
speciosa  ciicullata  (hooded) ;  4  feet ;  flowers  in  June  ;  North 
America.  A.  speciosa  major  (larger-scarlet) ;  4  feet ;  flowers 
scarlet,  in  June ;  North  America.  A.  speciosa  obliqua  (unequal- 


GARDEN    FLOWERS.  59 

sided);  4  feet;  flowers  in  June ;  North  America.  A.speciosa 
prunifolia  (plum-leaved) ;  4  feet ;  flowers  in  June  ;  North  Ame- ' 
rica.  A.  speciosa  revoluta  (rolled-back-leaved) ;  4  feet ;  flowers 
in  June;  North  America.  A.  speciosa  tortulifolia  (twisted- 
leaved)  ;  4  feet ;  flowers  in  June  ;  North  America.  A.  speciosa 
undulata  (waved-leaved) ;  4  feet ;  flowers  in  June  ;  North  Ame- 
rica. A.  viscosa  (clammy) ;  2  feet ;  flowers  white,  in  July ;  North 
America.  A.  viscosa  crispa  (curled) ;  4  feet  ;  flowers  white,  in 
July  ;  North  America.  A.  viscosa  dealbata  (whitened)  ;  4  feet ; 
flowers  white,  in  July  ;  North  America.  A.  viscosa  fissa  (cleft) ; 
4  feet ;  flowers  white,  in  July ;  North  America.  A.  viscosa 
odorata  (scented) ;  4  feet ;  flowers  white,  in  July  ;  North  Ameri- 
ca. A .  viscosa  pencillata  (pencilled) ;  4  feet ;  flowers  white,  in 
July;  North  America.  A.  viscosa  pubescens  (downy);  4  feet; 
flowers  white,  in  July  ;  North  America.  A.  viscosa  rubescens 
(reddish) ;  4  feet ;  flowers  white,  in  July  ;  North  America.  A. 
viscosa  variegata  (variegated) ;  4  feet ;  flowers  white,  in  July  ; 
North  America.  A.  viscosa  vittata  (banded) ;  4  feet ;  flowers 
white,  in  July  ;  North  America.  A.  amcena  (bright-flowered) ; 
i  foot ;  flowers  crimson  and  purple,  in  April ;  Shanghae.  This 
beautiful  little  species  is  hardy  as  far  north  as  Massachusetts, 
if  planted  in  peat  and  sand,  and  protected  from  the  winter's 
sun  by  an  evergreen  bough  thrown  over  it.  The  foliage  is 
evergreen. 


BABY'S  BREATH.     See  MUSCARI. 
BAERIA.    [Composite.  ]     A  pretty  hardy  annual,  thriv- 
ing in  any  garden  soil,  from  seeds  sown  in  May. 

B.  chrysostoma  (golden-mouthed);  hardy  annual ;  i  foot ;  flow- 
ers yellow,  in  June  ;  California  ;  1835. 

BALM.     See  MELISSA. 

BALSAMINA.  Balsam.  [Balsaminaceae.]  Tender  annu- 
als. The  garden  Balsam,  of  which  numerous  handsome  va- 
rieties are  grown,  is  B.  hortensis.  This  requires  a  rich  com- 
post of  loam  and  vegetable  mould.  Sow  the  seeds  in  pots, 
about  March,  and  put  them  in  a  cucumber-frame  or  melon- 
bed.  As  soon  as  they  are  up,  and  before  they  have  time  to 
draw,  let  them  be  potted  out,  one  in  a  pot  three  inches 
across,  and  put  in  a  declining  or  very  moderate  hot-bed, 
where  they  must  have  air  to  prevent  their  being  drawn  up, 
and  must  be  so  placed  that  the  tops  shall  be  near  the  glass, 
and  the  plants  must  be  shifted  every  time  the  pots  fill  with 
roots ;  and  in  this  way  you  go  on  moving  them  from  one 
pot  to  another  as  they  fill  with  roots.  The  heat  of  the  bed 
must  not  be  neglected  ;  and  the  pots  will  have  to  be  lowered, 
or  the  frame  raised,  as  the  plants  increase  in  size.  Some 
of  the  plants  may  be  hardened  off  in  May,  and  in  June 
turned  into  the  borders,  where,  if  the  soil  be  rich,  and  the 
situation  sheltered,  they  make  a  very  pretty  show,  and  seed 
freely.  Those  in  pots  have  to  be  put  into  the  greenhouse 
when  they  have  grown  too  large  for  the  frames  ;  and,  if  the 
house  is  a  lean-to,  they  should  be  turned  every  day,  that 
60 


GARDEN    FLOWERS.  6 1 

one  side  may  not  be  drawn  more  than  another.  By  con- 
stant shifting,  as  the  plants  fill  the  pots,  and  keeping  them 
near  the  glass,  they  can  be  grown  very  large,  much  branched, 
and  the  flowers  will  cover  the  branches.  Compared  with 
the  double  varieties  of  the  common  Balsam,  the  other 
species  are  unimportant,  though  some  of  the  stove  species, 
when  well  grown,  are  very  beautiful.  Balsams  also  do  well 
if  sown  in  a  hot-bed  and  planted  out  after  the  weather  has 
become  settled. 

B.  hortensis  (garden) ;  tender  annual ;  3  feet ;  flowers  various, 
in  July  ;  East  Indies  ;  1596. 

There  seems  to  be  no  reason  for  making  this  new  genus 
from  Impatiens.  The  plant  is  better  named  Impatiens  bal- 
saminea. 

BANEBERRY.     See  ACT^EA. 

BANKSIAN  ROSE.     See  ROSA. 

BAPTISIA.  [Leguminosag.]  Hardy  perennials,  with  pa- 
pilionaceous blossoms.  Common  loamy  soil.  Multiplied 
by  division  and  seed. 

B.  alba  (white) ;  hardy  perennial ;  2  feet ;  flowers  white,  in 
June;  North  America;  1724.  B.  A  ustralis  (southern) ;  hardy 
perennial ;  3  feet ;  flowers  blue,  in  June  ;  North  America  ;  1758. 
B.  lanceolata  (lanceolate) ;  hardy  perennial ;  i  foot ;  flowers  yel- 
low, in  July;  North  America  ;  1818.  B.  mollis  (soft) ;  hardy 
perennial ;  18  inches  ;  flowers  blue,  in  June  ;  North  America  ; 
1824.  B.  villosa  (villous) ;  hardy  perennial ;  2  feet ;  flowers 
yellow,  in  June  ;  North  America  ;  1811. 

BARRENWORT.     See  EPIMEDIUM. 

BARBAREA.  [Cruciferae.]  Hardy  herbaceous  plants,  al- 
lied to  Arabis,  readily  increased  by  seed  and  division,  grow- 
ing in  garden  soil ;  not  ornamental. 

The  species  are  B.  araiata,  orthocerus,  precox,  stricta,  Tau- 
rica,  and  vulgaris  ;  all  with  yellow  flowers. 


62  GARDEN    FLOWERS. 

BARTONIA.  [Loasaceas.]  Half-hardy  annuals  and  bien- 
nials. Soil  peaty  and  rather  cool.  Propagated  by  seeds  : 
the  annuals  sown  in  March  in  a  mild  hot-bed,  and  planted 
out  in  May,  or  sown  in  the  open  ground  in  May ;  the  bi- 
ennials sown  in  July,  and  kept  in  frames  during  winter.  B. 
aurea,  which  is  the  principal  sort  cultivated,  is  very  pretty. 

B.  albescens  (white) ;  half-hardy  annual ;  2  feet ;  flowers  white, 
in  July;  Chili;  1831.  B.  aurea  (golden);  half-hardy  annual; 
2  feet;  flowers  yellow,  in  July;  California;  1834.  B.  ornata 
(ornate) ;  half-hardy  biennial ;  2  feet ;  flowers  white,  in  August ; 
Missouri;  1811.  B.  nuda  (naked) ;  half-hardy  biennial ;  2  feet ; 
flowers  white,  in  August ;  Missouri  ;  1811. 

BASTARD  INDIGO.     See  AMORPHA. 

BATSCHIA.  Hardy  perennials.  Good  loamy  garden  soil. 
Increased  either  by  seeds  or  by  division. 

B.  canescens  (hoary);  hardy  perennial;  18  inches;  flowers 
yellow,  in  July;  North  America;  1826.  B.  longiflora  (long- 
flowered)  ;  hardy  perennial ;  6  inches  ;  flowers  yellow,  in  May  ; 
Missouri ;  1812.  B.  sericea  (silky) ;  hardy  perennial ;  6  inches  ; 
flowers  yellow,  in  July  ;  North  America  ;  1825. 

BEAD-TREE.     See  MELIA. 

BEAR'S  BREECH.     See  ACANTHUS. 

BEAR'S  EAR.     See  ARCTOTIS. 

BEAR'S  EAR  SANICLE.     See  CORTUSA. 

BEAR'S  GRAPE.     See  ARCTOSTAPHYLOS. 

BEDSTRAW.     See  GALIUM. 

BEECH.     See  FAGUS. 

BELLADONNA  LILY.  A  beautiful  species  of  Amaryllis 
(A.  Belladonna),  occasionally  used  as  a  bedding  plant. 
The  foliage  dies  in  July,  and  the  spike  of  pink  lily-like  flow- 
ers is  produced  on  a  tall  stem  in  September.  After  bloom- 
ing, the  bulb  should  be  potted,  and  the  growth  of  foliage 
encouraged,  as  on  this  depends  the  bloom  of  the  next  year. 
The  bulb  is  tender,  and  must  not  be  exposed  to  frost. 


GARDEN    FLOWERS.  63 

BELL-FLOWER.     See  CAMPANULA. 

BELLWORT.     See  UVULARIA. 

BELLIDIASTRUM.  [Composite.]  Dwarf  hardy  perennials, 
with  daisy-like  flowers.  Soil,  loam  and  peat.  Increased  by 
division. 

B.  Michelii  (Micheli's) ;  hardy  perennial ;  i  foot ;  flowers 
white,  in  June  ;  Austria;  1570. 

Requires  protection  in  the  Northern  States. 

BELLIS.  [Compositae.]  A  genus  of  very  pretty  half-hardy 
perennials,  growing  in  common  garden  soil,  and  increased 
by  division.  The  usual  mode  is  to  plant  them  in  a  frame, 
and  bring  them  into  the  house  to  bloom,  or  to  bloom  them 
in  the  frame.  The  flowers  are  double  and  single,  of  various 
colors.  Some  have  variegated  foliage. 

B.  hybrida  (hybrid) ;  half-hardy  perennial ;  3  inches  ;  flowers 
white,  in  spring ;  Italy;  1824.  B.  integrifolia  (entire-leaved) ; 
half-hardy  perennial ;  3  inches  ;  flowers  white  and  pink,  in  July  ; 
Texas;  1801.  B.  perennis  (perennial) ;  half-hardy  perennial  ; 
flowers  white,  in  June  ;  the  common  Daisy  of  England.  Variety 
hortensis,  the  garden  double  red  .Daisy;  variety  fistulosa,  the 
garden  double  red  quilled  Daisy  ;  variety  prolifera,  the  garden 
variety,  pink  and  white,  with  small  flower-heads  round  the  larger 
one.  B.  sylvestris  (wood) ;  half-hardy  perennial ;  3  inches ; 
flowers  white,  in  June  ;  Portugal;  1797. 

This  plant  offers  a  wide  field  for  improvement  by  careful 
hybridization.  All  the  species  require  to  be  shaded  from 
our  summer's  sun. 

BELLIUM.  [Compositae.]  A  genus  of  small  pretty  half- 
hardy  herbaceous  perennials,  with  daisy-like  flowers,  and 
grown  in  sandy  peat :  the  perennials  increased  by  division  ; 
the  annuals,  by  seed. 

B.  bellidioides  (daisy-like) ;  hardy  annual ;  3  inches  ;  flowers 
white,  in  June;  Italy;  1796.  B.  crassifolium  (thick-leaved); 
half-hardy  perennial ;  6  inches ;  flowers  white,  in  June ;  Sar- 


64  GARDEN    FLOWERS. 

dinia  ;  1831.  B.  intermedium  (intermediate) ;  half-hardy  peren- 
nial ;  3  inches  ;  flowers  white,  in  August ;  hybrid.  B.  minutum 
(small) ;  half-hardy  perennial ;  3  inches  ;  flowers  white,  in  July  ; 
ievant ;  i 772. 

BERBERIS.  Barberry.  [Berberiaceae.]  A  genus  of  ever- 
green and  deciduous  shrubs,  ornamental  in  foliage,  flower, 
and  fruit.  The  common  Barberry  (B.  Canadensis)  is  a  very 
ornamental  but  neglected  shrub.  Although  there  is  not  a 
shrub  more  decidedly  shrubby,  it  can  be  formed  into  a 
pretty  standard.  Young  suckers  may*  be  supported  with 
stakes  until  they  run  up  to  the  height  required,  all  their  side 
shoots  being  removed  before  they  advance  much  in  growth : 
the  top  may  then  be  taken  off,  and  a  few  of  the  lateral 
branches  encouraged  close  to  the  top ;  these,  shortened  be- 
fore they  grow  much,  cause  other  laterals  to  grow,  and  a 
good  head  may  be  formed  in  a  short  time.  Generally  a 
deep  sandy  loam  is  desirable.  Propagated  by  cuttings  in 
autumn,  by  grafting  in  the  case  of  rare  sorts,  and  by  seeds 
where  large  quantities  are  raised. 

One  group  of  the  Berberries  have  been  called  Mahonias. 
These  are  beautiful  dwarf  evergreen  shrubs,  with  bright 
shiny  foliage,  growing  thick  and  rich,  and  bearing  beautiful 
close  bunches  of  bright  yellow  flowers  in  the  spring,  suc- 
ceeded by  rich  purple  fruit.  There  is  hardly  a  prettier  set 
of  evergreens  in  cultivation  :  they  afford  a  very  striking  va- 
riety in  the  foliage  of  a  mixed  clump ;  but,  as  the  plants 
feather  down  to  the  ground,  there  should  be  nothing  to  hide 
them  :  on  this  account  they  make  excellent  lawn  plants. 
They  bear  round,  bright,  purple  fruit,  which  looks  as  well 
as  the  flowers  ;  and  the  plants,  which  do  not  grow  higher 
than  three  or  four  feet  in  general,  and  are  a  good  while 
reaching  that  height,  are  handsome  without  either  flowers  or 
fruit.  They  are  multiplied  by  suckers,  which  may  be  taken 


GARDEN    FLOWERS.  65 

off  in  the  autumn  :  they  also  strike  freely,  and  may  therefore 
be  raised  from  cuttings  ;  but,  of  late,  they  have  been  chiefly 
raised  from  seeds,  which  yield  a  much  greater  variety  of  fo- 
liage than  the  several  enumerated  sorts  exhibit.  The  seed 
should  be  washed  out  of  the  soft  berries  and  dried ;  then  a 
bed,  with  a  portion  of  turfy  peat  dug  among  the  ordinary 
soil,  should  be  prepared,  and  the  seed  sown  very  thinly  in- 
deed upon  it,  and  raked  in.  When  it  comes  up  let  it  be 
cleared  of  weeds,  and,  in  very  dry  weather,  occasionally 
watered.  They  may  remain  until  large  enough  to  plant  out 
a  foot  apart ;  for,  if  they  have  not  room,  they  soon  become 
drawn.  Here  they  have  only  to  be  kept  clean  till  they  are 
large  enough  to  plant  where  they  are  to  stand.  Except 
where  otherwise  specified,  those  named  below  are  evergreen. 

B.  aquifolium  (holly-leaved) ;  evergreen  shrub  ;  5  feet ;  flow- 
ers yellow,  in  May;  North  America  ;  1823.  B.  Beali  (Beal's) ; 
evergreen  shrub;  5  feet;  flowers  yellow,  in  March';  China; 
1852.  B.  Darwinii  (Darwin's) ;  evergreen  shrub  ;  5  feet ;  flow- 
ers deep  orange,  in  May  ;  Chili ;  1847.  B.  dealbata  (whitened) ; 
evergreen  shrub  ;  5  feet ;  flowers  yellow,  in  May ;  Mexico ; 
1833.  B.  dulcis  (sweet) ;  evergreen  shrub  ;  5  feet ;  flowers  yel- 
low, in  May ;  Magellan  ;  1 830.  B.  empetrifolia  (empetrum- 
leaved) ;  half-hardy  evergreen  shrub  ;  3  feet ;  flowers  yellow,  in 
May;  Magellan;  1827.  B.  fasicularis  (bundled);  half-hardy 
evergreen  shrub  ;  6  feet ;  flowers  yellow,  in  May  ;  California ; 
1820.  B.  Fortuni  (Fortune's) ;  evergreen  shrub;  8  feet ;  flow- 
ers yellow,  in  July;  China;  1846.  B.glumacea  (glumaceous) ; 
evergreen  shrub ;  10  feet ;  flowers  yellow,  in  May ;  North 
America;  1822.  B.  ilicifolia  (holly-leaved);  evergreen  shrub  ; 
8  feet ;  flowers  orange-yellow,  in  July  ;  Terra  del  Fuego  ;  1843. 
B.  Jamiesoni  (Jameson's) ;  evergreen  shrub  ;  flowers  yellow  ; 
Peru;  1847.  B.  Loxensis  (Loxa) ;  half-hardy  evergreen  shrub  ; 
4  feet ;  flowers  yellow  ;  Loxa  ;  1848.  B.  macrophylla  (large- 
leaved)  ;  evergreen  shrub  ;  5  feet ;  flowers  yellow ;  Japan ; 
1847.  B.  Nepalcnsis  (Nepaul) ;  half-hardy  evergreen  shrub; 
5 


66  GARDEN    FLOWERS. 

5  feet;  flowers  yellow,  in  March;  north  of  India;  1850.  B. 
repens  (creeping) ;  evergreen  shrub ;  2  feet ;  flowers  yellow, 
in  May  ;  North  America  ;  1822.  B.  trifoliata  (trifoliate) ;  half- 
hardy  deciduous  shrub  ;  5  feet ;  flowers  yellow,  in  June  ;  Mex- 
ico ;  1839.  B-  trifurca  (three-forked) ;  half-hardy  evergreen 
shrub;  5  feet;  flowers  unknown;  China;  1852.  B.  vulgaris 
(common) ;  hardy  deciduous  shrub  ;  8  feet ;  flowers  yellow,  in 
May ;  England.  B.  Wallichiana  (Wallich's) ;  evergreen  shrub  ; 
10  feet ;  flowers  yellow  ;  East  Indies  ;  1820. 

Most  of  the  evergreen  species  require  a  winter  protection 
of  evergreen  boughs  in  the  Northern  States. 

BERGIA.  [Elatinaceae.]  Hardy  annual,  of  no  great 
beauty.  Sandy  soil.  Propagated  by  seeds. 

B.  "verticillata  (whorled) ;  hardy  annual ;  i  foot ;  flowers  white 
and  red,  in  June  ;  Egypt ;  1820. 

BERTEROA.  [Cruciferse.]  A  small  family  of  herbaceous 
half-hardy  plants,  allied  to  Arabis,  grown  in  common  garden 
soil,  and  increased  by  division,  seed,  and  cuttings.  The 
species  all  have  whitish  flowers  and  are  B.  incana,  muta- 
bilis,  and  obliqua.  The  former  is  also  known  as  Alyssum 
incanum. 

BETCKIA.  [Valerianaceae.]  A  genus  of  hardy  annuals, 
allied  to  Valerian.  Propagated  by  seeds  sown  in  a  hot-bed, 
and  transplanted  to  the  border. 

B.  magis  (larger) ;  hardy  annual;  1 8  inches  ;  flowers  rose,  in 
August;  California;.  1836.  B.  samolifolia  (samolus-Ieaved)  ; 
hardy  annual ;  i  foot ;  flowers  rose,  in  July  ;  Chili  ;  1835. 

BETONICA.  Betony.  [Labiatas.]  Hardy  perennials. 
Soil,  common  garden  mould.  Propagated  by  division. 

B.  grandiflora  (great-flowered) ;  hardy  perennial ;  2  feet : 
flowers  purple,  in  July;  Siberia;  1800.  B.  incana  (hoary); 
hardy  perennial ;  6  inches  ;  flowers  flesh-color,  in  June  ;  Italy  ; 
1759.  B.  nivea  (snowy) ;  hardy  perennial ;  i  foot ;  flowers  red, 


GARDEN    FLOWERS.  6/ 

in  June;  Caucasus;  1820.  B.  Orientalis  (Oriental) ;  hardy  per- 
ennial ;  I  foot ;  flowers  light-purple,  in  June  ;  Levant ;  1737. 

This  genus  is  now  united  to  Stachys,  which  see. 

BETULA.  Bctulacece.  [Birch.]  Hardy  trees  and  shrubs, 
flourishing  in  common  soil,  and  propagated  by  seed.  The 
following  are  the  species  :  — 

B.  alba  (common  white) ;  40  feet ;  flowers  in  April ;  Britain. 
B.  alba  Dalecarlica  (Dalecarlian) ;  46  feet ;  flowers  in  May ;  Eu- 
rope. B.  alba  foliis-variegatis  (variegated -leaved) ;  flowers  in 
May.  B.  alba  macrocarpa  (large-fruited) ;  40  feet ;  flowers  in 
June  ;  Europe.  B.  alba,  pendula  (pendulous) ;  flowers  in  April ; 
Britain.  B.  alba  Pontica  (Pontic) ;  70  feet ;  flowers  in  May ; 
Turkey.  B.  alba  urticifolia  (nettle-leaved) ;  40  feet ;  flowers  in 
May.  B,  alba  -verrucosa  (warty) ;  40  feet ;  flowers  in  April ; 
Britain.  B.  Bhojpattra  (Bhojpattra) ;  50  feet ;  flowers  in  May ; 
Himalayas;  1840.  B.  carpinifolia  (horn-beam-leaved);  half- 
hardy;  50  feet;  flowers  in  July;  North  America;  1759. 
B.  Daurica  (Daurian) ;  30  feet ;  flowers  in  July  ;  Siberia ; 
1785.  B.  Daurica  parvifolia  (small-leaved);  flowers  in  July; 
Siberia.  B.  excelsa  (tall) ;  60  feet ;  flowers  in  July ;  North 
America;  1767.  B.  fruticosa  (shrubby);  6  feet;  flowers  in 
June  ;  Siberia  ;  1 8 1 8.  B.  glandulosa  (glanded) ;  flowers  in  May ; 
North  America;  1816.  B.  grandis  (great);  North  America; 
1834.  B.  lanulosa  (woolly);  70  feet;  flowers  in  July;  North 
America;  1817.  B.  lenta  (pliant);  50  feet;  flowers  in  July; 
North  America;  1759.  B.  lutea  (yellow);  20  feet;  flowers  in 
May;  North  America.  B.  mollis  (soft);  East  Indies;  1840. 
B.  nana  (smooth-dwarf) ;  4  feet ;  flowers  in  May  ;  North  Amer- 
ica. B.  nana  macrophylla  (large-leaved) ;  6  feet ;  flowers  in 
May ;  Switzerland  ;  1819.  B.  stricta  (upright) :  flowers  in  May. 
B.  nigra  (black) ;  60  feet ;  flowers  in  July ;  North  America ; 
1736.  B.  ovata  (egg-leaved);  6  feet;  flowers  in  May;  Hun- 
gary; 1820.  B.pallescens  (palish);  6  feet.  B.  papyracea  (pa- 
per) ;  50  feet ;  flowers  in  June  ;  North  America ;  1 750.  B. 
Papyracea  fusca  (blackish-brown) ;  flowers  in  May ;  Carolina. 
B.  papyracea  platyphylla  (broad-leaved) ;  50  feet ;  flowers  in 


68  GARDEN    FLOWERS. 

June  ;  Carolina.  B.  papyracca  trichoclada  (hairy-twigged) ; 
flowers  in  June  ;  Carolina.  B.  pendula  (pendulous) ;  40  feet ; 
flowers  in  June  ;  Britain.  B.  Pontica  (Pontic) ;  hardy  ever- 
green ;  12  feet ;  flowers  in  May  ;  Turkey.  B.  populifolia,  (pop- 
lar-leaved) ;  hardy  evergreen  ;  30  feet ;  flowers  in  July  ;  North 
America;  1750.  B.populifoha  laciniata  (cut-leaved) ;  30  feet ; 
flowers  in  July.  B.  populifolia  pendula  (pendulous) ;  flowers  in 
July.  B.  pubescens  (downy) ;  30  feet ;  flowers  in  June  ;  Ger- 
many ;  1812.  B.  pumila  (hairy-dwarf) ;  6  feet ;  flowers  in  May  ; 
North  America ;  1 762.  B.  rubra  (red) ;  60  feet ;  flowers  in 
July  ;  Canada.  B.  Scopolii  (Scopoli's)  ;  6  feet.  B.  tristis  (sad) ; 
fo  feet ;  flowers  in  May  ;  Kamtschatka. 

BIDENS.  [Compositse.]  Annuals,  biennials,  and  peren- 
nials, generally  hardy %  allied  to  Coreopsis.  Propagated  by 
seed  and  division.  Garden  soil. 

B.  arguta;  herbaceous  perennial;  flowers  yellow,  in  June; 
Mexico;  1825.  B.  bipinnata  (twice-leaved);  hardy  annual;  2 
feet ;  flowers  yellow,  in  July  ;  North  America  ;  1687.  B.  leu- 
cantha  (white-flowered);  hardy  annual;  18  inches;  flowers 
white,  in  July  ;  South  America.  B.macrosperma  (large-seeded); 
hardy  annual ;  i  foot;  flowers  yellow,  in  July  ;  Siberia ;  1829. 

There  are  many  other  species. 

BIGNONIA.     Trumpet- Flower.     See  TECOMA. 

BINDWEED.     See  CONVOLVULUS. 

BIRTHWORT.     See  ARISTOLOCHIA. 

BITTER  VETCH.     See  OROBUS. 

BLADDER  SENNA.     See  COLUTEA. 

BISCATELLA.  [Cruciferae.]  A  genus  of  hardy  peren- 
nials and  annuals,  of  little  beauty,  growing  in  common  soil. 
Increased  by  seed  and  division. 

BISERULA.  [Fabaceae.]  A  hardy  annual,  growing  in 
sandy  soil.  Increased  by  seed. 

B.  pilednus  ;  hardy  annual ;  i  foot ;  flowers  purple,  in  July  ; 
south  of  Europe  ;  1640. 


GARDEN   FLOWERS.  69 

BIVON^EA.  [Cruciferae.]  A  hardy  annual,  growing  from 
seed  in  common  soil. 

B.  lutea  (yellow) ;  hardy  annual ;  6  inches  ;  flowers  yellow,  in 
July  ;  Italy  ;  1824. 

BLEPHILIA.  [Labiate.]  A  family  of  herbaceous  peren- 
nials, allied  to  Monarda.  Propagated  by  seeds  and  divis- 
ion. Common  soil. 

B.  ciliata  (hair-fringed) ;  hardy  perennial ;  3  feet ;  flowers  red, 
in  July  ;  North  America.  B.  hirsuta  (hairy) ;  hardy  perennial ; 
3  feet ;  flowers  purple,  in  August ;  North  America ;  1798. 

BLITUM.  Strawberry  Blite.  [Chenopodiaceae.]  Hardy 
annuals,  with  fruit  resembling  Strawberries.  Common  soil. 
Propagated  by  seeds  sown  in  May  where  the  plants  are  to 
grow. 

B.  capitatum  (headed)  ;  hardy  annual ;  2  feet ;  fruit  red,  in 
July;  Austria;  1633.  B.  •virgatum  (twiggy) ;  hardy  annual;  2 
feet ;  fruit  red,  in  July  ;  south  of  Europe  ;  1680. 

BLOODROOT.     See  SANGUINARIA. 

BLUE  BELL.     CAMPANULA  ROTUNDIFOLIA. 

BLUE  BOTTLE.     CENTAURIA  CYANUS. 

BLUMENBACHIA.  [Loasaceas.]  Hardy  annuals,  grown 
from  seed  sown  in  May  in  rich  loam. 

B.  insignis  (remarkable) ;  hardy  annual ;  9  inches  ;  flowers 
white,  in  July  ;  Monte  Video  ;  1826.  B.  multifida  (many-cleft) ; 
hardy  annual ;  I  foot ;  flowers  greenish-red,  in  July ;  Buenos 
Ayres  ;  1826. 

BOG-BEAN.     See  MENYANTHES. 

BUCK-BEAN.     See  MENYANTHES. 

BOLTONEA.  [Composite.]  Hardy  herbaceous  perennials, 
with  pinkish  flowers  in  September.  Common  garden  soil. 
Propagated  by  division.  The  species  are  B.  asteroides  and 
glastifolia,  natives  of  North  America,  introduced  in  1758. 

BORAGO.      Borage.      [Boraginaceae.]       Hardy    annuals, 


7O  GARDEN    FLOWERS. 

biennials,  and  perennials.  The  common  Borage,  a  gay  an- 
nual, is  one  of  the  best  flowers  to  sow  in  the  neighborhood 
of  bees ;  for  it  is  said  they  derive  more  nourishment  from  it 
than  from  any  other  flower  that  grows.  Good  garden  soil. 
Propagated  by  seeds,  which  may  be  scattered  over  the  sur- 
face and  raked  in,  and  the  plants  afterwards  thinned  where 
they  are  too  much  crowded.  The  perennials  may  be  multi- 
plied by  parting  the  roots. 

B.  crassifolia  (thick-leaved) ;  herbaceous  perennial ;  2  feet ; 
flowers  pink,  in  June;  Persia;  1822.  B.  laxiflora  (loose-flow- 
ered) ;  hardy  biennial,  trailing  ;  flowers  blue,  in  June  ;  Corsica  ; 
1813.  B.  officinalis  (common) ;  hardy  annual ;  3  feet ;  flowers 
blue  or  white,  in  June  ;  England.  B.  Orientalis  (Oriental) ;  hardy 
perennial ;  2  feet ;  flowers  blue,  in  May  ;  Turkey  ;  1752. 

BOTTLE-GOURD.     See  LAGENARIA. 

BOUVARDIA.  [Cinchonaceae.]  Handsome  small  sub- 
shrubs,  mostly  greenhouse  plants.  Some  of  the  species  pro- 
duce a  profusion  of  scarlet  blossoms,  when  planted  out  for 
the  summer,  in  a  bed  of  good  peaty  earth  in  the  flower-gar- 
den. Of  this  habit  are  B.  triphylla  and  a  variety  of  it 
called  splendens.  The  other  greenhouse  kinds  require  sim- 
ilar treatment ;  the  stove  species  are  not  of  much  import- 
ance. The  roots  must  be  taken  up  in  autumn,  and  potted 
and  kept  rather  dry  in  a  greenhouse,  and  in  spring  excited 
in  a  dung-frame,  and  hardened  off  afterwards  to  plant  out  as 
soon  as  danger  from  frost  is  past.  These  kinds  are  best 
propagated  by  pieces  of  the  thicker  roots,  an  inch  or  two 
long,  set  round  against  the  side  of  a  pot,  just  covered  with 
soil,  and  the  pots  plunged  in  a  dung-frame.  When  they 
begin  to  grow  up,  they  should  be  potted  separately;  they 
grow  well  in  a  compost  of  turfy  peat  and  loam. 

B.  Cavanillesii  (Cavanille's) ;  greenhouse  sub-shrub  ;  3  feet ; 
flowers  scarlet,  in  May;  Mexico;  1846.  B.  flava  (yellow); 


GARDEN    FLOWERS.  7 1 

greenhouse  sub-shrub  :  3  feet ;  flowers  yellow,  in  July  ;  Mexico  ; 
1845.  B-  leiantha  (smooth-flowered);  greenhouse  sub-shrub; 
3  feet;  flowers  deep  scarlet,  in  June;  Mexico;  1850.  B.  tri- 
phylla  (three-leaved) ;  greenhouse  sub-shrub ;  2  feet ;  flowers 
scarlet,  in  June ;  Mexico. 

A  larger  flowered  and  very  fine  variety  is  called  splendens. 

Box.     See  Buxus. 

Box  THORN.     See  LYCIUM. 

BRACHYCOME.  Swan-River  Daisy,  [Compositae.]  Pret- 
ty half-hardy  annuals.  Soil,  rich  light  earth.  Propagated 
by  seeds,  which  may  be  sown  in  heat  about  April,  and,  when 
large  enough,  planted  out  in  the  borders  or  beds  six  inches 
apart,  or  they  may  be  sown  thinly  out  of  doors  in  May,  and 
be  thinned  out ;  but  the  bloom  is  much  later  in  general  than 
when  sown  in  heat  and  planted  out  in  May.  The  plants 
are  very  pretty  when  grown  in  pots. 

B.  iberidifolia  (iberis-leaved) ;  half-hardy  annual ;  18  inches; 
flowers  blue,  in  July  ;  Swan  River  ;  1840. 

There  is  a  pure  white  variety  called  alba,  and  various 
shades  of  blue  and  pink. 

BRAMBLE.     See  RUBUS. 

BRIZA.  Quaking  Grass.  [Graminaceae.]  One  of  the 
many  beautiful  grasses  which  are  so  ornamental  in  the 
flower-garden,  bearing  roundish,  drooping,  chafly-like  clus- 
ters of  flowers.  Hardy  annuals.  The  seeds  may  be  sown 
in  common  soil  in  May. 

B.  maxima  (largest)  ;  hardy  annual  grass  ;  1 8  inches  ;  flowers 
in  June  ;  south  of  Europe  ;  1633.  B.  rubra  (red) ;  hardy  annual 
grass;  i  foot;  flowers  in  June;  south  of  Europe;  1820.  B. 
virens  ;  hardy  annual  grass  ;  18  inches  ;  flowers  in  July  ;  Spain. 

BROUSSONETIA.  Paper  Mulberry.  [Moraceae.]  Hardy 
trees,  resembling  Mulberry.  Propagated  by  cuttings,  suck- 
ers, and  seeds. 


72  GARDEN    FLOWERS. 

B.  papyrifera  (paper-bearing) ;  hardy  tree  ;  20  feet ;  flowers 
purplish,  in  June;  Japan;  1751.  Of  this  there  are  varieties, 
cucullata,  dissecta,  fructu-albo,  macrophylla,  and  variegata. 
This  species  is  hardy  as  far  north  as  Massachusetts.  B.  spatu- 
lata  (spatulate) ;  tree  ;  12  feet ;  Japan  :  1824. 

BROWALLIA.  [Scrophulariaceae.]  Pretty  half-hardy  an- 
nuals or  shrubs.  The  annuals  grow  in  light  rich  soil,  and 
are  increased  by  seeds  sown  in  March  in  a  hot-bed,  as 
other  tender  annuals.  The  shrubs  grow  in  peat  and  loam, 
in  equal  proportions,  and  are  propagated  by  cuttings,  placed 
in  a  gentle  heat. 

B.  demissa  (low) :  half-hardy  annual ;  i  foot ;  flowers  blue,  in 
July  ;  South  America  ;  1735.  There  is  a  white  variety.  B.  elata 
(tall) ;  half-hardy  annual ;  2  feet ;  flowers  blue,  in  July  ;  Peru  ; 
1768.  There  is  a  white  variety.  B. grandijlora  (large-flowered) ; 
half-hardy  annual ;  2  feet ;  flowers  light  yellow,  in  June  ;  Peru  ; 
1829.  B.  Jamesoni  (Jameson's) ;  greenhouse  sub-shrub,  3  feet ; 
flowers  orange,  in  July;  New  Grenada;  1846.  B.  speciosa 
(showy):  tender  annual;  18  inches;  flowers  purple,  in  July; 
Quindiu  ;  1846. 

BRYANTHUS.  [Ericaceae.]  Small  evergreen  shrubs  now 
united  to  Menziesia,  growing  in  sandy  peat,  and  increased 
by  cuttings  in  sand  under  a  bell  glass  and  kept  cool.  The 
plants  must  be  kept  from  heat  and  drought. 

B.  erectus  (erect) ;  hardy  evergreen  ;  I  foot ;  flowers  blush,  in 
June  ;  a  garden  hybrid.  B.  Gmelini;  hardy  evergreen  trailer ; 
6  inches ;  flowers  red,  in  June ;  Kamtschatka.  B.  Stellerij  hardy 
evergreen  trailer  ;  6  inches  ;  flowers  pale  red,  in  June  ;  North- 
west America. 

BRUGMANSIA.     See  DATURA. 

BUCKTHORN.     See  RHAMNUS. 

BUGLE.     See  AJUGA. 

BUGLOSS.     See  ANCHUSA. 

BULBOCODIUM.     [Melanthaceae.J     Beautiful  dwarf  hardy 


GARDEN    FLOWERS.  73 

crocus-like  bulbous  plants.  Soil,  sandy  loam.  Increased 
by  offsets. 

B.  vernum  (spring) ;  hardy  bulb  ;  3  inches  ;  flowers  purple,  in 
May  ;  Spain  ;  1629.  B.  versicolor  (various-colored) ;  hardy 
bulb  ;  3  inches  ;  flowers  lilac  and  yellow,  in  September  ;  Russia ; 
1820. 

BUPLEARUM.  Hare's  Ear.  [Umbelliferae.]  A  genus 
consisting  of  about  a  dozen  hardy  annuals,  as  many  hardy 
perennials,  and  four  greenhouse  evergreens,  growing  in 
sandy  loam,  and  propagated  by  seeds,  divisions,  or  cuttings. 
They  are  not  very  ornamental  or  desirable.  The  general 
color  of  the  flowers  is  green  and  yellow. 

BUPTHALMUM.  Ox-eye.  [Composite.]  Shrubby  and 
herbaceous  plants,  the  former  increasing  by  cuttings,  the 
latter  by  division  or  by  seeds,  and  all  growing  in  a  soil  of 
equal  parts  sandy  loam  and  leaf-mould. 

B.  grandiflorum  (large-flowered) ;  hardy  perennial ;  2  feet ; 
flowers  yellow,  in  August;  Austria;  1722.  B.  maritimum 
(sea) ;  half-hardy  perennial ;  i  foot ;  flowers  yellow,  all  sum- 
mer;  Sicily;  1640.  B.  salicifolium  (willow-leaved);  hardy  per- 
ennial ;  18  inches;  flowers  yellow,  in  August;  Austria;  1722. 
B.  speciosissimum  (most  showy) ;  hardy  perennial ;  2  feet ;  flow- 
ers yellow,  in  J-uly  ;  south  of  Europe  ;  1826. 

Winter  protection  is  necessary  in  the  Northern  States. 

BURNET.     See  SANGUISORBA. 

BURNING  BUSH.     See  EUONYMUS. 

BUTCHER'S  BROOM.     See  Ruscus. 

BUTOMUS.  [Butomaceae.]  Perennial  aquatics,  very  orna- 
mental on  the  margin  of  ponds  or  streams.  Planted  in 
rich  mud,  they  soon  establish  themselves  and  increase 
rapidly.  They  require  winter  protection  in  the  Northern 
States. 

B.  latifolius  (broad-leaved) ;   i  foot ;  flowers  white,  in  July  ; 


74  GARDEN    FLOWERS. 

Nepaul ;  1823.     B.  -umbellatus  (umbelled) ;  3  feet;  flowers  pink, 
in  August ;  England. 

Buxus.  Box-Tree.  [Euphorbiaceae.]  A  family  of  orna- 
mental evergreen  shrubs  and  trees,  some  hardy,  others 
requiring  greenhouse  protection.  Propagated  by  seed,  cut- 
tings, and  layers ;  the  small  variety  used  for  edging,  by 
division.  B  sempervirens  and  its  varieties  are  hardy  as  far 
north  as  Massachusetts,  though  often  browned  by  the  win- 
ter's sun. 

B.  Australis  (southern);  6  feet;  New  Holland;  1820.  B. 
Balearica  (Balearic)";  8  feet ;  flowers  yellow,  green,  in  July ; 
Minorca;  1780.  B.  Chinensis  (Chinese);  3  feet;  flowers  yel- 
low, green,  in  July;  China;  1802.  B.  sempervirens  (common 
evergreen)  ;  8  feet ;  flowers  yellow,  green,  in  May  ;  England. 
B.  sempervirens  angustifolia  (narrow-leaved) ;  8  feet ;  flowers 
yellow,  green,  in  May.  B.  sempervirens  arborescens  (tree-like)  ; 
30  feet ;  flowers  yellow,  green,  in  May  ;  Britain.  B.  sempervi- 
rens argentea  (silver-variegated) ;  30  feet ;  flowers  yellow,  green, 
in  May  ;  Britain.  B.  sempervirens  aurea  (golden-variegated) ; 
30  feet ;  flowers  yellow,  green,  in  May  ;  Britain.  B.  sempervi- 
rens marginata  (yellow-edged) ;  30  feet ;  flowers  yellow,  green, 
in  May  ;  Britain.  B.  sempervirens  myrtifolia  (myrtle-leaved) ; 
8  feet ;  flowers  yellow,  green,  in  May  ;  Britain.  B.  sempervirens 
suffruticosa  (sub-shrubby) ;  i  foot ;  flowers  yellow,  green.  B. 
sempervirens  variegata  (variegated-leaved) ;  30  feet ;  flowers 
yellow,  green,  in  May  ;  Britain. 


CACALIA.  [Compositae.]  This  genus  consists  partly 
of  curious  succulent  plants  (sometimes  called  Kldnia), 
and  partly  of  herbaceous  plants,  among  which  are  two  pretty 
hardy  annuals  (sometimes  called  Emilia).  The  former  are 
but  seldom  grown  in  this  country,  though  very  pretty  little 
plants ;  the  latter,  commonly  called  "  Tassel  Flowers,"  are 
very  popular  garden  flowers,  and  are  propagated  by  seeds, 
which  may  be  sown  in  the  open  borders  in  May,  and  the 
plants  come  into  bloom  during  summer. 

C.  Alpina  (Alpine);  hardy  herbaceous  perennial;  2  feet; 
flowers  purple,  in  July;  Austria;  1739.  £•  coccinea  (scarlet) ; 
hardy  annual ;  18  inches  ;  flowers  orange,  in  July  ;  South  Ameri- 
ca ;  1799.  C.  coccinea  aurea;  flowers  buff-orange  ;  garden  hybrid. 

CCELESTINA.  [Compositae.]  Pretty  half-hardy  plants, 
suitable  for  bedding,  forming  fine  dense  plants  in  rich  loamy 
soil,  requiring  greenhouse  protection  in  winter.  Propagated 
by  seeds  and  cuttings. 

C.  ageratoides  (ageratum-like)  ;  i  foot ;  flowers  blue,  in  Au- 
gust ;  New  Spain  ;  1824  ;  called  also  Ageratum  coelestinum. 
C.  cazrulea  (sky-blue) ;  i  foot ;  flowers  blue,  in  July ;  North 
America ;  1 732  ;  called  also  Eupatorium  coelestinum.  C.  rni- 
crantha  (small-flowered)  ;  18  inches  ;  flowers  blue,  in  July ; 
South  America  ;  1800. 

CAJOPHORA.  [Loasaceae.]  Pretty  biennial  twining  plants, 
which  have  been  separated  from  Loasa.  To  be  had  in  per- 
fection, they  should  be  sown  in  June  or  July,  and  kept 
through  the  winter  in  an  airy  greenhouse,  and  then  planted 

75 


76  GARDEN    FLOWERS. 

out  in  May,  to  cover  trellis-work,  or  trained  around  stakes  in 
large  pots,  if  that  be  preferred.  They  are  readily  increased 
by  seed.  Like  the  Loasas,  they  have  stinging  hairs.  They 
usually  bloom  throughout  the  summer,  or,  if  raised  as  above 
directed,  they  will  also  be  in  blossom  through  the  spring 
months. 

C.  Herbertii  (Herbert's) ;  greenhouse  climbing  biennial ;  6 
feet ;  flowers  orange-red,  in  June  ;  a  garden  hybrid.  C.  lateritia 
(brick-colored) ;  greenhouse  climbing  biennial ;  10  feet ;  flowers 
brick-red,  in  May;  Tucuman  ;  1836.  C.  Pentlandica  (Pent- 
land's)  ;  climbing  biennial ;  10  feet ;  flowers  orange,  in  summer  ; 
Peru;  1841. 

CALAIS.  [Compositae.]  A  hardy  annual,  growing  in 
common  garden  soil.  Propagated  by  seeds. 

C.  Lindleyi  (Lindley's) ;  hardy  annual ;  flowers  yellow,  in 
July;  North  America;  1833. 

CALAMINTHA.  Calamint.  [Labiaceae.]  Pretty  herba- 
ceous perennials.  Common  soil.  Propagated  by  division. 

C.  alba  (white) ;  hardy  perennial  ;  i  foot ;  flowers  white,  in 
July  ;  Hungary  ;  1818.  C.  Caroliniana  (Carolinian) ;  hardy  per- 
ennial ;  i  foot ;  flowers  flesh-color,  in  July  ;  Carolina  ;  1804,  C. 
grandiflora  (large-flowered) ;  hardy  perennial  ;  i  foot ;  flowers, 
reddish-lilac,  in  July  ;  Italy ;  1596.  Of  this  there  is  a  variegated 
leaved  variety.  C.  sylvatica  (wood) ;  hardy  perennial ;  i  foot ; 
flowers  pale  rose,  in  August ;  England. 

CALAMPELIS.  [Bignoniaceae.]  Beautiful  half-hardy  climb- 
ers, well  suited  for  arbors  or  trellises  in  summer.  The  blos- 
soms are  tubular,  orange-colored,  in  loose  panicles  and  very 
showy ;  the  seed-pod  is  ornamental.  Light  loamy  soil. 
Propagated  by  seeds  and  cuttings.  Requires  greenhouse 
in  winter.  The  plant  is  often  called  Eccremocarpus. 

C.  scabra  (rough);  half-hardy  climbing  perennial;  15  feet; 
flowers  orange,  all  summer  ;  Chili  ;  1834. 


GARDEN    FLOWERS.  77 

CALANDRINA.  [Portulaceae.]  A  family  of  herbaceous 
plants  which  do  well  treated  as  annuals.  They  should  be 
started  early  from  seed  in  a  moderate  hot-bed,  and  planted 
out  in  a  dry  hot  situation  after  the  weather  has  become  set- 
tled. If  sown  in  August,  and.  wintered  in  a  greenhouse, 
they  flower  finely  in  the  border  the  following  summer. 
They  need  a  sunny  exposure,  as  the  flowers  only  expand  in 
the  sun. 

C.  discolor  (two-colored) ;  2  feet ;  flowers  rosy  purple,  in  July  ; 
Chili;  1834.  C.  grandiflora  (large-flowered).;  2  feet  \  flowers 
rose  purple,  in  July  ;  Chili ;  18264  C.  •procuw&ens  (procumbent) ; 
3  inches  ;  flowers  rose  purple?  in  July  ;  Peru;;  1827.  C.  speciosa 
(showy) ;  3  inches  ;  flowers  rose,  in  July  ;  California  ;  1831..  C. 
umbellata  (umbelled) ;  6  inches  ;  flowers  rose-purple,  in  July  ; 
Peru;  1826. 

There  are  other  species  some  of  which  are  stove  plants.. 

CALCEOLARIA.  Shrubs  and  herbaceous  plants,  properly 
greenhouse  plants,  but  doing  well  in  the  border  in  summer. 
The  shrubby  varieties  are  far  superior  to  the  herbaceous, 
and  are  very  useful  for  summer  decoration.  Calceolarias 
are,  strictly  speaking,  greenhouse  plants,  and  will  bear  no 
frost.  They  are  generally  kept,  until  they  are  rising  for 
bloom,  in  pits,  where  frost  can  be  kept  out  by  mats  or  other 
coverings ;  for  any  thing  short  of  frost  will  not  hurt  them. 
They  are  propagated  by  cuttings  of  the  side-shoots,  which 
root  freely  if  planted  in  light  sandy  peat,  about  October ;  but 
they  do  not  root  freely  if  planted  in  spring  or  summer. 
Seeds  may  be  sown  in  pans,  or  wide-mouthed  pots,  in  Au- 
gust, and  the  seedlings  potted  off,  six  or  eight  in  a  pot,  when 
large  enough ;  and  after  this,  when  they  have  got  forward 
enough,  put  singly  in  small  pots,  to  be  changed  from  time  to 
time  for  larger  :  these  bloom  early  the  following  year.  Later 
blooming  plants  may  be  had  by  sowing  in  spring.  The 


78  GARDEN    FLOWERS. 

stems  require  no  support,  unless  the  plants  are  to  be  carried 
out,  in  which  case  they  require  a  stake  to  every  stem.  The 
soil  should  be  light  rich  loam,  well  drained.  C.  integrifolia, 
and  its  varieties  anguslifolia  and  viscosissima,  are  brilliant 
flower-garden  dwarf  shrubby  plants,  bearing  large  masses  of 
yellow  blossoms  from  May  throughout  the  summer.  The 
florist's  varieties  are  very  numerous,  and  are  constantly  un- 
dergoing change  and  improvement. 

C.  alba  (white) ;  greenhouse  evergreen  sub-shrub  ;  2  feet ; 
flowers  white,  in  June;  Chili;  1844.  C.  amplexicaulis  (stem- 
clasping)  ;  greenhouse  perennial  ;  2  feet ;  flowers  yellow,  in 
June  ;  Peru  ;  1845.  C.  arachnoidea  (cobwebbed)  ;  greenhouse 
perennial  ;  I  foot ;  flowers  purple,  in  June  ;  Chili  ;  1827.  C. 
bicolor  (two-colored) ;  greenhouse  evergreen  sub-shrub  ;  2  feet ; 
flowers  yellow,  in  August ;  Peru  ;  1829.  C.  corynibosa  (corymb- 
flowered)  ;  greenhouse  perennial ;  18  inches  ;  flowers  yellow,  in 
May;  Chili;  1822.  C.  crenattflora  (crenate) ;  greenhouse  per- 
ennial ;  1 8  inches  ;  flowers  yellow-spotted,  in  June  ;  Chili  ; 
1831.  C.  integrifolia  (entire-leaved)  ;  greenhouse  or  half-hardy 
evergreen  shrub  ;  18  inches  ;  flowers  deep  yellow,  all  summer; 
Chili ;  1822.  The  variety  angustifolta  has  pale  flowers  :  viscos- 
sissima  is  much  deeper  colored.  C.  pinnata  (pinnate) ;  half- 
hardy  annual;  2  feet;  flowers  yellow,  in  July;  Peru;  1773. 
C.  purpurea  (purple)  ;  greenhouse  perennial  ;  i  foot ;  flowers 
purple,  in  July;  Chili;  1827.  C.  thyrsiflora  (thyrse-flowered) ; 
greenhouse  evergreen  shrub  ;  18  inches ;  flowers  yellow,  in 
July;  Chili;  1827.  C.-violacece  (violet);  greenhouse  evergreen 
sub-shrub  ;  2  feet ;  flowers  violet,  in  June  ;  Chili ;  1852. 

The  shrubby  varieties  General  Outram,  Queen  of  Oude, 
Kentish  Hero,  Etna,  Little  Dorrit,  Prince  of  Orange,  Prin- 
cess Helena,  Rubens,  General  Havelock,  Nobey,  Ambas- 
sador, Beauty  of  Montreal,  Queen,  and  Victor  Emmanuel, 
do  well  as  bedding  plants. 

CALENDULA.  Marigold.  [Composite.]  Showy  hardy  or 
half-hardy  annuals  and  greenhouse  shrubs.  The  hardy  an- 


GARDEN    FLOWERS.  79 

nual  species  succeed  in  common  garden  soil,  and  are  read- 
ily ncreased  by  seeds,  which  should  be  sown  in  May.  The 
half-hardy  sorts  should  be  reared  on  a  slight  hot-bed  in 
April,  and  planted  out  in  May.  The  common  Marigold  is 
very  brilliant. 

C.  hybrida  (hybrid) ;  great  Cape  Marigold  ;  half-hardy  annual ; 
I  foot ;  flowers  white  and  brown,  in  July  ;  Cape  ;  1752.  C.  nu- 
dicaulis  (naked-stalked) ;  hardy  annual  ;  I  foot ;  flowers  white 
and  purple,  in  July ;  Cape  ;  1731.  C.  officinalis  (officinal) ; 
common  Marigold  ;  hardy  ann-ual ;  i  foot ;  flowers  deep  orange, 
in  June  ;  south  of  Europe  ;  1751.  C.  officinalis  jlore-pleno  j  a 
double-flowered  variety.  C.  plu-vialis  (rainy) ;  small  Cape  Mar- 
igold ;  half-hardy  annual ;  I  foot ;  flowers  white,  in  July;  Cape  ; 
1693. 

CALLICHROA.  [Compositae.]  A  pretty  dwarf  hardy  an- 
nual. It  grows  in  common  garden  soil,  and  is  increased  by 
seeds,  which  should  be  sown  in  May. 

C.  platyglossa  (broad-rayed)  ;  hardy  annual ;  i  foot ;  flowers 
yellow,  in  July  ;  California  ;  1835. 

CALLIOPSIS.  [Composite.]  Extremely  showy  hardy  an- 
nuals, also  known  as  Coreopsis.  They  may  be  sown  in  gen- 
tle heat  to  forward  them,  pricked  out  five  or  six  in  a  pot, 
and  kept  growing  in  the  house  until  the  middle  of  May, 
when  the  balls  of  earth  may  be  turned  out  whole,  the  plants 
being  undisturbed.  But  it  is  better  to  sow  in  the  open 
border.  When  sown  thus,  it  must  be  in  May,  and  these  will 
come  into  flower  in  July,  a  month  after  those  turned  out  of 
pots  in  a  forward  state.  This  flower  ought,  of  course,  to  be 
planted  behind  shorter  things,  about  even  with  Sweet  Peas, 
branching  Larkspurs,  and  things  of  similar  growth.  It  does 
not  make  a  bad  appearance  mixed  with  branching  Larkspurs 
on  large  borders ;  for  both  show  only  their  flowers,  the 
stems  of  neither  being  large  enough  to  interfere  with  their 


8O  GARDEN    FLOWERS. 

abundant  bloom,  and  the  beautiful  blue  of  the  one  contrast- 
ing well  with  the  orange-yellow  black-eyed  flowers  of  the 
other.  C,  Drummondii  is  dwarfer,  but  equally  beautiful. 

C.  bicolor  (two-colored) ;  hardy  annual ;  2^  feet ;  flowers  or- 
ange and  black,  in  July;  Arkansas;  1822.  Of  this,  formerly 
called  Coreopsis  tinctoria,  there  are  several  varieties.  C.  Drum- 
mondii (Drummond's) ;  hardy  annual ;  2  feet ;  flowers  yellow 
and  brown,  in  July  ;  Texas  ;  1834. 

There  are  many  new  varieties  among  which  we  may  men- 
tion C.  Atkinsonia,  yellow  and  crimson ;  cardiminifolia  hy- 
brida,  bright  yellow  ;  coronata,  crimson  and  yellow ;  Bur- 
ridgii,  crimson  golden  edge. 

CALLIRHOE.  [Malvaceae.]  A  fine  tribe  of  hardy  annuals, 
flourishing  in  garden  soil,  and  raised  from  seed  sown  in  May. 

C.  involucrata ;  hardy  annual  ;  i  foot ;  flowers  rosy-crimson, 
all  summer  ;  North  America.  C.pedataj  hardy  annual ;  2  feet; 
flowers  purple,  with  white  eye,  all  summer ;  North  America ; 
variety  nana,  a  dwarf  variety.  C.  -vertidllata  ;  hardy  annual ; 
6  inches  ;  flowers  purple,  with  white  eye  ;  North  America. 

CALLISTEPHUS  OR  CALLISTEMMA.  China  Aster.  [Com- 
positae.]  Callistemma  hortense  is  a  favorite  annual.  The 
German  varieties,  with  flowers  single,  semi-double,  or  dou- 
ble, self-colored,  red,  pink,  dark  and  light  purple,  or  striped 
in  all  ways,  form  a  varied  and  striking  feature  towards  the 
end  of  the  summer  wherever  they  are  introduced.  To  have 
them  in  perfection,  plant  them  in  half  well-decomposed  dung 
and  half  loam,  or  add  plenty  of  manure  to  the  soil  of  the 
garden.  Sow  them  in  a  hot-bed  in  March  or  April ;  plant 
them  out  in  May.  If  planted  in  beds,  —  in  which  way  they 
are  very  effective,  —  let  the  bed  be  supplied  with  a  good 
dressing  of  dung,  and  plant  them  a  foot  apart  every  way : 
keep  them  clear  of  weeds,  and,  in  dry  sultry  weather,  let  them 
have  plenty  of  water.  They~will  bloom  much  better  treated 


GARDEN    FLOWERS.  8 1 

in  this  way  ;  though  when  planted  about  the  borders,  wher- 
ever there  happens  to  be  room,  they  add  greatly  to  the 
beauty  of  the  garden,  because  their  colors  are  so  varied. 
The  best  flowers  should  be  marked  for  seeding. 

C.  Chinensis  (Chinese) ;  hardy  annual ;  I  foot ;  flowers  in 
July  ;  China  ;  1731. 

There  are  varieties  of  various  colors,  as  well  as  double 
and  quilled  flowers. 

CALLUNA.  Heather.  [Ericaceae.]  Pretty  dwarf  hardy  ever- 
green shrubs.  Soil,  peat.  Increased  by  layers  or  by  seeds. 

C.  vulgaris  (common) ;  hardy  evergreen  shrub  ;  I  foot ;  flow- 
ers flesh-color,  in  April  ;  England. 

This  plant  has  lately  been  found  growing  wild  in  Tewks- 
bury,  Mass.,  with  every  indication  of  its  being  indigenous  to 
this  continent.  The  question  has  provoked  much  argument, 
and  is  of  great  interest  to  botanists.  See  "  Silliman's  Jour- 
nal," and  "  Journal  of  Boston  Society  of  Natural  History," 
passim ;  also  "  Proceedings  of  Massachusetts  Horticultural 
Society  for  1861." 

The  varieties  bearing  double  or  white  or  red  or  scarlet 
flowers,  or  that  with  variegated  leaves,  are  very  pretty  plants 
for  the  American  or  peat  border. 

CALOPHACA.  [Leguminosae.]  A  hardy  deciduous  shrub, 
very  ornamental,  grafted  standard  high  on  the  Laburnum. 
Common  light  loam.  Propagated  by  seeds  or  cuttings  un- 
der a  bell  glass. 

C.  Wolgarica  (Wolga) ;  hardy  shrub  ;  2  feet ;-  flowers  yellow, 
in  June  ;  Siberia  ;  1780. 

CALOPHANES.  [Acanthaceae.]  Half-hardy  perennial,  grow- 
ing in  sandy  loam  and  peat.  Propagated  by  division. 

C.  oblongifolia  (oblong-leaved) ;  tender  perennial ;  I  foot ; 
flowers  blue,  in  August ;  Carolina  ;  1832. 

The  plant  requires  winter  protection. 
6 


82  GARDEN    FLOWERS. 

CALOPOGON.  [Orchidaceae.]  A  fine  native  orchid,  but 
of  difficult  culture.  Soil,  moist  peat  and  sand. 

C.  pulchellum  (pretty) ;  hardy  perennial ;  6  inches  ;  flowers 
purple,  in  July  ;  North  America  ;  1771. 

CALTHA.  Marsh-marigold.  [Ranunculaceae.]  Hardy  per- 
ennial water-plants,  of  easy  culture,  propagated  by  dividing 
the  roots.  They  are  suited  for  planting  on  the  margin  of  a 
piece  of  water,  where  their  bright-colored  blossoms  are  very 
showy.  The  most  ornamental  is  the  double-flowered  variety 
of  our  wild  species  (C.  palustris  flore-pleno.)  Though  grow- 
ing best  in  the  immediate  vicinity  of  water,  and  most  appro- 
priate for  rough  scenery,  they  do  very  well  in  other  situa- 
tions, if  the  soil  is  damp ;  and  the  variety  above  named  is 
sufficiently  showy  to  make  it  worth  introducing  among  hardy 
perennials  in  a  mixed  border. 

C.  natans  (floating) ;  hardy  aquatic,  floating ;  flowers  yellow, 
in  May;  Siberia;  1816.  C.  palustris  flore-pleno ;  hardy  peren- 
nial ;  1 8  inches  ;  flowers  golden,  in  May ;  a  garden  variety. 
C.  parnassiafolia  (parnassia-leaved) ;  hardy  perennial ;  6 .inches  ; 
flowers  yellow,  in  May  ;  North  America  ;  1815. 

There  are  ten  other  species. 

CALYCANTHUS.  Allspice.  [Calycanthaceae.]  Hardy  de- 
ciduous shrubs,  remarkable  for  the  fragrant  spice-like  odor 
of  their  brownish  blossoms.  Moist,  light,  loamy  garden 
soil.  Increased  by  layers. 

C.  floridus ;  hardy  shrub  ;  6  feet ;  flowers  brown,  in  June  ; 
Carolina;  1726. 

There  are  several  varieties  of  this  species.  The  other 
species  are  C.  fertilis,  glaucus,  Itzvigatus,  macrophyllus,  ob- 
longifolius,  ocddentalis,  and  Pennsylvanicus,  all  with  fragrant 
brownish-purple  flowers. 

CALYPSO.     [Orchidaceae.]     A  beautiful  and  very  rare  na- 


GARDEN    FLOWERS.  83 

tive   orchid,  growing  in  rich  sandy  peat,  in  a  moist  cool 
exposure. 

C.  borealis  (northern) ;  hardy  perennial ;  6  inches  ;  flowers 
rose  and  brown,  in  May  ;  North  America  ;  1820. 

CALYSTEGIA.  [Convolvulaceag.]  Convolvulus-like  twin- 
ing or  trailing  perennial  plants,  hardy  or  mostly  so.  Their 
culture  is  extremely  simple ;  a  fragment  of  the  perennial 
root  merely  requires  to  be  placed  in  the  ground,  and  it  will 
soon  establish  itself,  and,  if  not  checked,  spread,  and  be- 
come a  troublesome  weed.  Sandy  loam  is  most  congenial 
to  them.  C.  Soldanella  should  be  occasionally  watered  with 
salt  water. 

C.Catesbiana  (Catesby's) ;  flowers  rose,  in  July;  Carolina; 
1816.  C.  Dahurica  (Dahurian) ;  hardy  climbing  perennial; 
1 8  inches  ;  flowers  pink,  in  July  ;  Dahuria  ;  1823.  C.  pubescens 
(pubescent) ;  hardy  climbing  perennial ;  6  feet  ;  flowers  pink, 
double  and  single,  in  July;  China;  1844.  C.  septum  (great 
hedge) ;  hardy  climbing  perennial ;  6  feet ;  flowers  whi'e  or  rose- 
color,  in  June  ;  England.  C.  Soldanella  (Soldanella) ;  hardy 
trailing  perennial ;  I  foot ;  flowers  flesh-color,  in  June  ;  England. 
C.  spithamcea  ;  hardy  climbing  perennial ;  I  foot ;  flowers  white, 
in  July;  North  America;  1796.  C.  sylvestris  (wood);  flowers 
white,  in  July  Hungary  ;  1815.  C.  tomentosa  (woolly) ;  flowers 
pinkish-white,  in  June  ;  North  America  ;  1818. 

CAMPANULA.  [Campanulacege.]  Very  handsome  plants, 
comprising  annuals,  biennials,  and  perennials,  mostly  hardy, 
with  a  few  greenhouse  species.  The  annuals  should  be 
sown  in  the  open  border  in  May,  the  seed  being  slightly 
covered  on  account  of  its  small  size.  The  perennial  hardy 
kinds  are  increased  by  seeds  or  division,  and  require  no 
peculiar  treatment.  The  biennials  are  Sown  in  May  and 
June  for  blooming  the  following  year.  Good  garden  soil 
suits  them  all,  but  it  should  be  rather  rich  for  the  Canter- 
bury-bell. The  Chimney  Campanula  is  undoubtedly  one 


84  GARDEN    FLOWERS. 

of  the  best  for  pot  culture,  and  requires  the  protection  of  a 
frame  or  greenhouse.  The  compost  for  it  should  be  loam 
from  rotted  turfs  one-half,  dung  from  a  spent  hot-bed  one- 
fourth,  and  turfy  peat  one-fourth,  Well  mixed  together.  Se- 
lect a  small  healthy  plant,  place  it  in  a  four-inch  pot,  and 
grow  it  in  a  frame  :  if  it  should  throw  up  a  stem  for  bloom, 
take  off  the  top  at  once  ;  and  when  the  pot  is  full  of  roots, 
change  it  for  a  six-inch  pot,  using  the  same  kind  of  compost. 
Thus  continue  to  grow  it,  changing  the  pot  for  a  larger  as 
fast  as  the  roots  fill  up  the  one  it  is  in.  The  second  season 
it  may  bloom  ;  but  continue  the  changing  into  larger  pots, 
and,  when  it  is  three  years  old,  it  will  produce  many  spikes 
of  bloom,  which  should  be  spread  fan-like  on  a  trellis,  and, 
in  this  state,  it  completely  covers  a  fireplace  or  a  window 
with  its  numerous  beautiful  blue  flowers.  The  smaller  per- 
ennials make  beautiful  rock-plants. 

C.  aurea  (golden) ;  greenhouse  shrub  ;  3  feet ;  flowers  yellow, 
in  July  ;  Madeira ;  1 777.  C.  barbata  (bearded) ;  hardy  peren- 
nial;  2  feet;  flowers  light  or  dark  blue,  in  June  ;  Italy;  1752. 
C.  Carpatica  (Carpathian) ;  hardy  perennial ;  18  inches  ;  flowers 
blue  or  white,  in  June;  Carpathian  Alps;  1774.  C.  fragilis 
(fragile) ;  half-hardy  perennial,  trailing  ;  flowers  pale-blue,  in 
August ;  Alps  of  Italy  ;  1826.  C.  Garganica  (Garganian) ;  half- 
hardy  perennial,  trailing  ;  flowers  pale-blue,  in  July  ;  Gargania  ; 
1830.  C.  grandis  (large) ;  half-hardy  perennial ;  3  feet ;  flowers 
purple,  in  August ;  Natolia ;  1842.  C.  Loreyi  (Lorey's) ;  hardy 
annual;  i  foot;  flowers  blue  or  white,  in  June;  Italy;  1824. 
C.  niacrantha  (large-flowered) ;  hardy  perennial ;  3  feet ;  flowers 
purple,  in  August ;  Russia  ;  1822.  C.  medium  (Canterbury-bell) ; 
hardy  biennial ;  3  feet ;  flowers  blue  or  white,  single  or  double, 
in  June  ;  Germany ;  1597.  C.  nitida  (shining) ;  hardy  perennial) ; 
i  foot ;  flowers  blue  or  white,  single  or  double,  in  July ;  North 
America;  1731.  C.  nobilis  (noble);  hardy  perennial;  2  feet; 
flowers  lilac-purple,  in  July  ;  China ;  1844.  C . persicifolia  (peach- 
leayed) ;  hardy  perennial ;  3  feet ;  flowers  dark-blue  or  white. 


GARDEN    FLOWERS.  85 

single  or  double,  in  July;  Europe;  1596.  C.  pulla  (russet); 
hardy  perennial ;  6  inches  ;  flowers  purple,  in  June  ;  Austria  ; 
1779.  C.  pumila  (dwarf);  hardy  perennial ;  6  inches  ;  flowers 
blue  or  white,  in  June  ;  Switzerland ;  introduction  uncertain. 
C.  Pyramidalis  (chimney) ;  perennial ;  4  feet ;  flowers  blue  or 
white,  in  August ;  Carniolia  ;  1594.  C.  sylvatica  (wood) ;  hardy 
annual ;  i  foot ;  flowers  blue,  in  June  ;  Nepaul ;  1840.  C.  thyr- 
soidea  (thyrse-flowered) ;  hardy  biennial ;  2  feet ;  flowers  blue, 
in  June  ;  Switzerland;  1785.  C.  Vidalii  (Capt.  Vidal's) ;  green- 
house or  half-hardy  shrub  ;  3  feet ;  flowers  white,  in  August ; 
Azores  ;  1851. 

There  are  more  than  one  hundred  and  fifty  species  and 
varieties,  all  worthy  of  garden  culture. 

CANARY-BIRD  FLOWER.     See  TROP./EOLUM. 

CANDLEBERRY  MYRTLE.     SEE  MYRICA. 

CANDYTUFT.     See  IBERIS. 

CANTERBURY  BELLS.     See  CAMPANULA. 

CANNA.  Indian  Shot.  [Marantacese.]  Stove  perennial 
herbs,  of  considerable  stature.  The  seeds  are  as  large  as 
sweet  peas,  and  as  hard  as  flint.  Stove  or  hot-bed  heat  is 
required  to  bring  up  the  plants,  which  are  tall,  reed-like,  with 
showy  scarlet  or  yellow  flowers.  They  grow  well  in  loam 
and  dung,  and  require  large  pots  to  grow  them  successfully. 
In  April  fill  some  well-drained  pots  with  soil,  and  sow  in 
them  a  couple  of  seeds,  not  more  than  half  an  inch  deep. 
Place  these  pots  in  a  hot-bed,  and  in  a  few  days  the  plants 
will  shoot  up.  Let  them  have  water  enough  to  keep  them 
moist,  and,  as  they  grow,  destroy  the  weakest  plant,  shifting 
the  others  by  removing  the  balls  whole  into  larger  pots ;  and 
having  kept  them  in  the  hot-bed  a  day  or  two  to  establish 
them,  remove  them  to  the  stove,  or,  if  you  have  not  a  stove, 
to  the  greenhouse,  and  plant  in  the  open  border  about  the 
last  of  May.  They  perfect  their  seed  in  this  country.  All 
the  species  flower  well  in  warm  situations,  planted  out  in 


86  GARDEN   FLOWERS. 

the  flower-border,  and  are  very  effective  both  in  foliage  and 
blossom.  For  this  purpose  the  plants  are  turned  out  about 
the  middle  of  May.  When  once  reared,  the  plants  may  be 
perpetuated  by  division. 

C.  Achiras  (Achiras)  ;  5  feet ;  flowers  dark-red,  in  August ; 
Isle  of  Mendoza  ;  1829.  C.  angustifolia  (narrow-leaved);  2  feet ; 
flowers  scarlet,  in  July  ;  South  America  ;  1824.  C.  aurantiaca 
(orange);  4  feet ;  flowers  orange,  in  September;  Brazil;  1824. 
C.  carnea  (flesh-colored)  ;  4  feet ;  flowers  flesh-color,  in  Septem- 
ber ;  Brazil ;  1822.  C.  coccinea  (scarlet);  2  feet ;  flowers  scarlet, 
in  September;  South  America;  1731.  C.  compacta  (compact); 

2  feet;  flowers  red,  in  July  ;  East  Indies  ;  1820.     C.  crocea  (saf- 
fron-colored) ;  2  feet ;  flowers  red,  in  July  ;   1823.     C.  denudata 
(naked)  ;  2  feet ;  flowers  scarlet,  in  June  ;  Brazil ;  1818.     C.  de- 
nudata latifolia  (broad-leaved)  ;  3  feet ;  flowers  red,  in  July ; 
Brazil ;  1818.     C.  discolor  (two-colored-leaved)  ;  10  feet ;  flowers 
scarlet,  in  September;    Trinidad;   1827.     C.  ediilis  (eatable); 

3  feet;  flowers  red,  in  September;   Peru;  1820.     C.  esculenta 
(esculent);  4  feet ;  flowers  red,  in  September  ;  South  America  ; 
1822.     C.  excelsa  (lofty);  16  feet;  flowers  scarlet,  in  September; 
Brazil ;  1820.     C.  flaccida  (weak)  ;  5  feet ;  flowers  red,  in  July  ; 
South  Carolina;  1788.     C.  gigantea  (gigantic)  ;  5  feet;  flowers 
red  and  yellow,  in  July;    south  of  Europe;   1809.     C.  glauca 
(milky-green)  ;   2  feet ;   flowers   yellow,  in  September ;    South 
America  ;  1730.     C.  glauca  rnbrolutea  (yellow  and  red);  4^-  feet ; 
flowers  yellowish-red,  in  August ;    Jamaica ;    1 834.     C.  glauca 
rufa  (reddish-brown);   2  feet;  flowers  brown,  in  July;   South 
America.     C.  Indica  (Indian);  2  feet ;  flowers  scarlet,  in  Sep- 
tember; India;  1570.     C.  maciilata  (spotted);  2  feet;  flowers 
reddish-yellow,  in  September ;    India.     C.  iridiflora  (iris-flow- 
ered) ;   6  feet;   flowers  red,  in  September;    Peru;   1816.     C. 
juncea  (rush-like)  ;  i  foot ;  flowers  red,  in  May  ;  Indies  ;  1820. 
C.  Lagunensis  (Laguna)  ;  5  feet ;  flowers  yellow,  in  September; 
Laguna ;  1828.     C.  Lamberti  (Lambert's)  ;  4  feet ;  flowers  scar- 
let, in  July  ;  Trinidad;   1819.     C.  lanceolata  (spear-leaved);  3 
feet;  flowers  red,  in  September;  Brazil;  1825.     C.  lanuginosa 


GARDEN    FLOWERS.  8/ 

(woolly) ;  6  feet ;  flowers  deep  scarlet,  in  July ;  1823.  C.  lat- 
ifolia  (broad-leaved)  ;  10  feet ;  flowers  pink,  in  September  ; 
Brazil;  1820.  C.  limbata  (bordered);  3  feet;  flowers  red,  in 
September;  Brazil;  1818.  C.  lutea  (yellow);  2  feet;  flowers 
yellow,  in  September;  East  Indies;  1829.  C.  Nepalensis  (Ne- 
paul);  6  feet;  flowers  straw-color,  in  August;  Nepaul;  1862.  C. 
Occidentalis  (Western);  3  feet;  flowers  reddish-yellow,  in  June; 
West  Indies;  1822.  C.  Orientalis  (Eastern);  4 feet;  flowers  red, 
in  June ;  East  Indies  ;  1820.  C.  Orientalis  flay  a  (yellow);  4  feet ; 
flowers  yellow,  in  June ;  East  Indies ;  1820.  C.  Orientalis  macu- 
lata  (spotted) ;  flowers  scarlet  and  yellow,  in  August ;  East 
Indies;  1570.  C. pallida  (pale-flowering);  4  feet;  flowers  pale- 
yellow,  in  June ;  West  Indies ;  1820.  C.  pallida  latifolia  (broad- 
leaved);  3  feet;  flowers  yellow,  in  June;  West  Indies;  1820. 
C.  patens  (spreading)  ;  2  feet ;  flowers  reddish-yellow,  in  June ; 
Rio  Janerio;  1778.  C.  pedunculata  (long-flower-stalked);  6 
feet;  flowers  orange,  in  October; '1820.  C.  polymorpha  (many- 
formed) ;  3  feet;  flowers  red,  in  September;  South  America; 
1825.  C.  Reevesii  (Reeve's);  5  feet;  flowers  yellow,  in  June; 
China;  1835.  C.  rubra  (red);  3  feet;  flowers  red,  in  Septem- 
ber; West  Indies  ;  1820.  C.  rubricaulis  (red-stemmed)  ;  3  feet; 
flowers  red,  in  July;  1821.  C.  sanguinea  (bloody);  4  feet; 
flowers  red,  in  September;  South  America;  1820.  C.  speciosa 
(showy);  3  feet;  flowers  red,  in  August;  South  America;  1820. 
C.  sylvestris  (wild)  ;  5  feet ;  flowers  scarlet,  in  September ;  South 
America;  1820.  C.  variabilis  (variable)  ;  3  feet;  flowers  red,  in 
September;  India;  1822.  C.  Warszewiczii  (Warszewicz's)  ;  3^ 
feet;  flowers  scarlet,  in  September;  Costa  Rica;  1849. 

CANNABIS.  Hemp.  [Urticaceae.]  Hardy,  and  an  annual 
in  this  country.  Though  insignificant  in  its  flowers,  the 
Hemp  is  yet  a  stately  plant  when  grown  freely,  remarkable 
for  its  fine  palmate  foliage.  It  merely  requires  to  be  sown 
in  rich  garden  soil,  and  the  plants  allowed  to  stand  out  sep- 
arately. In  wilderness  scenery  it  has  a  fine  appearance. 

C.  sativa  (common) ;  hardy  annual ;  6  feet ;  flowers  green,  in 
June;  India;  introduction  uncertain. 


88  GARDEN    FLOWERS. 

CAPE  MARIGOLD.     See  CALENDULA. 

CAPRIFOLIUM.  Honeysuckle.  [Caprifoliaceas.]  A  genus 
of  mostly  deciduous,  and  some  evergreen,  climbers,  generally 
hardy,  too  well  known  to  need  description.  Propagated  by 
seeds,  cuttings,  and  layers.  The  hardy  species  require  little 
care,  except  pruning ;  the  half-hardy  are  better  laid  down 
and  covered  with  earth  in  the  winter. 

C.  dioicum  (dioecious) ;  6  feet ;  flowers  purple,  in  June  ;  North 
America;  1776.  C.  Douglasii  (Douglas's);  20  feet;  flowers 
orange,  in  July ;  North  America;  1824.  C.  Etruscum  (Etrus- 
can) ;  15  feet ;  flowers  orange,  in  May ;  Italy.  C.flavum  (yellow); 
10  feet;  flowers  yellow,  in  May;  Carolina;  1810.  C.  gratum 
(pleasant) ;  evergreen  ;  20  feet ;  flowers  red,  in  July  ;  North 
America;  1730.  C.  hirsutum  (hairy-leaved);  20  feet;  flowers 
yellow,  in  May;  Canada  ;  1822.  C.  longiflorum  (long-flowered); 
climber;  flowers  yellow,  white*,  in  July  ;  China;  1826.  C.  Occi- 
dentals (Western) ;  20  feet ;  flowers  orange,  in  July  ;  Fort  Van- 
couver ;  1824.  C.  periclymenum  (woodbine);  20  feet;  flowers 
yellow,  in  June  ;  Britain.  C.  periclymemtm  Belgica  (Dutch) ;  20 
feet ;  flowers  yellow,  in  June.  C.  periclymenum  quercifolium 
(oak-leaved) ;  20  feet ;  flowers  yellow,  red,  in  June.  C.  pericly- 
metmm  serotinum  (late-red) ;  20  feet ;  flowers  yellow,  red,  in 
June.  C.  periclymenum  variegatum  (variegated) ;  1 5  feet ;  flow- 
ers yellow,  red,  in  June  ;  Britain.  C.  sempervirens  (evergreen) ; 
15  feet;  flowers  scarlet,  in  June;  North  America;  1656.  C. 
sempervirens  Brownii  (Brown's) ;  20  feet ;  flowers  bright-scar- 
let, in  May.  C.  sempervirens  major  (larger-flowered) ;  20  feet ; 
flowers  scarlet,  in  May.  C.  sempervirens  minus  (less  trumpet) ; 
15  feet ;  flowers  scarlet,  in  June  ;  Carolina  ;  1656. 

C.  brachypoda  ( Lonicera)  variegata  is  a  very  beautiful  va- 
riety, lately  introduced  from  Japan,  with  fine  variegated  fo- 
liage, and  does  well  if  covered  with  earth  in  winter. 

CAPSICUM.  [Solanaceae.]  Annuals  requiring  a  warm 
sunny  exposure.  The  plants  should  be  started  in  a  hot-bed 
in  April,  and  pricked  out  when  all  danger  of  frost  is  over: 


GARDEN    FLOWERS.  89 

they  need  a  rich  soil.  The  shrubby  species  thrive  in  a 
stove,  and  are  very  ornamental.  The  greater  number  will 
ripen  fruit  in  the  open  air,  and,  from  the  different  colors  of 
the  fruit,  white,  purple,  blue,  green,  red,  and  yellow,  are  at- 
tractive in  garden  or  conservatory. 

C.  annuum  (Guinea  pepper) ;  half-hardy  annual ;  i  foot ;  fruit 
erect,  usually  red  ;  India;  1548.  C.  baccatum  (bird-pepper); 
stove  shrub;  3  feet;  fruit  erect,  red;  India;  1731.  C.  bicolor 
(two-colored) ;  stove  shrub  ;  3  feet ;  flowers  white  and  purple  ; 
fruit  erect,  violaceous  ;  West  Indies  ;  1804.  C.  cerasiforme 
(cherry-pepper) ;  stove  shrub  ;  3  feet ;  fruit  erect,  red  or  yellow  ; 
South  America  ;  1739.  C.  cereolum  (waxy) ;  stove  shrub  ;  3  feet ; 
fruit  pendent,  yellow  ;  South  America  ;  1850.  C.  cordiforme 
(heart-shaped) ;  half-hardy  annual  ;  2  feet  ;  fruit  pendent,  red  or 
yellow;  India;  1548.  C.  frutescens  (fruiting) ;  I  foot;  flowers 
pale-yellow ;  India ;  1656.  C.  Millerii  (Miller's) ;  flowers  white  ; 
West  Indies  ;  1824. 

CARAGANA.  Pea-Tree.  [Leguminoseas.]  Pretty,  hardy, 
and  chiefly  low-growing  shrubs ;  the  most  interesting  of 
which  are  kept  grafted,  as  standards  in  the  nurseries,  and 
make  beautiful  little  pendent  trees.  The  stock  used  is  C. 
arborescens,  which  is  increased  by  seeds.  The  rest  may  be 
increased  by  layering,  and  the  spreading  sorts  are  suitable 
for  large  rock  gardens.  Sandy,  loamy  soil. 

C.  arborescens  (tree-like) ;  a  small  deciduous  tree  ;'  15  feet ; 
flowers  yellow,  in  May;  Siberia;  1752.  C.  var.  inesmis  (un- 
armed) ;  10  feet ;  Siberia  ;  1820.  C.  Altagana  (Siberian  pea) ; 
hardy  shrub;  3  feet;  flowers  yellow,  in  May;  Siberia;  1789. 
C.  Chamlagu  (Chinese) ;  hardy  shrub  ;  3  feet ;  flowers  yellow,  in 
May  ;  China  ;  1773.  C.  frutescens  (shrubby)  ;  hardy  shrub  ;  6 
feet;  flowers  yellow,  in  May;  Russia;  1752.  C.  jubata 
(crested) ;  hardy  shrub  ;  2  feet ;  flowers  white  and  red,  in  May ; 
Siberia  ;  1796.  C.  pygmcea  (pygmy) ;  hardy  shrub  ;  3  feet ;  flow- 
ers yellow,  in  May  ;  Siberia  ;  1751.  C.  spinosa  (spiny) ;  hardy 
shrub  ;  3  feet ;  flowers  yellow,  in  May  ;  Siberia  ;  1755. 


QO  GARDEN    FLOWERS. 

CARDAMINE.  [Cruciferae.]  Hardy  perennials,  growing 
in  common  moist  soil.  Increased  by  division. 

C.  amara  (bitter) ;  aquatic  ;  i  foot ;  flowers  white,  in  May  ; 
Britain.  C.  asarifolia  (asarum-leaved) ;  i  foot ;  flowers  white, 
in  June;  Italy;  1710.  C.  bellidifolia  (daisy-leaved);  i  foot; 
flowers  white,  in  May  ;  Scotland.  C.  bellidifolia  Alpina  (Al- 
pine) ;  i  foot ;  flowers  white,  in  May  ;  Austria  ;  1658.  C.  cheli- 
donia  (celandine-leaved) ;  I  foot ;  flowers  white,  in  June  ;  Italy  ; 
1739.  C.  glauca  (milky-green) ;  i  foot ;  flowers  white,  in  June  ; 
Calabria;  1827.  C  latifolia  (broad-leaved);  marsh  plants;  2 
feet;  flowers  purple,  in  June;  Spain;  1710.  C.  macrophylla 
(large-leaved);  i  foot;  flowers  purple,  in  May  ;  Siberia;  1824. 
C.  pratensis  (meadow) ;  marsh-plant ;  I  foot ;  flowers  purple,  in 
May ;  Britain.  C.  pratensis  plena  (double-flowered) ;  marsh  - 
plant;  I  foot;  flowers  purple,  in  May.  C.  pratensis  plena-alba 
(double  white-flowered) ;  marsh-plant ;  i  foot ;  flowers  white,  in 
May.  C.  thalictroides  (thalictrum-like) ;  annual  ;  I  foot ;  flowers 
white,  in  June  ;  Piedmont;  1818.  C.  trifolia  (three-leaved);  2 
feet;  flowers  white,  in  May;  Switzerland;  1629.  C:  uliginosa 
(bog) ;  marsh-plant ;  I  foot  ;  flowers  white,  in  May  ;  Tauria ; 
1819. 

CARDINAL  FLOWER.     See  LOBELIA. 

CARDIOSPERMUM.  [Sapindaceae.]  A  family  of  ornamen- 
tal climbers,  commonly  known  as  "balloon  vine."  They 
need  a  light  warm  soil  and  a  sunny  exposure,  and  are  useful 
for  covering  arbors  and  trellisses.  Propagated  by  seed 
sown  in  May. 

C.  Halicacabum  (smooth-leaved) ;  tender-annual  ;  5  feet ;  flow- 
ers white,  in  July  ;  India  ;  1594.  The  other  species  are  C.  Co- 
rindum  and  pubescens. 

CARDUUS.  Thistle.  [Composite.]  A  genus  of  rank- 
growing  plants  with  showy  flowers.  Although  generally  re- 
garded as  weeds,  some  of  the  species  do  well  in  shrubbery, 
and  are  not  unornamental.  They  are  annual,  biennial,  and 
perennial,  and  are  generally  propagated  by  seed. 


GARDEN    FLOWERS.  QI 

CARNATION.     See  DIANTHUS. 

CAROLINA  ALLSPICE.     See  CALYCANTHUS. 

CARPINUS.  Hornbeam.  [Corylaceae.]  A  family  of  hard- 
wooded  ornamental  trees,  of  rapid  growth,  hardy  and  desi- 
rable. The  European  species  are  used  for  hedges.  Pro- 
pagated by  seed  or  layers.  Grow  in  rich  loamy  soil. 

C.  Americana  (American);  20  feet;  North  America;  1812. 
C.  betulus  (common) ;  30  feet ;  flowers  in  March  ;  Britain.  C. 
betulus  incisa  (cut-leaved) ;  15  feet.  C.  betulus  quercifolia  (oak- 
leaved)  ;  30  feet ;  flowers  in  May  ;  Europe.  C.  betulus  variegata 
(variegated) ;  20  feet ;  Britain.  C.  betulus  aurea-variegata  (gol- 
den-variegated-leaved) ;  20  feet ;  1845.  C.  Orientalis  (Eastern) ; 
12  feet ;  Levant ;  1739. 

CARTHAMUS.  [Compositae.]  Hardy  annuals.  They  are 
best  sown  on  a  gentle  hot-bed  in  spring,  and  transplanted 
into  the  open  borders  in  May.  Rich  garden  soil. 

C.  tinctorius  (dyer's) ;  half-hardy  annual  ;  3  feet ;  flowers 
orange,  in  July;  Egypt;  1551.  C.  oxycantha  (sharp-spined) ; 
half-hardy  annual;  2  feet ;  Caucasus;  1818. 

CARYA.  Walnut.  [Juglandiacese.]  A  family  of  hardy 
deciduous  trees,  too  well  known  to  need  description.  Pro- 
pagated by  seed.  The  trees  transplant  with  difficulty,  hav- 
ing a  long  tap-root. 

C.  alba  (white  shag-bark  hickory) ;  30  feet ;  flowers  in  May  ; 
1629.  C.  amara  (bitter-nut) ;  30  feet ;  flowers  in  May;  1800. 
C.  compressa  (compressed-fruited) ;  30  feet ;  flowers  in  May  ; 
1730.  C.  laciniosa  (jagged) ;  30  feet;  flowers  in  May.  C.  ini- 
crocarpa  (small-fruited) ;  30  feet ;  flowers  in  May.  C.  obcordata 
(reversed  heart-shaped) ;  30  feet;  flowers  in  May;  1812.  C. 
olivceformis  (olive-shaped) ;  30  feet ;  flowers  in  May.  C.porcina 
(pig-nut);  30  feet;  flowers  in  May;  1799.  C.  porcina  glabra 
(smooth) ;  flowers  in  May.  C.  sulcata  (furrowed) ;  30  feet ;  flow- 
ers in  May  ;  1804.  C.  tomentosa  (woolly);  30  feet ;  flowers  in 
May.  C.  tomentosa  maxima  (greatest  fruited) ;  60  feet ;  flowers 
in  May. 


92  GARDEN   FLOWERS. 

CASSANDRA.     See  ANDROMEDA. 

.  CASSIA.  [Leguminoseae.]  A  large  genus,  mostly  stove 
shrubs.  There  are,  however,  some  annuals  and  perennials 
which  do  well  in  the  garden.  Propagated  by  seed  and 
division.  Good  loamy  soil.  There  are  more  than  two 
hundred  species. 

C.  Burmannii  (Burman's) ;  tender  annual  ;  i  foot ;  flowers 
yellow,  in  July  ;  Cape  of  Good  Hope;  1810.  C.  Marilandica 
(Maryland) ;  hardy  perennial  ;  4  feet ;  flowers  yellow  and  black, 
in  August ;  North  America.  C.  nictitans  (twinkling) ;  hardy 
annual  ;  i  foot ;  flowers  yellow,  in  July  ;  North  America  ;  1800. 
C.  procumbens  (lying  down) ;  hardy  annual ;  finches;  flowers 
yellow,  in  July  ;  North  America  ;  1 806. 

CASSIOPE.  [Ericaceae.]  Pretty,  diminutive  heath-like 
shrubs,  related  to  Andromeda.  Peat  soil ;  a  moist,  cool, 
shady  situation.  Propagated  by  cuttings  or  layers. 

C.  fastigiata  (fastigiate) ;  hardy  evergreen  shrub  ;  I  foot ; 
flowers  white,  in  July;  North  India  ;  1852.  C.  hypnoides  (hyp- 
num-like) ;  hardy  evergreen  shrub  ;  6  inches  ;  flowers  white,  in 
June;  Siberia;  North  America;  1798.  C.  lycopodioides  (club- 
moss-like)  ;  hardy  evergreen  shrub  ;  6  inches  ;  flowers  red,  in 
July ;  Siberia.  C.  tetragona  (four-cornered) ;  hardy  evergreen 
shrub  ;  6  inches  ;  flowers  white,  in  May  ;  Siberia  ;  1810. 

CASTANEA.  Chestnut:  [Corylaceae.]  Generally  hardy 
trees,  ornamental  in  foliage  and  flower,  and  valuable  for 
fruit.  The  Sweet  Chestnut  (C.  vesca)  and  its  varieties  are 
tender  in  the  Northern  States,  but  farther  south  may  be- 
come valuable  trees. 

C.  Americana  (American);  50  feet;  flowers  white,  in  May; 
America.  C.  Chinensis  (China) ;  50  feet ;  flowers  green,  in 
May;  China.  C.  pumila  (dwarf) ;  12  feet;  flowers  green,  yel- 
low, in  July ;  North  America  ;  1699.  C.  vesca  (Spanish  edible)  ; 
50  feet ;  flowers  green,  in  June  ;  England.  C.  vesca  asplenifolia 
(asplenium-leaved) ;  50  feet ;  flowers  green,  in  May ;  Europe. 


GARDEN    FLOWERS.  93 

C.  vesca  cochleata  (spiral) ;  flowers  green,  in  May.  C.  vesca 
corallina-variegata  (coral-variegated) ;  flowers  green,  in  May ; 
1846.  C.  vesca  cucidlata  (hooded);  flowers  green,  in  May; 
1846.  C.  vesca  foliis-aureis  (golden-leaved) ;  50  feet ;  flowers 
green,  in  June.  C.  vesca  glabra  (smooth-leaved) ;  flowers  green, 
in  May.  C.  vesca  glauca  (milky  green) ;  flowers  green,  in  June. 
C.  vesca  lucida  (shining-leaved);  flowers  green,  in  May;  1846. 
C.  vesca  media  (intermediate) ;  50  feet ;  flowers  green,  in  June  ; 
Europe.  C.  vesca  Princei  (Prince's) ;  flowers  green,  in  May  ; 
1846.  C.  vesca  pumila  (dwarf) ;  flowers  green,  in  May  ;  1846. 
C.  vesca  variegata  (variegated-leaved)  ;  flowers  green,  in  May. 

CASTILLEJA.  [Scrophulariaceae.]  Pretty  annuals  and 
perennials.  Sandy  peat  soil.  Increased  by  seeds,  or  di- 
vision of  the  root. 

C.  coccinea  (scarlet-bracted) ;  hardy  annual ;  6  inches  ;  flow- 
ers yellow,  in  July;  North  America;  1787.  C.  grandiflora 
(large-flowered);  half-hardy  perennial ;  18  inches;  flowers  pur- 
ple and  yellow,  in  July;  Louisiana;  1811.  C.  lithospermoides 
(gromwell-like) ;  greenhouse  perennial ;  2  feet ;  flowers  scarlet, 
in  August ;  Mexico;  1848.  C  pallida  (pale) ;  hardy  perennial ; 
i  foot;  flowers  light  purple;  Siberia;  1782.  C.  septentrionale 
(Northern) ;  hardy  annual ;  2  feet ;  flowers  white  and  green,  in 
August;  Labrador;  1824. 

CATALPA.  [Bignoniaceae.]  A  family  of  hardy  and  tender 
trees,  very  ornamental  in  leaf  and  flower.  They  thrive  best 
in  rich  deep  damp  soil.  Propagated  by  seeds,  root-cuttings, 
and  cuttings. 

C.  syringifolia  (lilac-leaved) ;  tree  ;  30  feet ;  flowers  white, 
purple,  and  orange,  in  July ;  North  America.  C.  Kempferii 
(Kempfer's) ;  hardy  shrub  ;  9  feet ;  flowers  yellowish-white',  with 
crimson  blotches,  in  July  ;  Japan  ;  1860. 

CATANANCHE.  [Composite.]  Hardy  perennial  free-grow- 
ing plants,  requiring  ordinary  garden  soil.  They  are  best 
propagated  by  seeds,  and  treated  as  biennials. 


94  GARDEN    FLOWERS. 

C.  ccerulea  (blue) ;  hardy  perennial ;  3  feet ;  flowers  blue  or 
white,  in  July  ;  south  of  Europe  ;  1596.  Variety  bicolor  j  white 
and  blue  ;  garden  hybrid.  C.  lutea  (yellow) ;  hardy  annual ;  I 
foot ;  flowers  yellow,  in  July  ;  Candia  ;  1640. 

CATCHFLY.     See  SILENE. 

CATMINT.     See  NEPETA. 

CEANOTHUS.  [Rhamnaceae.]  Hardy  or  half-hardy  ever- 
green and  deciduous  shrubs,  generally  worthy  of  cultivation 
in  the  shrubbery.  They  are  mostly  of  free  growth  and  neat 
habit;  flowers  numerous  and  showy.  Propagated  either  by 
cuttings,  which  should  be  planted  in  sandy  soil  under  hand- 
glasses, or  by  layers,  which  is  the  readiest  way  of  obtaining 
strong  plants.  They  are  not  particular  as  to  soil,  but  grow 
well  in  sandy  loam,  and,  not  being  very  hardy,  the  situation 
ought  to  be  a  well-drained  one.  The  Californian  species 
may  be  considered  as  hardy,  in  mild  winters,  south  of  Phil- 
adelphia. 

C.  Americanus  (New-Jersey  tea) ;  hardy  shrub ;  2  feet ; 
flowers  white,  in  August ;  North  America.  C.  ovalis  much  re- 
sembles this  in  flower.  C.  azureus  (azure-flowered)  half-hardy 
evergreen  shrub  ;  10  feet ;  flowers  pale-blue,  in  August ;  Mex- 
ico ;  1818.  C.  cuneatus  (wedge-leaved) ;  half-hardy  evergreen 
shrub;  5  feet;  flowers  white,  in  April;  California;  1848.  C. 
dentatus  (tooth-leaved) ;  half-hardy  evergreen  shrub  ;  5  feet ; 
flowers  blue,  in  May;  California;  1848.  C.floribundus  (many- 
flowered)  ;  half-hardy  evergreen  shrub ;  5  feet ;  flowers  deep 
blue,  in  June  ;  California  ;  1852.  C.  Lobbianus  (Lobb's) ;  half- 
hardy  evergreen  shrub  ;  5  feet ;  flowers  blue,  in  June  ;  Califor- 
nia; 1852.  C.  pallidus  (pale-flowered);  half-hardy  shrub;  10 
feet;  flowers  pale-blue,  in  summer;  North  America;  1838. 
C.  papillosus  (papillose) ;  half-hardy  evergreen  shrub  ;  5  feet ; 
flowers  violet-blue,  in  May  ;  California  ;  1848.  C.  rigidus  (stiff) ; 
half-hardy  shrub  ;  flowers  blue  ;  California  ;  1848. 

CEDRUS.      Cedar.      [Pinaceas.]     Evergreen  trees,  hardy 


GARDEN  FLOWERS:  95 

south  of  Philadelphia,  growing,  in  deep  sandy  soil,  and  in- 
creased by  seeds  and  cutting. 

C.  Africanus  (Mount  Atlas);  Mount  Atlas;  1843.  C.  De- 
odora  (Deodar) ;  Nepaul ;  1822.  Varieties  crassifolia,  tenui- 
folia.  and  viridis.  C.  Libani (Mount  Lebanon) ;  Levant;  1683. 
Varieties  foliis  argenteis,  nana,  glauca,  intermedia,  pendula, 
pyramidalis,  and  pyramidalis  argenteis. 

CELASTRUS.  [Celastrinae.]  Woody  climbers,  of  which 
only  one  (C.  scandens,  the  "  Staff  Tree  "  or  "  Roxbury  Wax- 
work ")  is  hardy  in  the  Northern  States.  It  is  a  rampant 
climber,  ornamental  in  foliage  and  fruit,  and  well  worthy 
more  notice  than  it  receives.  Soil,  rich  black  loam. '  Pro- 
pagated by  seeds  or  cuttings.  There  are  more  than  thirty 
tender  species. 

C.  bullatus  (blistered) ;  20  feet ;  flowers  white,  in  July  ;  Vir- 
ginia ;  1759.  C.  scandens  (climbing);  15  feet;  flowers  yellow, 
in  June  ;  North  America;  1736. 

CELOSIA.  Cockscomb.  [Amarantaceae.]  The  only  species 
at  all  cultivated  is  the  common  Cockscomb,  C.  cristata.  All 
the  varieties  of  this  are  popular  with  gardeners.  The  fol- 
lowing is  the  English  method  of  growing  large  plants. 

The  deep  crimson-colored  varieties  are  generally  the 
most  esteemed  ;  and  of  these  there  are  tall  and  dwarf  kinds, 
the  latter  being  generally  preferred,  the  comb  at  its  extrem- 
ities altogether  or  nearly  touching  the  sides  of  the  pot. 
Seeds  should  be  sown  in  a  fresh  hot-bed  in  spring  ;  and 
unlike  the  balsam,  where  splendid  specimens  are  required, 
they  should  never  be  turned  out  of  the  hot-bed  until  the 
combs  are  nearly  full  grown,  when  they  may  be  set  in  the 
greenhouse.  Two  systems  of  culture  may  be  adopted. 
First,  as  soon  as  the  plants  are  one  inch  in  height,  prick 
out,  and  shift  successively  into  larger  pots,  never  allowing 
the  plants  to  be  pot-bound.  By  this  method,  the  plants  are 


96  GARDEN    FLOWERS. 

strong  before  the  combs  appear,  and  you  have  a  chance  of 
having  many  very  fine,  but  with  the  risk  that  many  others, 
from  their  shape,  will  be  fit  only  for  the  rubbish-heap.  By 
the  second  method,  the  best  for  those  with  limited  space, 
the  young  plants  are  pricked  out  a  few  inches  apart  into 
shallow  pans,  in  light,  rich  earth,  encouraged  to  grow  freely, 
and  then  checked  suddenly  by  keeping  them  cooler,  and 
withholding  water,  which  will  cause  them  to  show  their 
combs  in  a  few  days.  Though  small,  you  can  easily  observe 
those  which  are  close  and  well  shaped  from  those  which  will 
be  upright  and  straggling.  Select  the  best,  pot  them,  and 
continue  repotting,  and  encourage  with  heat  and  manure- 
water  ;  and  the  strength  of  your  culture  going  chiefly  into 
the  combs,  these  will  be  large,  while  your  plants  will  be 
small.  Where  extremely  dwarf  plants  are  wanted,  cut  off 
young  plants  a  little  below  the  comb ;  insert  the  part  with 
the  comb  into  a  small  pot,  in  sandy  soil,  in  strong  heat,  and 
a  hand-glass  over.  Soil,  sandy  loam  and  very  rotten  dung, 
but  sweet.  Temperature  when  growing,  60°  to  85°  by  day; 
60°  at  night. 

The  variety  aurea  is  a  fine  plumed  Indian  plant  with 
showy  feathery  golden  flowers.  Variety  coccinea,  a  native  of 
China,  has  scarlet  crimson  flowers.  Both,  when  well  grown, 
are  very  showy. 

CELSIA.  [Scrophulariaceae.]  Half-hardy  biennials  and 
annuals,  the  former  requiring  frame  or  greenhouse  protec- 
tion in  the  winter.  Light  sandy  open  soil.  Propagated  by 
seed. 

C.  Arctums  (Arcturus) ;  half-hardy  biennial ;  4  feet ;  flowers 
yellow,  in  August;  Candia  ;  1780.  C.  betoniccefolia  (betony- 
leaved) ;  half-hardy  biennial  ;  2  feet ;  flowers  yellow,  in  July  ; 
North  Africa  ;  1824.  C.  Cretica  (Cretan) ;  half-hardy  biennial ;  6 
feet ;  flowers  yellow,  in  July  ;  Crete  ;  1752.  C.  lanceolata  (lance- 
leaved)  ;  half-hardy  biennial ;  3  feet ;  flowers  yellow,  in  July  ; 


GARDEN    FLOWERS.  97 

Levant;  1816.     C.  Orientalis  (Eastern) ;  hardy  annual ;  2  feet; 
flowers  brown  and  yellow,  in  July  ;  Levant ;  1713. 

CELTIS.  Nettle-Tree.  [Ulmaceae.]  Hardy  ornamental 
trees.  Propagated  by  seed  sown  as  soon  as  ripe,  and  by 
cuttings  of  the  young  shoots.  Common  soil. 

C.  crassifolia  (thick-leaved) ;  20  feet ;  flowers  green,  in  May  ; 
North  America  51812.  C.  Icevigata  (polished) ;  20  feet ;  flowers 
green,  in  May  ;  Louisiana.  C.  Occidentalis  (Western) ;  20  feet ; 
flowers  green,  in  May  ;  North  America  ;  1656.  C.  Occidentalis 
cordata  (heart-leaved) ;  20  feet ;  flowers  green,  in  May  ;  North 
America.  C.  Occidentalis  scabriuscula  (roughish) ;  20  feet ;  flow- 
ers green,  in  May  ;  North  America.  C.  pumila  (dwarf) ;  6  feet ; 
flowers  green,  in  May  ;  North  America;  1812. 

CENIA.  [Composite.]  A  family  of  small  hardy  annuals, 
propagated  by  seed,  and  thriving  in  any  good  garden  soil. 

C.  turbinata  (turbinate) ;  hardy  annual ;  i  foot ;  flowers  white, 
in  August ;  Cape  of  Good  Hope;  1713.  C.  turbinata  for mosa 
(beautiful) ;  hardy  annual ;  i  foot ;  flowers  yellow,  in  August ; 
Cape  of  Good  Hope. 

CENTAUREA.  [Compositae.]  A  large  family  of  mostly 
hardy  perennials,  comprising,  however,  some  very  ornamen- 
tal annuals,  which  should  have  a  place  in  every  garden. 
These  may  either  be  sown  in  the  open  border  about  the  end 
of  April,  and  the  plants  thinned  out  subsequently  to  three 
or  four  in  a  patch,  to  be  left  for  blooming,  or  they  may  be 
sown  with  other  annuals  in  a  seed-bed,  or  in  pots,  for 
facility  of  transplantation  ;  in  the  latter  case  being  sown 
somewhat  earlier,  and  coming  earlier  into  flower.  They 
bloom  from  June,  more  or  less  onwards  to  September.  The 
very  numerous  hardy  perennial  kinds  —  any  of  which  are 
worth  growing  as  common  border  flowers — grow  well  in 
the  common  soil  of  gardens,  and  are  increased  by  division. 

C.  crocodylium  (crocodylium) ;  hardy  annual ;  3  feet ;  flowers 
7 


98  GARDEN    FLOWERS. 

purple,  in  July;  Levant;  1777.  C,  cyanus  (corn-bottle) ;  hardy 
annual ;  3  feet ;  flowers  blue,  pink,  or  white,  in  July  ;  England. 
'C.  depressa  (depressed) ;  hardy  annual  or  biennial ;  i  foot ;  flow- 
ers blue,  in  June  ;  Caucasus  ;  1818.  C.  moschata  (Sweet  Sul- 
tan) ;  hardy  annual ;  2.  feet ;  flowers  purple,  in  August ;  Persia  ; 
1629.  .C pulchella  (pretty)  ;  hardy  annual ;  2  feet ;  flowers  pur- 
ple, in  June  ;  Persia;  1836.  C.  pulchra  (beautiful) ;  hardy  an- 
nual ;  I  foot ;  flowers  blue  and  crimson,  in  June  ;  Cashmere  ; 
1838.  C,  suaveolens  (Yellow  Sultan) ;  hardy  annual ;  2  feet ; 
flowers  yellow,  in  July  ;  Levant ;  1683. 

CENTAURIDIUM,  {Composite.]  A  fine  hardy  annual. 
Propagated  by  seeds,  and  succeeding  in  good  garden  soil. 

C.  Drummondii  (Drummond's) ;  hardy  annual;  18  inches; 
flowers  orange,  in  August ;  Texas. 

CENTRANTHUS.  [Valerianaceae.]  Ornamental  hardy 
perennials  or  annuals.  The  perennials  are  best  raised  from 
seeds  ;  for,  having  but  few  thick  woody  roots,  they  do  not 
divide  well,  like  many  other  hardy  perennials.  The  seeds 
should  be  sown  in  May  on  a  bed  of  light,  not  over  rich, 
soil,  from  which  they  may  be  transplanted  to  a  nursery-bed 
as  soon  as  large  enough  to  handle,  and  will  be  fit  to  be 
transplanted  in  the  autumn  into  the  positions  in  which  they 
are  required  to  bloom  the  following  year.  The  plants  grow 
readily  in  common  light  garden  soil.  The  annuals  require 
to  be  sown  in  the  open  border  in  March  or  April,  and  like 
a  rather  moist  soil. 

C.  angustifolius  (narrow-leaved) ;  hardy  perennial ;  2  feet ; 
flowers  crimson,  in  June  ;  south  of  Europe  ;  1759.  C.  macrosi- 
photi  (long-tubed)  ;  hardy  annual ;  2  feet ;  flowers  crimson  or 
white,  in  July  ;  1851.  C.  ruber  (red  Valerian) ;  hardy  perennial ; 
2  feet ;  flowers  crimson,  rose,  or  white,  in  June  ;  England. 

CENTROCARPHA.  [Composite.]  Showy,  hardy  peren- 
nials, requiring  good  light  garden  soil,  and  increased  by 
root-division. 


GARDEN    FLOWERS.  99 

C.  chrysomela  (yellow  and  black) ;  half-hardy  perennial ;  2  feet ; 
flowers  yellow,  in  July ;  South  America ;  1821.  C.fulgida  (glow- 
ing) ;  hardy  perennial ;  2  feet ;  flowers  yellow,  in  July  ;  North 
America;  1760.  C.  gracilis  (slender);  hardy  perennial;  18 
inches;  flowers  yellow,  in  August ;  North  America ;  1825.  C. 
grandiflora  (great-flowered)  ;  hardy  perennial ;  3  feet ;  flowers 
yellow,  in  July  ;  North  America  ;  1830.  C.  hirta  (hair}-) ;  hardy 
perennial ;  2  feet ;  flowers  yellow,  in  July;  North  America;  1714. 

CEPHALANTHUS.  Button  Bush.  [Cinchonaceae.]  A 
hardy  ornamental  shrub,  native  of  our  river  banks,  but  suc- 
ceeding in  upland,  and  valuable  for  blooming  at  a  season 
when  the  shrubbery  is  bare  of  flowers.  Propagated  by 
cuttings  and  layers.  Damp  peaty  soil,  or  rich  loam. 

C.  Occidentalis  (Western) ;  hardy  shrub  ;  5  feet ;  flowers  white, 
in  August ;  North  America.  C.  brachypodiis  (short-stalked) ; 
hardy  shrub  ;  flowers  white,  in  August ;  North  America. 

CEPHALOTAXUS.  [Taxaceae.]  A  fine  genus  of  yews  from 
Japan.  Hardy  and  tery  ornamental.  Propagated  by  cuttings. 

C.  dnipacea  (berry-bearing) ;  hardy  evergreen  ;  20  feet ;  Japan; 
1844.  C.  Fortunii  (Fortune's) ;  hardy  evergreen ;  50  feet ;  Japan; 
1848.  C.  pedunculata  (stalked);  hardy  evergreen  ;  Japan  ;  1837. 

CERASTIUM.  [Caryophyllaceae.]  This  is  a  large  genus, 
of  which  many  annuals  are  of  no  cultural  value  ;  but  a  few 
of  the  perennials  are  ornamental.  All  are  low-growing 
plants,  with  whitish  flowers,  growing  anywhere,  and  propa- 
gated by  division.  The  best  are  C.  Alpinum,  Biebersteinii 
glariale,  grandiflorum,  lanatum,  Ledbourii,  latifolium,  purpu- 
rasccns,  Scarani,  and  tomentosum. 

CERASUS.  Cherry.  [Rosaceas.]  The  ornamental  part 
of  this  genus  comprises  early-flowering  trees  and  shrubs, 
all  free-growing  plants  in  good  garden  soil.  Propagated 
by  seeds,  by  layers,  or  by  budding.  By  some,  these  are  all 
included  under  Prunus. 

ORNAMENTAL  TREES.     C.  Padus,  the  Bird-cherry,  a  free- 


IOO  GARDEN   FLOWERS. 

growing,  deciduous,  small  tree,  in  the  early  spring,  about  May, 
covered  with  long  drooping  racemes  of  white  blossoms.  C. 
sylvestris  duracina  flore-pleno,  the  double  French  white.  C. 
vulgaris flore-plcno,  a  dwarfer  double-flowered  tree.  C.  semper- 
florus  (ever-flowering) ;  a  remarkably  handsome  drooping  free- 
flowering  tree,  when  budded  standard  high.  C.  MaJialeb  (per- 
fumed cherry). 

All  are  pretty,  and  desirable  for  neat,  clean  foliage  seldom 
attacked  by  insects,  and  for  beauty  of  flowers.  There  are 
about  seventy-five  species  and  varieties,  some  with  beauti- 
fully variegated  foliage. 

CERATIOLA.  [Empetraceae.]  A  small  family  of  ever- 
green diminutive  bushes,  with  heather-like  foliage.  Propa- 
gated by  cuttings. 

C.  ericoides  (heath-like);  hardy  shrub  ;  18  inches;  flowers 
brown,  in  June  ;  North  America  ;  1826. 

CERCIS.  Judas-tree.  [Leguminosae.]  Deciduous  small 
trees,  forming  beautiful  objects  when  in  flower;  the  blossoms 
being  produced  before  the  leaves,  and  appearing  about  the 
same  time  as  those  of  the  laburnum,  the  guelder-rose,  the 
hawthorn,  and  flowering  dogwood,  with  which  they  contrast 
admirably.  They  prefer  a  rather  rich  loamy  soil,  and  re- 
quire a  sheltered  situation.  ,  The  seeds  are  sown  in  the 
spring,  and  produce  plants  which  come  to  bloom  in  six  or 
eight  years.  The  young  plants  require  protection. 

C.  Canadensis  (Canadian) ;  hardy  tree ;  20  feet ;  flowers  pale 
red,  in  May  ;  North  America  ;  1730.  C.  siliquastrum  (common)  ; 
hardy  tree ;  20  feet ;  flowers  pink  or  white,  in  May ;  south  of 
Europe  ;  1596. 

CERINTHE.  [Boraginaceae.]  Hardy  annuals  of  coarse 
habit,  requiring  to  be  sown  in  May  where  they  are  to  flower, 
and  thinned  out  to  three  or  four  plants  in  a  patch  as  soon  as 
they  grow  large  enough  to  become  crowded.  Common  soil. 

C.  major  (greater) ;  hardy  annual ;  3  feet ;  flowers  yellow,  in 


GARDEN    FLOWERS.  IOI 

July  ;  south  of  France  ;  1596.  C.  minor  (lesser) ;  hardy  annual ; 
2  feet ;  flowers  yellow  and  purple,  in  July  ;  Austria  ;  1570. 

The  other  species  are  C.  Alpina,  aspera,  maculata,  and 
retorta. 

CH^ENOSTOMA.  [Scrophulariaceae.]  The  C.  polyantha 
is  a  very  pretty  plant  for  the  decoration  of  the  flower-garden 
during  summer.  It  is  half-hardy,  requiring  to  be  kept  dur- 
ing winter  in  a  greenhouse,  or  in  a  dry  frame  secure  against 
frost ;  and  in  summer  it  may  be  planted  out  in  a  warm  sunny 
situation,  in  light,  moderately  rich  soil.  It  is  readily  raised 
from  seeds  in  spring,  and  may  also  be  increased  by  cuttings 
during  summer.  The  flowers  are  small  but  numerous.  The 
other  perennial  species  are  to  be  treated  similarly.  The 
annuals  must  be  raised  in  heat,  in  April,  and  planted  out  in 
June. 

C.  cordata  (cordate) ;  half-hardy  perennial ;  6  inches  ;  flowers 
red,  in  June  ;  Cape ;  1816.  C.fcetida  (fetid) ;  half-hardy  annual ; 
1 8  inches  ;  flowers  white,  in  June  ;  Cape  ;  1794.  C.  polyanthum 
(many-flowered) ;  half-hardy  perennial ;  18  inches  ;  flowers  rosy- 
lilac,  in  June  ;  South  Africa;  1844.  C.  villosa  (villous) ;  half- 
hardy  annual ;  I  foot ;  flowers  white,  in  June  ;  Cape  ;  1783. 

CHAM^CYPARIS.  Bastard  Cypress.  [Pinaceas.]  A  small 
genus  of  evergreens,  allied  to  Cypress,  hardy,  growing  in 
sandy  loam.  Propagated  by  seeds.  The  species  are  C. 
Nootkanmsis,  obtusa,  pisifera,  sphczroides,  squarrasa,  and  thuri- 
fera.  The  last  is  tender. 

CHAALENERIUM.  [Lythraceae.]  Hardy,  ornamental,  her- 
baceous perennials,  of  the  easiest  culture  in  the  open 
ground ;  formerly  called  Epilobium.  They  increase  with 
facility  by  division  of  the  root. 

C.  angustifolium  (narrow-leaved) ;  hardy  perennial  ;  3  feet ; 
flowers  rose  or  white,  in  July  ;  England.  C.  Halleri  (Haller's) ; 
hardy  perennial ;  i  foot ;  flowers  rose-red,  in  June  ;  Switzerland ; 


IO2  GARDEN   FLOWERS. 

1798.     C.  rosmarinifolium  (rosemary-leaved) ;  hardy  perennial ; 
1 8  inches  ;  flowers  rose-red,  in  June  ;  Europe  ;  1800. 

CHAM^ERHODES.  [Rosaceae.]  Hardy  herbaceous  peren- 
nials. Sandy  loam ;  dry,  cold  situation.  Increased  by  seeds. 

C.  gratidifloms  (large-flowered) ;  hardy  perennial ;  6  inches  ; 
flowers  yellow,  in  June  ;  Dahuria  ;  1828.  C.  polygynus  (many- 
pistilled) ;  hardy  perennial ;  6  inches  ;  flowers  yellow,  in  June  ; 
Siberia  ;  1824. 

CHEIRANTHUS.  Wall-flower.  [Cruciferae.]  Half-hardy 
perennials,  of  somewhat  shrubby  habit.  C.  Cheiri,  the 
well  known  common  Wall-flower,  has  produced  various  hand- 
some double-flowered  varieties,  of  which  the  best  are  the 
bright  yellow,  dark  brown,  and  purple.  The  common  single 
kind  bears  its  yellow  or  brownish  blossoms  freely  in  June, 
on  plants  raised  from  seeds  sown  in  May  of  the  previous 
year.  The  seeds  should  be  sown  in  a  bed  of  light  or  rather 
sandy  soil,  and  the  plants  pricked  out,  when  large  enough, 
into  a  frame,  from  whence  they  may  be  transplanted,  with 
compact  balls  of  earth  about  their  roots,  in  the  early  part  of 
the  next  May,  into  the  places  where  they  are  to  flower. 
When  the  plants  live  over  to  a  second  year,  they  are  larger ; 
but,  in  general,  the  one-year-old  plants  are  preferable.  The 
double  varieties  are  increased  by  cuttings,  planted  under  a 
hand-glass  in  sandy  earth  about  May  or  June  ;  and  are  best 
potted,  and  protected  through  the  winter  in  cold  frames, 
though  sometimes  established  plants  will  survive  the  winter, 
if  exposed.  The  other  species  furnish  beautiful  dwarf 
plants,  suitable  for  rock-work,  or  small  beds,  or  the  front 
parts  of  borders.  They  are  quite  hardy,  and  are  increased 
by  cuttings.  C.  mutabilis  is  a  tall,  rather  straggling  shrub, 
which  has  changeable  purplish  single  flowers,  and  requires 
the  protection  of  a  frame  or  cool  greenhouse. 

C.  Alpinus  (Alpine) ;  hardy  perennial  ;  9  inches  ;  flowers  yel- 


GARDEN    FLOWERS.  IO3 

low,  in  May  ;  Norway  51810.  C.  Cheiri  (common) ;  hardy  sub- 
shrub  ;  1 8  inches;  flowers  yellow  or  brown,  in  May;,  Europe. 
C.  Marshallii  (Marshall's) ;  hardy  herbaceous  perennial ;  9 
inches  ;  flowers  deep-orange,  in  June  and  August ;  Scotch  hy- 
brid. C.  mutabilis  (changeable) ;  greenhouse  sub-shrub  ;  3  feet ; 
flowers  purple,  changeable,  in  March  ;  Madeira;  1777.  C.  och- 
roleucus  (pale-yellow) ;  hardy  perennial ;  9  inches  ;  flowers  pale- 
yellow,  in  May  ;  Switzerland  ;  1822. 

CHELIDONIUM.  Celandine.  [Papaveraceas.]  Hardy  her- 
baceous well-known  perennials,  some  of  which  are  rather 
pretty,  and  desirable  from  their  early  flowering.  Propagated 
by  seeds  and  division. 

C.  grandiflorum  (large-flowered) ;  hardy  perennial  ;  2  feet  ; 
flowers  yellow,  in  May  ;  Dahuria  ;  1820.  C.  lacinatmn  (jagged) ; 
hardy  perennial ;  2  feet ;  flowers  yellow,  in  May ;  south  of  Eu- 
rope. C.  majus  flore-pleno  (large-double-flowered) ;  hardy  per- 
ennial ;  2  feet ;  flowers  yellow,  in  summer  ;  Hybrid. 

CHELONE.  [Scrophulariaceas.]  Beautiful  herbaceous 
perennials,  closely  allied  to  Pentstemon,  and  requiring  sim- 
ilar treatment. 

C.  barbata  (bearded) ;  hardy  perennial ;  3  feet ;  flowers  scarlet, 
in  July;  Mexico ;  1794.  Varieties  carnea  and  major  have  flesh- 
colored  and  orange-striped  flowers.  C.  glabra  (smooth) ;  hardy 
perennial ;  3  feet ;  flowers  white,  in  August ;  North  America  ; 
1730.  C.  Lyoni  (Lyon's) ;  hardy  perennial ;  3  feet ;  flowers  pur- 
ple, in  August ;  North  America;  1812.  C.  obliqua  (oblique) ; 
hardy  perennial ;  3  feet ;  flowers  rose-purple,  in  August ;  North 
America;  1752. 

CHENOPODIUM.  [Chenopodiaceae.]  A  few  plants  of  this 
family,  which  consists  mainly  of  weeds,  have  of  late  been 
introduced  into  gardens  for  dark  or  elegant  foliage.  They 
are  generally  hardy  annuals.  C.  album  and  atriplicis  are 
good  species. 

CHERRY.     See  CERASUS. 


IO4  GARDEN    FLOWERS. 

CHILI-PEPPER.     See  CAPSICUM. 

CHESTNUT.     See  CASTANEA. 

CHIMAPHILA.  [Pyrolaceas.]  Hardy  herbaceous  ever- 
greens, of  difficult  culture.  Soil,  forest-loam  and  sand.  C. 
maculata  is  one  of  our  finest  native  foliaged  plants. 

C.  iimbellata  (umbelled) ;  hardy  perennial  ;  6  inches  ;  flow- 
ers pinkish-white,  in  June;  North  America;  1752.  C.  macu- 
lata (spotted) ;  hardy  perennial ;  6  inches  ;  flowers  pink,  in 
June  ;  North  America  ;  1752. 

CHIMONANTHUS.  [Calycanthaceae.]  Half-hardy  decidu- 
ous shrub,  thriving  in  the  Southern  States,  but  tender  in  the 
Northern.  The  flowers  of  all  the  varieties  are  deliciously 
fragrant,  and  are  produced  on  the  leafless  branches  in 
winter. 

C.  fragrans  (fragrant) ;  shrub  ;  6  feet ;  flowers  yellow  and 
red,  in  December;  Japan;  1766.  Variety  grandiflorus  (large- 
flowered)  ;  flowers  yellow ;  8  feet ;  China.  Variety  parviflo- 
rus  (small-flowered) ;  8  feet ;  flowers  pale-yellow,  Japan;  1818. 

CHINA  ASTER.     See  CALLISTEPHUS. 

CHINESE  HOLLYHOCK.     See  ALTHAEA. 

CHINESE  PINK.     See  DIANTHUS. 

CHIONANTHUS.  Fringe-tree.  [Oleaceae.]  Fine  hardy  de- 
ciduous small  trees  or  shrubs.  Soil,  peat-earth  in  damp 
situations.  Propagated  by  seeds  or  layers. 

C.  maritima  (marine) ;  hardy  shrub  ;  10  feet ;  flowers  white, 
in  May;  North  America;  1736.  C.  Virginica  (Virginian);  hardy 
tree  ;  30  feet ;  North  America ;  1 736. 

There  is  a  narrow-leaved  and  broad-leaved  variety. 

CHLORIS.  [Gramineae.]  A  family  of  tropical  ornamental 
grasses,  thriving  in  common  soil ;  all  half-hardy  annuals. 
The  species  are  C.  barbata,  polydactyla,  fimbriata,  and  ra- 
diata. 

CHRISTMAS  ROSE.     See  HELLEBORUS. 


GARDEN   FLOWERS.  1 05 

CHLORA.  [Gentianaceae.]  A  family  of  hardy  annuals, 
succeeding  from  seeds  sown  in  May  in  the  open  border. 

C.  iinperfoliata ;  flowers  yellow,  in  June;  Italy;  1823.  C. 
perfoliata;  flowers  yellow,  in  June  ;  England.  C.  serotina 
(late) ;  flowers  yellow,  in  September  ;  south  of  Europe  ;  1832. 

CHRYSANTHEMUM.  [Composite.]  Hardy  annuals,  per- 
ennials, and  greenhouse  shrubs.  The  annuals,  though  free- 
growing  plants,  have  a  strong  chamomile  smell,  and  are 
poor  in  their  flowers,  though  often  grown  among  collections 
of  annuals.  They  should  be  sown  in  patches  for  planting 
out  in  the  borders  when  large  enough,  about  three  in  a 
clump,  at  equal  distances.  Sown  in  heat,  and  forwarded  for 
planting  out  in  May,  the  bloom  is  much  earlier  than  when 
sown  in  the  open  air.  Besides  being  abundant  flowerers, 
these  Chrysanthemums  continue  their  bloom  until  the  frost 
cuts  the  plant  down,  and  are  chiefly  useful  in  large  borders 
where  variety  is  wanted.  The  greenhouse  kinds  are  strag- 
gling shrubs,  with  deeply  jagged  leaves,  and  flowers  a  good 
deal  resembling  those  of  Mayweed.  The  annuals  are  in- 
creased by  seeds  ;  but  the  shrubby  kinds  may  be  renewed  by 
cuttings,  which  take  root  readily.  A  light  loamy  soil  suits 
the  latter,  of  which  young  vigorous  plants  should  be  con- 
stantly reared.  Many  of  the  Pompon  varieties  are  very 
good ;  but  as  new  ones  are  constantly  introduced,  the  flor- 
ists' latest  catalogues  will  show  the  best. 

C.  Arcticum  (Arctic) ;  hardy  perennial ;  6  inches ;  flowers  white 
and  purple,  in  June  ;  Kamtschatka  ;  1801.  C.  argenteum  (silvery 
leaved) ;  hardy  perennial ;  i  foot ;  flowers  white,  in  July  ;  Le- 
vant;  1731.  C.  carinatum  (keeled) ;  hardy  annual ;  1 8  inches  ; 
flowers  white,  yellow,  and  purple,  in  June  ;  Barbary  ;  1796.  C. 
coronarium  (garland) ;  hardy  annual ;  2^  feet ;  flowers  yellow, 
in  June  ;  Sicily ;  1629.  C.  coronopifoliuw  (buck's-horn-leaved) ; 
greenhouse  shrub ;  2  feet ;  flowers  white,  in  April ;  Madeira ; 
1815.  C.  montanum  (mountain) ;  hardy  perennial  ;  2  feet ;  flow- 


IO6  GARDEN    FLOWERS. 

ers  white,  in  June ;  France  ;  1752.  C.  pinnatifidum  (pinnati- 
fid) ;  greenhouse  shrub  ;  2  feet ;  flowers  yellow,  in  April ;  Ma- 
deira ;  1777.  C.  Ruthenicum  (Russian);  hardy  perennial ;  I 
foot ;  flowers  pink,  in  June  ;  Russia  ;  1827. 

CHRYSEIS.     See  ESCHSCHOLTZIA. 

CHYRSOCOMA.  Goldy-locks.  [Compositse.]  A  genus  of 
hardy  herbaceous  and  greenhouse  evergreen  species.  The 
former  grow  in  common  soil,  and  are  increased  by  division ; 
the  latter  prefer  light  sandy  loam,  and  are  increased  by  cut- 
tings. They  are  not  very  showy. 

C.  biflora  (two-flowered) ;  hardy  perennial ;  3  feet ;  flowers 
blue,  in  August  ;  Siberia;  1741.  C.  cernua  (drooping);  green- 
house sub-shrub  ;  3  feet  ;  flowers  white,  in  July;  Cape;  1712. 
C.  comaurea  (golden-hair) ;  greenhouse  sub-shrub  ;  3  feet ;  flow- 
ers yellow,  in  July;  Cape;  1731.  C.  virgata  (twiggy) ;  hardy 
perennial ;  i  foot ;  flowers  yellow,  in  September  ;  North  Amer- 
ica ;  1821. 

CHRYSOGONUM.  [Composite.]  A  hardy  herbaceous  plant, 
growing  in  common  garden  soil,  and  increased  by  division. 

C.  Virginiacum  (Virginian) ;  hardy  perennial ;  i  foot ;  flow- 
ers yellow,  in  May  ;  North  America. 

CHRYSOSTEMMA.  [Compositae.]  Hardy  herbaceous  per- 
ennials, with  showy  flowers.  Common  garden  soil.  In- 
creased by  division. 

C.  tripteris  (three-winged) ;  hardy  perennial ;  6  feet ;  flowers 
yellow,  in  August ;  North  America  ;  1837. 

CHRYSURUS.  [Graminaceae.]  A  pretty  annual  ornamen- 
tal grass,  doing  well  in  the  flower  border. 

C.  aureus  (golden) ;  hardy  annual ;  6  inches  ;  Levant. 

ClNQUEFOIL.       See    POTENTILLA. 

CIMICIFUGA.    [Ranunculaceae.]    Hardy  herbaceous  plants, 
growing  readily  in  the  border,  and  increased  by  division. 
C.  Americana  (American) ;  2  feet ;  flowers  white  and  yellow, 


GARDEN    FLOWERS.  ID/ 

in  July;  Carolina;  1824.  C.  cordifolia  (heart-leaved);  3  feet; 
flowers  white  and  yellow,  in  June;  North  America ;  1812.  C. 
foetida  (fetid) ;  4  feet ;  flowers  light-yellow,  in  June  ;  Siberia  ; 
1777.  C.  palmata  (palmate) ;  4  feet ;  flowers  white  and  yellow, 
in  July  ;  North  America  ;  1812. 

CIRCLE  A.  Enchanter's  Nightshade.  [Onagraceas.]  Hardy 
herbaceous  perennials.  Common  soil.  Increased  by  di- 
vision. 

C.  Alpina  (Alpine)  ;  hardy  perennial ;  6  inches  ;  flowers  pink, 
in  July  ;  Britain.  C.  Lutetiana  (Parisian) ;  hardy  perennial ;  I 
foot ;  flowers  pink,  in  July  ;  Britain.  C.  intermedia  (interme- 
diate);  I  foot;  flowers  red,  in  July  ;  Europe;  1821. 

CIRSIUM.  [Compositag.]  Hardy  thistle-like  biennials  and 
perennials  :  some  of  them  showy.  Common  soil.  In- 
creased by  division ;  or  the  biennials  by  seed,  from  which 
plants  should  be  raised  annually.  Some  few  of  the  species, 
among  which  is  C.  Casabonce,  one  of  the  most  ornamental 
species,  require  protection. 

C.  Casaboncz ;  half-hardy  biennial ;  2  feet ;  flowers  purple,  in 
July  ;  south  of  Europe  ;  1714.  C.  tuberostim  (tuberous) ;  hardy 
perennial ;  2  feet ;  flowers  purple,  in  August ;  England. 

There  are  more  than  fifty  other  species,  many  of  which 
are  mere  weeds. 

CLADANTHUS.  [Compositor.]  A  small  genus,  containing 
one  pretty,  hardy  annual,  which  should  be  sown  in  a  frame 
in  April,  and  transplanted  to  the  border  in  May  ;  or  in  the 
open  border  in  May. 

C.  Arabicus  (Arabian)  ;  hardy  annual ;  I  foot  ;  flowers  yel- 
low, in  July  ;  Barbary  ;  1759. 

CLARKIA.  [Onagraceae.]  Showy,  free-flowering,  well- 
known  annuals,  flourishing  in  common  garden  soil,  not  very 
rich,  as  then  the  plants  run  to  leaves.  Propagated  by  seed, 
which  should  be  sown  in  a  frame  in  April,  and  the  plants 


IO8  GARDEN    FLOWERS. 

set  in  the  border  in  May ;  or  sown  in  the  border  in  May. 
The  plants  should  not  be  allowed  to  become  crowded.  The 
double  varieties  are  very  pretty. 

C.  elegans  (elegant) ;  hardy  annual  ;  2  feet ;  flowers  rose,  in 
June;  California;  1822.  Of  this  there  is  a  double-flowered  va- 
riety. C. pulcJiella  (pretty)  ;  hardy  annual;  1 8  inches  ;  flowers 
rose  or  white,  in  June  ;  North  America  ;  1826.  This  latter  spe- 
cies has  produced  the  fine  varieties  integrtpetala,  petals  entire 
on  the  margin,  rosy-purple,  (a  double  variety  has  rich  crimson 
flowers,  and  a  sub-variety  has  the  petals  edged  with  white) ;  pul- 
cJierrijiia,  petals  three-lobed,  bright  crimson  ;  striata,  petals 
three-lobed,  white,  flaked  with  rose  ;  marginata,  petals  three- 
lobed,  rosy-purple,  tipped  with  white  ;  florepleno,  very  double, 
with  large  rosy-purple  or  crimson  flowers. 

CLAYTONIA.  [Portulacaceae.]  Hardy  annuals  and  tuber- 
ous-rooted perennials,  not  very  showy.  Common  soil.  In- 
creased by  seeds,  or  by  division. 

C.  Caroliniana  (Carolina) ;  hardy  perennial ;  i  foot ;  flowers 
pink,  in  May;  North  America;  1789.  C.  grandiflora  (large- 
flowered)  ;  hardy  perennial ;  i  foot ;  flowers  pink,  in  May ; 
North  America  ;  1789.  C.  perfoliata  (perfoliate-leaved) ;  hardy 
annual ;  9  inches  ;  flowers  white,  in  June  ;  North  America ; 
1794.  C.  Siberica  (Siberian) ;  hardy  annual  ;  I  foot ;  flowers 
red,  in  June  ;  Siberia;  1768.  C.  Virginiana  (Virginian)  ;  hardy 
perennial;  i  foot;  flowers  white,  in  May;  North  America; 
1740. 

There  are  ten  other  species. 

CLEMATIS.  Virgins-bower.  [Ranunculaceae.]  A  large 
genus  of  climbing  shrubs,  some  of  which  are  very  orna- 
mental. The  hardy  kinds  are  of  the  simplest  culture. 
They  are  raised  from  seeds  or  layers,  and  grow  freely  in 
any  moderately  good  ground.  They  are  valuable  for  cover- 
ing walls,  arbors,  and  trellis-work.  The  half-hardy  kinds 
are  useful  for  the  pillars  and  rafters  of  greenhouses  and 


GARDEN    FLOWERS.  IOQ 

cool  conservatories.  The  stove  species  are  of  little  impor- 
tance. Sieboldii,  c&rulca,  graveolens,  and  Hendersonii,  are 
worthy  of  being  grown  on  a  large  pot  trellis,  and  are  man- 
ageable in  that  form.  The  genus  contains  some  hardy 
perennials,  which  are  managed  like  other  herbaceous  per- 
ennials. 

C.  azurca  grandiflora  (large-flowered  azure) ;  hardy  climber  ; 
10  feet;  flowers  blue,  in  May,  very  large;  China;  1852.  C. 
cczrulea  (sky-blue);,  hardy  climbing  shrub;  10  feet;  flowers 
bluish-lilac,  in  May;  Japan;  1836.  C.  calycina  (Minorca); 
half-hardy  evergreen  climbing  shrub  ;  12  feet;  flowers  creamy, 
in  March  ;  Minorca  ;  1783.  C.  crispa  (curled-flowered) ;  hardy 
climbing  shrub  ;  6  feet ;  flowers  pinkish,  in  August ;  North 
America;  1726.  C.  erecta  (upright);  hardy  perennial;  flowers 
white,  in  June;  Austria;  1597.  A  double  variety  of  this  spe- 
cies is  said  to  be  very  fine.  C.  flammula  (sweet-scented) ; 
hardy  climbing  shrub  ;  20  feet ;  flowers  white,  in  July  ;  France  ; 
1596.  C.florida  (flowering);  half-hardy  climbing  shrub ;  12  feet ; 
flowers  white,  in  June  ;  Japan  ;  1776.  C.  florida  flore-pleno 
(double-flowering);  half-hardy  climbing  shrub  ;  12  feet;  flowers 
white,  in  June;  Japan;  1776.  C.  florida  Sieboldii  (Siebold's) ; 
half-hardy  climber;  12  feet ;  flowers  white  and  purple,  in  June  ; 
Japan;  1836.  C.  gravcolens  (heavy-smelling) ;  half-hardy  climb- 
ing shrub;  8  feet;  flowers  sulphur-color,  in  July;  Tartary;  1845. 
C.  Hendersonii  (Henderson's) ;  hardy  climbing  shrub  ;  20  feet ; 
flowers  purple,  in  June  ;  gardens.  C.  indivisa  lobata  (lobed) ; 
greenhouse  evergreen  climbing  shrub  ;  12  feet ;  flowers  creamy 
white,  in  May;  New  Zealand;  1847.  C.  integrifolia  (entire- 
leaved)  ;  hardy  perennial ;  2  feet ;  flowers  blue,  in  June  ;  Hun- 
gary ;  1596.  C.  lanuginosa  (woolly-budded);  half-hardy  climb- 
ing shrub ;  8  feet ;  flowers  very  large,  blue  or  gray,  in  June  ; 
China;  1850.  C.  lathyrifolia  (lathyrus-leaved) ;  hardy  peren- 
nial ;  3  feet ;  flowers  white,  in  June  ;  doubtful  ;  1836.  C.  mon- 
tana  (mountain) ;  hardy  climbing  shrub  ;  20  feet ;  flowers  large 
white,  in  May ;  Nepaul ;  1831.  C.  ochroleuca  (yellowish) ; 
hardy  perennial ;  2  feet ;  flowers  yellowish-white,  in  June ; 


IIO  GARDEN    FLOWERS. 

North  America ;  1 767.  C.  tubulosa  (tubular) ;  half-hardy  per- 
ennial ;  6  feet ;  flowers  blue,  in  July  ;  North  China  ;  1845.  C. 
viorna  (traveller's  joy);  hardy  climbing  shrub;  12  feet;  flow- 
ers purple,  in  August  ;  North  America  ;  1730.  C.  viticella 
(vine-bower)  ;  hardy  climbing  shrub  ;  20  feet ;  flowers  purple, 
in  June  ;  Spain  ;  1569. 

C.  Sophia,  with  pale  lilac  and  white,  and  Helene,  with 
creamy-white  flowers,  are  fine  varieties  of  C.  patens,  intro- 
duced from  Japan  in  1853,  and  hardy  if  laid  down  in  winter. 
There  are  double-flowered  varieties.  C.  regincz  is  a  hybrid 
between  C.  azurea  grandiflora  and  lanuginosa.  C.  Jack- 
manii  is  a  fine  hybrid  between  C.  viticella  Hendersonii  and 
C.  lanuginosa,  producing  large  royal-purple  flowers.  C. 
rubroviolacea,  a  hybrid  between  C.  viticella  atrorubens  and 
C.  lanuginosa,  has  rich  velvety  violet  flowers  five  inches  in 
diameter.  C.  Fortunei,  a  recent  acquisition  from  Japan,  has 
very  large  white  fragrant  double  flowers ;  and  C.  florida 
Standishii,  also  just  introduced,  has  deep  violet-blue  flowers. 
We  cannot  name  a  class  of  plants  which  will  give  more 
general  satisfaction,  or  which^s  more  worthy  of  cultivation. 

CLEOME.  [Capparidaceas.]  This  genus  contains  several 
curious  and  rather  pretty  annuals.  They  should  be  raised 
from  seeds  in  spring,  in  a  frame,  with  slight  warmth,  potted 
off  singly,  and  hardened  subsequently,  so  as  to  be  planted 
out  in  May,  when  they  should  be  strong,  vigorous  plants. 
They  like  a  dry,  warm  situation.  One  or  two  species  are 
stove,  soft-wooded  shrubs,  and  there  are  some  stove  annual 
species  ;  but  they  are  not  suitable  for  general  cultivation. 

C.  heptaphylla  (seven-leaved) ;  half-hardy  annual  ;  3  feet ; 
flowers  white,  in  June;  Jamaica;  1719.  C.  Iberica  (Iberian); 
hardy  annual ;  6  inches;  flowers  white,  in  July;  Iberia;  1820. 
C.  lutea  (yellow)  ;  hardy  annual ;  i  foot ;  flowers  yellow,  in  July ; 
North  America  ;  1840.  C.  speciosissima  (most  showy)  ;  half- 
hardy  annual ;  3  feet ;  flowers  purple  -in  June  ;  Mexico ;  1827. 


GARDEN    FLOWERS.  1 1 1 

C.  violacea  (violet) ;  hardy  annual ;  i  foot ;  flowers  purple,  in 
July;  Portugal;  1776.  C.virgata  (twiggy);  hardy  annual;  I 
foot ;  flowers  white,  in  July  ;  Persia  ;  1820. 

CLETHRA.  [Ericaceae.]  A  genus  of  hardy  and  tender 
shrubs.  The  hardy  species  are  natives  of  North  America, 
and  are  very  valuable  summer-flowering  shrubs.  They  are 
easily  propagated  by  layers. 

C.  acuminata  (acuminate) ;  hardy  shrub  ;  10  feet ;  flowers 
white,  in  August ;  Carolina;  1806.  C.  alnifolia  (alder-leaved) ; 
hardy  shrub  ;  4  feet ;  flowers  white,  in  August ;  North  Amer- 
ica ;  1731.  C.  paniculata  (panicled) ;  hardy  shrub;  4  feet; 
flowers  white,  in  August ;  North  America  ;  1770.  C.  tomentosa 
(downy) ;  hardy  shrub  ;  4  feet ;  flowers  white,  in  August ;  North 
America  ;  1731. 

CLIXTOXIA.  [Lobeliaceae.]  Very  pretty  hardy  annuals. 
They  are  slender-growing  dwarf  plants,  hanging  over  the 
edges  of  the  pots,  if  grown  in  pots,  but  forming  very  beauti- 
ful objects  on  the  ground,  being  so  much  covered  with  blos- 
soms as  to  hide  the  stems.  Sow  the  seeds  in  pots  in  March; 
put  them  in  a  frame,  if  with  a  little  warmth,  so  much  the 
better ;  set  them  in  feeders  of  water  until  germinated,  then 
thin  the  plants  so  as  to  give  them  room,  and  keep  them 
growing  in  frames  till  May,  when  those  for  the  borders  may  be 
turned  out.  They  will  very  soon  flower,  and  have  a  very 
pretty  appearance.  To  provide  a  succession,  some  should 
be  sown  in  the  borders  about  May :  these  will  flower  when 
those  of  the  first  sowing  leave  off.  Many  annuals  may  thus 
be  managed,  so  as  to  keep  up  a  succession  of  bloom  during 
several  months,  by  sowing  at  different  seasons.  C.  pukhella, 
the  best  of  the  two  species,  is  a  much  more  interesting  ob- 
ject for  pot-culture  than  nine-tenths  of  the  plants  grown  in 
pots.  Peaty  soil,  or  a  light  mixture  of  leaf-mould,  loam, 
and  sand,  is  the  proper  soil  for  them. 

C.  elegans  (elegant) ;   half-hardy  annual ;   6  inches  ;   flowers 


112  GARDEN    FLOWERS. 

blue,  in  June;  Colombia;  1827.  C,  pulchella  (pretty);  half- 
hardy  annual  ;  6  inches  ;  flowers  blue,  white,  and  yellow,  in 
June;  Colombia;  1831. 

CLEIOCOCCA.  [Linaceae.]  Half-hardy  perennial,  allied  to 
Linum.  Propagated  by  seeds  and  division.  Light  loam 
and  peat. 

C.  tenuifolia  (slender-leaved) ;  3  inches  ;  flowers  purple,  in 
July;  Australia;  1837. 

CLOVER.     See  TRIFOLIUM. 

CLOVE-PINK.     See  DIANTHUS. 

CoB^EA.  [Polemoniaceae.]  Greenhouse  or  half-hardy 
rapid-growing  climbers,  covering  a  large  space  during  the 
summer  season  with  their  herbaceous  stems,  which,  in  a 
greenhouse  or  conservatory,  retain  their  foliage,  and  continue 
to  blossom  through  the  winter.  They  are  very  useful  as  well 
as  ornamental  out  doors  during  the  summer  season  ;  but  in 
such  situations  are  killed  by  the  first  frost.  When  grown  in 
a  greenhouse,  they  generally  ripen  plenty  of  seeds,  by  which 
they  are  best  propagated ;  though  they  may  be  increased  by 
cuttings.  They  require  a  rich  loamy  soil. 

C.  macrostemina  (long-stamened) ;  greenhouse  climbing  per- 
ennial ;  20  feet ;  flowers  yellowish-green,  in  September  ;  Guaya- 
quil;  1839.  (-•  scandens  (climbing);  greenhouse  climbing  per- 
ennial ;  20  feet ;  flowers  purple,  in  July  ;  Mexico  ;  1792.  C.  sti- 
pularis  (stipuled) ;  greenhouse  climbing  perennial ;  20  feet ; 
flowers  yellow,  in  August ;  Mexico  ;  1839. 

COCKSCOMB.     See  CELOSIA. 

COCKSPUR  THORN.     See  CRATAEGUS. 

C02LESTINA.  [Compositag.]  A  small  family,  of  which 
C.  ageratoides,  formerly  Ageratum  coelestinum,  is  the  best. 
They  require  a  greenhouse  or  frame  in  winter,  and  bloom 
well  in  the  border  in  summer.  The  species  are  C.  agera- 
toidcs  and  carulea. 


GARDEN    FLOWERS.  11$ 

Coix.  [Grammes.]  Perennial  grasses,  doing  well  in 
the  open  border  in  summer. 

C.  arundinacea  (reedy) ;  2  feet ;  apetalous,  July ;  Mexico ; 
1818.  C.  lachryma  (tears);  2  feet;  apetalous,  July;  East  In- 
dies ;  1 596. 

COLCHICUM.  [Melanthaceae.]  Hardy  bulbs,  with  crocus- 
like  flowers  in  October,  commonly  called  Autumn  Crocuses. 
The  leaf  appears  and  the  plant  ripens  its  seed  the  following 
spring.  Increased  by  offsets  or  seeds,  which  should  be 
sown  as  soon  as  they  are  ripe.  Replanting,  which  is  not 
often  necessary,  should  be  done  in  July,  when  the  bulbs  are 
at  rest.  They  succeed  in  any  garden  soil. 

C.  Alpinum  (Alpine) ;  3  inches  ;  flowers  purple,  in  July ;  Apen- 
nine  ;  1820.  C.  arenarium  (sand) ;  3  inches  ;  flowers  purple,  in 
September;  Hungary;  1816.  C.  autumnale  (autumnal;  com- 
mon meadow  saffron) ;  i  foot ;  flowers  purple,  in  September ; 
Britain.  C.  autumnale  album  (white-flowered) ;  3  inches  ;  flow- 
ers white,  in  September ;  Britain.  C.  autumnale  atro-purpu- 
reum  (dark-purple) ;  3  inches  ;  flowers  dark-purple,  in  Septem- 
ber ;  Britain.  C.  autumnale  foliis-variegatis  (variegated-leaved); 
3  inches  ;  flowers  purple,  in  September  ;  Britain.  C.  autumnale 
flore-pleno  (double-flowered) ;  3  inches  ;  flowers  purple,  in  Sep- 
tember ;  Britain.  C.  autumnale  ptirpureo-striatum  (purple- 
striped)  ;  3  inches  ;  flowers  purple-striped,  in  September  ;  Brit- 
ain. C.  atitumnale  striatum-pleno  (double-striped) ;  3  inches  ; 
flowers  lilac-striped,  in  September ;  Britain.  C.  Byzantinum 
(Byzantine) ;  3  inches  ;  flowers  purple,  in  September  ;  Levant ; 
1629.  C.  Chionense  (Chio) ;  3  inches  ;  flowers,  purple,  in  No- 
vember ;  Chio.  C.  crociflorum  (crocus-flowered) ;  18.  inches  ; 
flowers  purple,  in  August ;  south  of  Europe.  C.  montanum 
(mountain) ;  3  inches  ;  flowers  purple,  in  August ;  south  of  Eu- 
rope ;  1819.  C.  tessellatum  (checkered) ;  3  inches  ;  flowers  pur- 
ple, in  August ;  south  of  Europe  ;  1600.  C.  umbras-urn  (shaded); 
3  inches  ;  flowers  pink,  in  September;  Guinea;.  1819.  C.  vane- 


114  GARDEN    FLOWERS. 

gatum  (variegated-flowered) ;  3  inches  ;  flowers  purple,  in  Sep- 
tember ;  Greece;  1629. 

COLEUS.  [Labiatae.]  A  genus  of  which  some  species  are 
used  for  summer  bedding  as  foliaged  plants.  The  species 
are  properly  stove  shrubs,  but  do  well  in  a  sunny  exposure. 
More  commonly  known  as  Plectranthus.  Propagated  by 
cuttings. 

C.  VerschafeldtU ;  "a  very  dark  foliaged  plant,  and  fine  for 
massing ;  flowers  inconspicuous  ;  the  foliage  is  rich  glowing 
crimson ;  Java;  1860,  C.  Blumeii  is  of  no  value  as  a  bedding 
plant. 

COLIC  ROOT.     See  ALETRIS. 

COLLINSIA.  [Scrophularineae.]  Pretty  dwarf  annuals. 
C.  bicolor  is  a  very  showy  plant,  in  clumps.  The  culture  is 
simple  :  in  ordinary  cases  the  seeds  may  be  sown  in  patches 
in  the  borders  in  May ;  eight  or  ten  plants  will  be  sufficient 
to  form  a  patch.  When  they  are  to  form  a  mass  of  flowers} 
they  ought  to  be  not  more  than  three  inches  apart ;  for  this 
it  is  best  to  sow  thinly  where  they  are  to  flower,  and,  when 
they  are  up,  thin  the  plants  so  that  they  may  be  from  two  to 
three  inches  from  each  other.  This  gives  the  appearance 
of  a  complete  mass  of  flowers  when  the  spikes  of  bloom 
rise.  Sowing  in  pots  should  be  begun  in  April,  and  eight 
or  ten  plants  are  enough  for  a  pot.  These  should  be  placed 
in  a  greenhouse,  and,  as  they  grow,  if  any  two  should  be 
too  close  together,  remove  one.  Where  patches  of  this 
flower  are  to  be  at  certain  distances  round  borders,  the  balls 
may  be  turned  out  from  the  pots  as  soon  as  the  weather 
becomes  warm.  If  this  cannot  be  done,  they  must  be  sown 
on  a  reserve  bed,  and  transplanted  when  large  enough,  or 
else  raised  and  kept  in  pots  till  they  are  wanted  ;  for  either 
of  which  purposes  they  should  be  sown  in  April  on  a  very 
gentle  hot-bed.  C,  grandiflora  is  a  dwarfish  variety,  equally 


GARDEN    FLOWERS.  115 

pretty,  though  differing  from  bicolor.  It  grows  six  inches 
high,  spreading  on  the  ground  instead  of  growing  erect ; 
flowers  rose-purple  and  bright-lilac,  in  June.  There  are 
several  other  pretty  kinds,  but  differing  only  in  their  colors  ; 
and  every  year  will  add  to  the  number  of  varieties,  which 
will,  in  time,  perhaps  become,  like  larkspurs,  most  interest- 
ing in  mixtures. 

C.  bartscefolia  (bartsia-leaved) ;  hardy  annual ;  1 8  inches  ; 
flowers  white  and  red,  in  June;  California;  1850.  C.  bicolor 
(two-colored) ;  hardy  annual ;  I  foot ;  flowers  lilac  and  white,  in 
June;  California;  1833.  C.  grandiflora  (large-flowered) ;  hardy 
annual ;  9  inches  ;  flowers  blue  and  purple,  in  June  ;  North-west 
America;  1826.  C.  heterophylla  (various-leaved);  hardy  an- 
nual ;  2  feet ;  flowers  lilac,  in  July  ;  Colombia ;  1838.  C.  multi- 
color (many-colored);  hardy  annual;  18  inches;  flowers  white 
and  red-spotted,  in  June ;  California ;  1850.  C.  tinctoria  (dyer's) ; 
hardy  annual ;  18  inches  ;  flowers  pinkish-lilac,  in  June  ;  Califor- 
nia ;  1848.  C.  -verna  (spring);  hardy  annual;  i  foot;  flowers 
purple  and  blue,  in  June  ;  North  America  ;  1826. 

COLLINSOXIA.  [Labiatae.]  Hardy  herbaceous  perennials, 
increased  by  division,  and  growing  in  moist  garden  soil. 

C.  Canadensis  (Canadian) ;  hardy  perennial ;  3  feet ;  flowers 
lilac-yellow,  in  September  ;  North  America  ;  1 734.  C.  cordata 
(heart-leaved) ;  hardy  perennial ;  3  feet ;  flowers  lilac-yellow,  in 
September;  North  America  ;  1735. 

COLLOMIA.  [Polemoniaceae.]  Hardy  free-growing  an- 
nuals, allied  to  Gilia,  growing  in  common  garden  soil.  The 
seeds  should  be  sown  in  the  open  borders  in  May,  and  the 
plants  not  allowed  to  become  crowded. 

•  C.  coccinea  (scarlet) ;  hardy  annual ;  i  foot ;  flowers  scarlet, 
in  June;  Chili;  1832.  C.  gracilis  (slender);  hardy  annual; 
6  inches ;  flowers  pink,  in  June  ;  North  America  ;  1827.  C. 
grandiflora  (large-flowered;  hardy  annual;  18  inches;  flowers 
pinkish-buff,  in  July ;  North  America;  1826.  C.  linearis  (nar- 


Il6  GARDEN    FLOWERS. 

row);   hardy  annual;   i  foot;   flowers  red,  in  June;   1826.     C. 
heterophylla,  gilioides,  and  glutinosa  are  other  species. 

COLTSFOOT.     See  TUSSILAGO. 

COLUMBINE.     See.  AQUILEGIA. 

COLURIA.  [Rosaceae.]  Hardy  herbaceous  perennial, 
allied  to  Geum,  growing  in  good  loam.  Propagated  by 
division. 

C.  potentilloides  (like  potentilla) ;  hardy  perennial ;  I  foot ; 
flowers  orange,  in  June  ;  Siberia  ;  1780. 

COLUTEA.  Bladder-Senna.  [Leguminosae.]  Hardy  de- 
ciduous shrubs,  growing  in  common  soil,  and  increased  by 
seeds  and  layers. 

C.  arborescens  (tree-like) ;  hardy  shrub  ;  i  o  feet ;  flowers  yel- 
low, all  summer  ;  France  ;  1 548,  C.  Haleppica  (Aleppic) ;  hardy 
shrub  ;  6  feet ;  flowers  yellow,  in  June  ;  Levant ;  1752.  C.  cru- 
enta  (bloody) ;  hardy  shrub ;  4  feet ;  flowers  scarlet,  in  June  ; 
Levant ;  1710.  .5".  Nepaulensis  (Nepaul) ;  hardy  shrub  ;  5  feet ; 
flowers  yellow,  in  August ;  Nepaul ;  1822. 

COMMELINA.  A  very  pretty  group  of  plants,  comprising 
hardy  annuals  and  half-hardy  perennials  and  stove  ever- 
greens. Increased  respectively  by  seeds,  division,  and  cut- 
tings. All  the  herbaceous  species,  whether  from  tropical 
regions  or  New  Holland,  if  the  seeds  are  sown  in  a  hot-bed 
early  in  spring,  pricked  off,  and  potted  and  planted  out 
towards  the  end  of  May,  will  flourish  in  the  flower-garden, 
and  constitute  a  pleasing  feature  until  the  end  of  autumn. 
Before  frost,  the  tuberous  kinds  should  be  taken  up  and 
kept  like  Dahlias,  but  not  over  dry,  started  a  little  in  spring 
in  heat,  and  then  transplanted  at  the  end  of  May.  Thus 
treated,  they  will  bloom  stronger  than  the  seedlings.  The 
soil  should  be  light  and  rich,  using  either  rotten  dung  or 
leaf-mould,  with  sandy  loam.  Summer  temperature  for  stove 
species,  50°  to  75°  ;  winter,  40°  to  45°. 


GARDEN    FLOWERS.  1 1/ 

C.  coelestis  (sky-blue) ;  half-hardy  perennial ;  2  feet ;  flowers 
blue  or  white,  in  July  ;  Mexico  51813.  C.  cotmnunis  (common); 
hardy  annual ;  2  feet ;  flowers  blue-purple,  in  June  ;  North 
America;  1732.  C.  cucullata  (hooded);  greenhouse  annual; 
2  feet;  flowers  blue,  in  July;  Brazil;  1825.  C.  fasciculata 
(fascicled);  hardy  perennial;  18  inches;  flowers  blue,  in  July ; 
Lima  51817.  C.  orchidioides  (orchis-like) ;  half-hardy  perennial ; 
2  feet;  flowers  blue,  in  June;  Mexico;  1837.  C.  tuberosa($.M- 
berous);  half-hardy  perennial;  2  feet;  flowers  blue,  in  July; 
Mexico;  1732. 

CONV  ALL  ARIA.  Lily  of  the  Valley.  [Liliaceae.]  This\mi- 
versally  admired  plant  is  a  dwarf  herbaceous  perennial ;  and 
its  spikes  of  drooping,  white,  deliciously  fragrant  flowers, 
and  broad  green  leaves,  form  one  of  the  loveliest  of  Nature's 
contrast's  in  coloring,  —  rich  green  and  pure  white.  There 
are  varieties,  In  one  of  which  the  flowers  are  pinkish,  and  in 
the  other  double  white ;  but  the  simple  form  is  the  most 
attractive.  They  grow  in  common  garden  soil,  and  flourish 
in  shady  places.  The  plants  are  increased  by  dividing  the 
roots.  Planted  in  pots,  they  are  beautiful  subjects  for  for- 
cing into  early  bloom. 

C.  majalis  (May) ;  hardy  perennial ;  6  inches  ;  flowers  white, 
in  May ;  England. 

CONVOLVULUS.  Bindweed.  [Convolvulaceae.]  Orna- 
mental plants,  with  trumpet-shaped  flowers,  which  are  great 
favorites  in  gardens.  The  most  common  are  known  as  the 
Convolvulus  major  and  the  Convolvulus  minor  of  gardens  ; 
the  former  of  which  belongs  to  another  family,  called  PHAR- 
BITIS  (which  see) ;  and  the  hardy  annual  species,  of  which 
C.  tricolor,  and  its  white  and  dark-blue  varieties  are  the  best, 
should  be  sown  in  pots  in  April  for  early  bloom,  and  again 
in  May,  in  the  open  borders,  for  a  succession.  C,  tricolor  is 
a  fine  border  plant,  and,  where  the  beds  are  large,  it  is  a 
good  flower  for  masses ;  for,  though  a  little  straggling,  it  is 


1 1>8  .  GARDEN    FLOWERS. 

not  -more  so  than  can  be  controlled.  C.  Scatnmonia,  among 
the  hardy  perennial  kinds,  is  a  very  pretty  twiner,  and,  like 
the  rest,  is  best  increased  by  seeds,  and  need  only  be  planted 
in  a  dry,  well-drained  situation,  in  good  lightish  garden  soil. 
The  half-hardy  kinds  chiefly  need  protection  at  the  root 
against  wet  during  winter.  There  are  some  stove  and 
greenhouse  shrubby  and  climbing  species  which  require  an 
open  compost  of  turfy  peat  and  loam,  and  are  increased  by 
cuttings,  as  the  other  perennial  kinds  may  also  be.  The 
annuals  are  in  all  cases  perpetuated  by  seeds. 

C.  alt/Kzoides  (althaea-like)  ;  half-hardy  trailing  perennial ;  I 
foot;  flowers  pink,  in  June;  Levant;  1759.  C.  Bonariensis 
(Buenos- Ayrean) ;  half-hardy  twiner  ;  3  feet ;  flowers  white,  in 
July;  Chili;  1817.  C.  cneorum  (silver-leaved);  greenhouse  ever- 
green shrub  ;  2  feet ;  flowers  blush,  in  June  ;  Levant ;  1640.  C. 
farinosus  (mealy) ;  greenhouse  evergreen  twiner ;  6  feet ;  flowers 
pink,  in  May  ;  Madeira  ;  1777.  C.  Italicus  (Italian);  half-hardy 
twiner  ;  3  feet ;  flowers  rose-colored,  in  May  ;  south  of  Europe  ; 
1844.  C.  lineatus  (lined);  hardy  perennial;  6  inches ;  flowers 
purplish,  in  June;  south  of  Europe;  1770.  C.  Scammonia 
(scammony) ;  hardy  climbing  perennial ;  6  feet ;  flowers  creamy- 
white,  in  July  ;  Levant ;  1726.  C.  tricolor  (three-colored) ;  hardy 
annual ;  2  feet ;  flowers  blue,  white,  and  yellow,  in  June  ;  south 
of  Europe ;  1629. 

There  are  numerous  other  half-hardy  greenhouse  and 
stove  species. 

CORAL-TREE.     See  ERYTHRINA. 

COPTIS.  [Rahunculaceae.]  Hardy  herbaceous  perennial, 
commonly  called  Gold-thread  from  the  color  of  the  roots. 
In  moist  peaty  soil,  it  will  carpet  the  ground  with  glossy 
foliage  enlivened  with  starry  white  flowers.  Propagated  by 
seeds  and  division. 

C.  trifolia  (three-leaved) ;  hardy  evergreen  perennial ;  4 
inches  ;  flowers  white,  in  May  ;  North  America  ;  1782. 


GARDEN    FLOWERS.  119 

CORBULARIA.  Hoop  Petticoat  Narcissus.  [Amaryllidaceae.] 
Hardy  bulbs,  separated  from  Narcissus.  Garden  soil.  In- 
creased by  offsetts. 

C.  bulbocodium :  hardy  bulb  ;  6  inches  ;  flowers  yellow,  in 
May  ;  south  of  Europe  ;  1629.  C.  conspicua  (showy) ;  hardy 
bulb  ;  6  inches  ;  flowers  yellow,  in  May.  C.  lobulata  (lobed) ; 
hardy  bulb  ;  6  inches  ;  flowers  yellow,  in  May.  C.  tenuifolia 
(slender-leaved) ;  hardy  bulb  ;  6  inches ;  flowers  yellow,  in  May ; 
Spain ;  1760. 

COREOPSIS.  [Composite.]  A  genus  of  showy  perennials 
(for  the  annuals  see  Calliopsis),  propagated  by  division,  and 
thriving  in  garden  soil.  All  the  species  we  describe  have 
yellow  flowers  in  July  and  August. 

C.  angustifolia  (narrow-leaved) ;  2  feet ;  North  America ; 
1778.  C.  arguta  (sharp);  2  feet;  Carolina;  1786.  C.  aurea 
(golden) ;  3  feet ;  North  America  ;  1785.  C.grandiflora  (large- 
flowered)  ;  3  feet ;  North  America  ;  1826.  C.  lanceolata  (lance- 
leaved)  ;  3  feet;  Carolina  ;  1724.  C.  tenuifolia  (slender-leaved) ;, 
2  feet;  North  America;  1780.  C.  tripteris  (three-winged) ;  5 
feet;  North  America;  1737.  C.  verticillata  (whorl-leaved);  3 
feet;  North  America;  1759. 

There  are  many  other  species. 

CORN-FLAG.     See  GLADIOLUS. 

CORNELIAN  CHERRY.     See  CORNUS. 

CORNUS.  [Cornaceae.]  Hardy  deciduous  trees,  shrubs,, 
and  perennials.  Propagated  by  seeds,  cuttings,  layers,  and 
division  of  the  root.  C.florida  is  a  very  beautiful  ornamen- 
tal tree.  C.  mascula  is  the  Cornelian  cherry.  All  require  a 
rich  loamy  soil. 

C.  alba  (white-berried) ;  10  feet ;  flowers  white,  in  July ;  Si- 
beria ;  1 741 .  C.  alba  Rossica  (Russian) ;  8  feet ;  flowers  white,  in 
July ;  Siberia ;  1820.  C.  alba  Siberica  (Siberian) ;  10  feet ;  flowers 
white,  in  August;  Siberia;  1824.  C.  alternifolia  (alternate- 
leaved)  ;  15  feet ;  flowers  white,  in  July  ;  North  America  ,-  1760. 


I2O  GARDEN    FLOWERS. 

C.  Canadensis  (Canadian) ;  herbaceous  perennial ;  i  foot ;  flow- 
ers white,  in  June ;  Canada  ;  1774.  C.  circinata  (round-leaved) ; 
6  feet ;  flowers  white,  in  July  ;  North  America  ;  1784.  C.florida 
(flowery);  15  feet;  flowers  white,  in  May;  North  America; 
1731.  C.  macrophylla  (large-leaved);  flowers  white,  in  July; 
Nepaul ;  1827.  C.  mascula  (male  cornel) ;  15  feet ;  flowers  yel- 
low, in  April ;  Austria ;  1596.  C.  masctda  variegata  (variegated); 
8  feet ;  flowers  yellow,  in  June  ;  Austria  ;  1596.  There  are  other 
varieties  of  C.  mascula,  which  differ  only  in  the  color  of  the 
fruit.  C.  oblonga  (oblong) ;  1 5  feet ;  flowers  purple  ;  Nepaul ; 
1818.  C.  paniculata  (panicled) ;  6  feet ;  flowers  white,  in  June  ; 
North  America  ;  1758.  C.  sanguined  (bloody) ;  8  feet ;  flowers 
white,  in  June  ;  Britain.  C.  sanguined  variegata  (variegated) ; 
8  feet ;  flowers  white,  in  June  ;  Britain.  C.  sanguined  foliis 
variegatis  (variegated-leaved) ;  10  feet ;  flowers  white,  in  June  ; 
Britain.  C.  sericea  (silky);  5  feet;  flowers  white,  in  August; 
North  America;  1683.  C.  sericea  asperifolia  (rough-leaved); 
8  feet ;  flowers  white  ;  Carolina.  C.  sericea  (fblongifolia  (oblong- 
leaved)  ;  8  feet ;  flowers  white,  in  August.  C.  Sibirica  (Sibe- 
rian) ;  8  feet ;  flowers  white,  in  July  ;  Siberia  ;  1824.  C.  stricta 
(erect) ;  10  feet ;  flowers  white,  in  June ;  North  America  ;  1758. 
C.  \stricta  asperifolia  (rough-leaved) ;  10  feet ;  flowers  white. 
C.  stricta  sempervirens  (sub-evergreen) ;  10  feet ;  flowers  white, 
in  June.  C.  stricta  variegata  (variegated);  10  feet;  flowers 
white,  in  June  ;  North  America;  1758.  C.  Stiecica  (Swedish) ; 
herbaceous  perennial ;  i  foot ;  flowers  white,  in  May  ;  Britain. 

CORONILLA.  [Leguminoseae.]  Shrubs  and  herbaceous 
perennials,  of  easy  culture.  Propagated  by  seed  and  divis- 
ion. There  are  many  greenhouse  species. 

C.  Cappadocica  (Cappadocian) ;  I  foot ;  flowers  white,  in  July ; 
Cappadocia  ;  1800.  C.  emerus  (scorpion-senna) ;  shrub  ;  3 
feet ;  flowers  yellow  and  red,  in  May ;  France  ;  1 596.  C.  varia 
(various) ;  I  foot ;  flowers  pink,  in  July  ;  Europe  ;  1 597.  C.  glo- 
bosa,  Iberica  and  squamata  are  other  species. 

CORTUSA.     Beards-ear  Sanicle.     [Primulaceae.]     A  pretty 


GARDEN   FLOWERS.  121 

dwarf  herbaceous  perennial,  suitable  to  be  grown  on  rock- 
work,  or  among  alpine  plants.  Loam  and  peat.  Propa- 
gated by  division.  Should  have  frame  protection  in  winter. 

C.  Matthiola  (Matthioli's) ;  6  inches ;  flowers  red,  in  May ; 
Austria  ;  1596. 

CORYDALIS.  [Fumariaceae.]  Pretty,  hardy  plants,  of  easy 
culture,  in  common  soil.  The  annuals  and  biennials,  which 
are  the  least  important,  may  be  sown  in  the  borders  in  April 
and  June.  The  perennials  are  increased  by  division. 

C.  aurea  (golden) ;  hardy  biennial ;  6  inches  ;  flowers  golden- 
yellow,  in  May  ;  North  America.  C.  bidbosa  (bulbous) ;  hardy 
tuberous  perennial ;  6  inches  ;  flowers  purplish,  in  May  ;  Eng- 
land. C.flavula  (yellowish) ;  hardy  perennial ;  i  foot ;  flowers 
yellow,  in  June;  Russia;  1838.  C.  long/flora  (long-flowered) ; 
hardy  tuberous  perennial  ;  9  inches  ;  flowers  pale  rose,  in  May ; 
Altai ;  1832.  C.  lutea  (yellow) ;  hardy  perennial ;  i  foot ;  flowers 
yellow,  in  May  ;  England.  C.  Marshalliana  (Marshall's) ;  hardy 
tuberous  perennial ;  6  inches  ;  flowers  purple,  in  May  ;  Tauria  ; 
1 824.  C.  nobilis  (noble) ;  hardy  tuberous  perennial ;  i  foot ; 
flowers  pale  yellow,  in  May ;  Siberia  ;  1 783.  C.  pceonifolia 
(peony-leaved) ;  hardy  perennial ;  i  foot ;  flowers  purple,  in 
May;  Siberia;  1820.  C.  Siberica  (Siberian);  hardy  perennial ; 
6  inches  ;  flowers  yellow,  in  July  ;  Siberia  ;  1810. 

CORYLUS.  [Corylaceae.]  The  Hazel-nuts,  or  Filberts, 
are  mostly  cultivated  for  fruit,  and  seldom  for  ornament, 
except  the  purple  foliaged  variety.  They  are  all  of  easy 
culture  in  garden  soil.  Propagated  by  seeds,  division,  and 
layers. 

COSMANTHUS.  [Hydrophyllaceae.]  Pretty  hardy  an- 
nuals. Rich  garden  soil.  Increased  by  seeds. 

C.  fimbriatus  (fringed) ;  hardy  annual ;  i  foot ;  flowers  white 
and  lilac,  in  June  ;  North  America;  1838. 

COSMEA.  [Composite.]  Pretty  half-hardy  annuals  and 
perennials.  Rich  garden  soil.  The  annuals  increased  by 


122  GARDEN   FLOWERS. 

seeds,  which  should  be  sown  in  gentle  heat  in  spring,  and 
the  young  plant  turned  out  in  May ;  the  perennials,  by  root 
division.  Also  called  Cosmos. 

C.  bipinnata  (bi-pinnate) ;  half-hardy  annual ;  3  feet ;  flowers 
purple,  in  July  ;  Mexico  ;  1799.  C.  diversifolia  (various-leaved) ; 
half-hardy  tuberous  perennial ;  3  feet ;  flowers  lilac,  in  Septem- 
ber ;  Mexico;  1835.  C.  httea  (yellow) ;  half-hardy  annual  ;  2 
feet;  flowers  yellow,  in  September ;'  Mexico  ;  1811.  C.  scabio- 
soides  (scabious-like) ;  half-hardy  tuberous  perennial ;  4  feet ; 
flowers  scarlet,  in  September;  Mexico;  1836.  C.  siilphurea 
(sulphur);  half-hardy  annual;  2  feet ;  flowers  yellow,  in  July; 
Mexico;  1799.  C.  tenuifolia  (slender-leaved);  half-hardy  an- 
nual ;  2  feet ;  flowers  red,  in  September ;  Mexico  ;  1836. 

COTONEAST^ER.  [Pomaceae.]  Hardy  trees  and  shrubs  of 
an  ornamental  character.  Common  soil.  Increased  by 
layers  and  seeds.  Most  of  the  species  require  protection  in 
the  Northern  States.  The  evergreens  are  very  ornamental 
in  leaf  and  berry. 

C.  acuminata  (pointed-leaved) ;  4  feet ;  flowers  pink,  in  May  ; 
Nepaul ;  1820.  C.  affinis  (similar);  4  feet;  flowers  pink,  in 
May;  Nepaul;  1820.  C.  bacillaris  (rod) ;  Nepaul;  1841.  C. 
buxifolia  (box-leaved) ;  3  feet ;  flowers  white,  in  May  ;  Nepaul ; 
1824.  C.  buxifolia  marginata  (white-margined) ;  3  feet ;  flowers 
white,  in  May  ;  Sahrunpore  ;  1838.  C.  denticulata  (fine-toothed- 
leaved) ;  6  feet ;  flowers  white  ;  Mexico  ;  1826.  C.  emarginata 
(bordered) ;  flowers  white,  in  May  ;  Nepaul.  C.  frigida  (cold) ; 
xofeet;  flowers  white  and  green,  in  May;  Nepaul;  1824.  C. 
laxiflora  (loose-flowered);  4  feet ;  flowers  pink,  in  May  ;  1826. 
C.  laxiflora  uniflora  (one-flowered) ;  3  feet ;  flowers  white,  in 
May  ;  Nepaul.  C.  microphylla  (small-leaved) ;  4  feet ;  flowers 
white,  in  May  ;  Nepaul;  1825.  C.  multiflora  (many-flowered) ; 
4  feet;  flowers  white,  in  May;  Altai;  1837.  C.  nummularia. 
(moneywort-leaved) ;  10  feet ;  flowers  white  and  green,  in  May  ; 
Nepaul;  1824.  C.  rotundifolia  (round-leaved) ;  3  feet;  flowers 
white,  in  May  ;  Nepaul ;  1820.  C.  Roy  lei  (Dr.  Royle's) ;  flowers 


GARDEN    FLOWERS.  123 

white  ;  North  India ;  1845.  C-  tomentosa  (woolly) ;  4  feet ;  flow- 
ers pink,  in  May ;  1759.  C.  -vulgaris  (common) ;  4  feet ;  flowers 
pink,  in  May  ;  Europe  ;  1656.  C.  vulgaris  depressa  (depressed) ; 
flowers  white,  in  May  ;  Europe.  C.  vttlgaris  erythrocarpa  (red- 
fruited)  ;  4  feet ;  flowers  white,  in  May  ;  Europe.  C.  vulgaris 
melanocarpa  (black-fruited) ;  8  feet ;  flowers  white,  in  May ; 
Europe. 

COTTON  GRASS.     See  ERIOPHORUM. 

COUSINEA.  [Composite.]  A  family  of  not  very  orna- 
mental hardy  plants.  The  annuals  increased  by  seed,  the 
perennials  by  division.  Common  soil.  The  species  are 
C.  carduiformis,  cynaroides,  Hohenakeri,  hystrix,  macrocephala, 
tenella,  and  Volgensis. 

Cow  PARSNIP.     See  HERACLEUM. 

COWSLIP.     See  PRIMULA. 

CRANE'S  BILL.     See  GERANIUM. 

CRAT^EGUS.  Hawthorn.  [Pomaceae.]  The  most  orna- 
mental genus  of  the  smaller  trees.  It  is  a  very  extensive 
family.  The  majority  grow  from  twelve  to  twenty  feet  high, 
forming  small  trees  of  considerable  diversity  of  habit.  The 
flowers  are  for  the  most  part  white,  in  bunches,  so  familiar 
in  the  common  Hawthorn ;  but  there  are  some  with  pink 
blossoms.  .  The  trees  are,  however,  no  less  valuable  on 
account  of  their  flowers  than  their  fruit,  which  is  very  orna- 
mental in  the  autumn  ;  the  flowers  being  developed  in  the 
spring,  or  between  May  and  June.  The  thorns  all  grow 
freely  in  good  garden  soil,  preferring  that  of  a  loamy  tex- 
ture. They  are,  in  ordinary  cases,  better  known  as  small 
standards,  or  trees,  than  as  bushes.  Tt  is  usual  to  graft  all 
the  kinds  upon  stocks  of  the  common  Hawthorn  :  an  upright 
leading  shoot  is  then  trained  up  to  a  sufficient  height  for  the 
stem,  which  may  be  four  or  six  feet  high,  when  they  are 
pruned  to  form  the  head.  The  common  kind  for  stocks,  or 
for  the  purpose  of  forming  hedges,  —  for  which  it  is  one  of 


124  GARDEN   FLOWERS. 

the  best  of  deciduous  subjects,  —  is  raised  from  the  seeds  or 
haws,  sown  broadcast  in  beds,  and  transplanted  when  a 
year  old  into  nursery-beds!  Fences  are  best  planted  with 
two-year-old  plants.  The  stocks  for  grafting  should  be  four 
years  old  ;  and,  if  they  are  not  placed  where  the  trees  are  to 
remain,  they  should  have  been  transplanted  annually  previ- 
ously to  grafting  them. 

The  species  are  all  desirable;  but  the  following  are  se- 
lected in  regard  to  their  different  qualities  and  properties  :  — 

FOR  FLOWERS.  —  C.  cordata;  flowers  white,  in  large  corymbs. 
C.  Mexicana;  flowers  white,  succeeded  by  large  yellowish  apple- 
like  fruit.  C.  Oxyacanthaflore-plenoj  with  double  white  flowers. 
C.  Oxyacantha  pracox  ;  the  Glastonbury  thorn  ;  white,  the  ear- 
liest of  all,  blooming  in  early  May.  C.  Oxyacantha  puniceaj 
with  crimson  flowers.  C.  Oxyacantha  rosea  flore-pleno ;  with 
double  crimson  flowers. 

FOR  FRUIT.  —  C.  Aronia;  fruit  yellow.  C.  Azarolus ;  fruit 
scarlet.  C.  coccineaj  fruit  scarlet.  C.  Douglasii;  fruit  dark 
purple.  C.  Mexicanus;  fruit  pale  yellowish-green.  C.  Orien- 
talisj  fruit  coral-colored.  C.  Oxyacantha  melanocarpa;  fruit 
black.  C.  tanacetifolia  Leeanaj  fruit  yellow. 

FOR  HABIT  OF  GROWTH.  —  C.  Crusgalli;  spreading.  C.glan- 
dulosa;  compact.  C.  Oxycantha  pendulaj  drooping.  C.  pur- 
pureaj  upright,  rigid.  C.  Oxyacantha  strictaj  fastigiate. 

C.  Crusgalli  pyracanthifolia  is  a  remarkable  grotesque 
little  tree,  like  a  miniature  cedar  of  Lebanon.  C.  pyracan- 
tha  is  an  evergreen  trailing  species,  with  bunches  of  fiery 
berries  in  winter.  It  is  one  of  the  best  of  plants  for  train- 
ing against  a  wall  or  building. 

CRAWFORDIA.  [Gentianaceae.]  Beautiful  half-hardy  per- 
ennial twiner,  thriving  in  loamy  peat.  Increased  by  cut- 
tings or  division. 

C.  fasciculata  (fascicled) ;  4  feet ;  flowers  blue,  in  August ; 
Himalaya;  1855. 


GARDEN    FLOWERS.  125 

CREPIS.     See  TOLPIS. 

CRISTARIA.  [Malvaceae.]  Hardy  herbaceous  perennial, 
thriving  in  peat,  and  increased  by  division. 

C.  coccinea  (scarlet) ;  hardy  perennial ;  6  inches  ;  flowers  scar- 
let, in  August ;  Missouri ;  1811. 

CROCUS.  Beautiful  dwarf  hardy  bulbs,  with  grassy  leaves 
and  showy  flowers,  of  easiest  culture  in  common  garden 
soil.  The  bulbs  should  be  planted  in  October  or  Novem- 
ber, about  two  inches  deep,  in  clumps,  or  rows.  They 
should  not  be  planted  singly,  as  they  are  far  more  effective 
if  put  in  groups  of  six,  twelve,  or  even  more,  the  groups 
being  proportionately  distant.  There  is  another  race  of  Cro- 
cuses, the  autumn-bloomers,  comprising  some  very. splendid 
species,  which  bloom  in  the  end  of  October  and  through 
November,  and  are  equally  useful,  as  ornaments,  with  the 
spring  Crocuses,  in  consequence  of  blooming  when  other 
flowers  are  out  of  bloom.  Many  of  these,  however,  are  very 
scarce.  They  should  be  planted  in  June  and  July,  and  in 
other  respects  require  precisely  the  same  treatment  as  the 
others. 

C.  argenteus  (silvery) ;  hardy  bulb  ;  4  inches  ;  flowers  white 
and  brown,  in  April;  Pisa;  1842.  C.  Asturicits  (Asturian) ; 
hardy  bulb  ;  4  inches  ;  flowers  purple,  in  October  ;  Asturia ; 
1842.  C.  aureus  (golden) ;  hardy  bulb  ;  4  inches  ;  flowers  yellow, 
in  April ;  Greece.  C.  biflorus  (two-flowered) ;  hardy  bulb  ;  6 
inches  ;  flowers  white  and  purple,  in  spring  ;  Crimea  ;  1629.  C. 
Boryanus  (Bory's) ;  hardy  bulb  ;  6  inches  ;  flowers  white,  in 
autumn;  Greek  Islands;  1842.  C,  Cartivrightianus  (Cart- 
wright's)  ;  hardy  bulb  ;  6  inches  ;  flowers  white  and  purple,  in 
autumn  ;  Crete  ;  1842.  C.  Caucasicus  (Caucasian) ;  hardy  bulb  ; 
4  inches  ;  flowers  purple,  in  September  ;  Caucasus.  -  C.  chrysan- 
thus  (golden-flowered) ;  hardy  bulb  ;  4  inches  ;  flowers  golden,  in 
April.  C.  Imperatorius  (Imperato's) ;  hardy  bulb  ;  4  inches  ; 
flowers  lilac,  in  April ;  Naples  ;  1830.  C.  lutcus  (common  yel- 
low) ;  hardy  bulb  ;  4  inches  ;  flowers  yellow,  in  April ;  Turkey ; 


126  GARDEN    FLOWERS. 

1629.  C.  Masiacus  (Massian) ;  hardy  bulb  ;  6  inches  ;  flowers 
orange  or  saffron,  in  spring  ;  Greece  ;  1629.  C.  medius  (inter- 
mediate) ;  hardy  bulb  ;  6  inches  ;  flowers  violet,  in  autumn  ; 
Liguria ;  1842.  C.  nivalis  (snowy);  hardy  bulb;  4  inches; 
flowers  white,  in  May;  Morea.  C.  odorus  (sweet-scented); 
hardy  bulb  ;  6  inches  ;  flowers  lilac  and  gold,  in  autumn  ;  Na- 
ples ;  1830.  C.  Pallasianus  (Pallas') ;  hardy  bulb  ;  4  inches  ; 
flowers  lilac,  in  October  ;  Crimea  ;  1821.  C.  pulchellus  (neat) ; 
hardy  bulb  ;  6  inches ;  flowers  pale-bluish,  pearl-colored,  in  au- 
tumn ;  Mount  Atlas  ;  1843.  C.  Pyrenceus  (Pyrenaean) ;  hardy 
bulb  ;  4  inches  ;  flowers  purple,  in  September ;  England.  C. 
sativus  (saffron) ;  hardy  bulb;  4  inches  ;  flowers  violet,  in  Sep- 
tember ;  England.  C.  serotinus  (late) ;  hardy  bulb  ;  4  inches  ; 
flowers  violet,  in  October  ;  south  of  Europe  ;  1629,  C.  speciosus 
(showy) ;  hardy  bulb  ;  6  inches ;  flowers  blue,  in  autumn  ;  Eng- 
land. C.  Susianus  (Susian) ;  hardy  bulb ;  6  inches  ;  flowers 
deep  yellow,  in  spring  ;  Turkey,  1605.  C.  Thomasianus 
(Thomas's) ;  hardy  bulb  ;  4  inches  ;  flowers  blue,  in  September  ; 
Naples;  1830.  C.  -vallecola  (valley);  hardy  bulb;  4  inches; 
flowers  white,  in  October ;  Trebizond  Alps  ;  1842.  C.  versicolor 
(many-colored)  ;  hardy  bulb  ;  6  inches  ;  flowers  white  and  blue, 
in  spring;  south  of  Europe  ;  1629. 

There  are  numerous  other  species  and  varieties,  all  plants 
of  much  beauty  and  interest.  The  following  are  good 
named  varieties.  WHITE.  —  Caroline  Chisholm,  Ecossais, 
Grootvorst,  Countess  de  Morny,  Queen  Victoria.  BLUE. — Al- 
bion, Argus,  David  Rizzio,  Grande  Vidette,  Grand  Lilas, 
Lilaccus,  Vulcan,  Walter  Scott.  YELLOW.  —  Grande  jaune, 
Drap  d'or,  Scotch. 

CROSSWORT.     See  CRUCIANELLA. 

CROWFOOT.     See  RANUNCULUS. 

CRUCIANELLA.  [Galiaceae.]  Hardy  annuals  and  peren- 
nials, with  a  few  stove  species.  The  annuals  are  of  no 
floricultural  importance.  C.  stylosa  is  a  pretty  trailing  spe- 
cies, desirable  for  rock-work,  growing  in  garden  soil,  and 
propagated  by  cuttings  or  division. 


GARDEN   FLOWERS.  12? 

C.  stylosa  (long-styled) ;  hardy  perennial ;  I  foot ;  flowers  pink, 
in  July  ;  Persia  ;  1836.  C.  suaveolens  (sweet) ;  hardy  perennial : 
I  foot ;  flowers  yellow,  in  July  ;  Russia  ;  1838. 

CRYPTOMERIA.  Japan  Cedar.  [Pinaceae.]  A  very  orna- 
mental evergreen  tree,  thriving  best  in  pure  and  rather  sandy 
loam,  but  not  hardy  in  the  Northern  States,  though  occasion- 
ally surviving  the  winter.  Propagated  by  seeds  and  cuttings. 

C,  Japonica  (Japan) ;  half-hardy  evergreen  ;  100  feet ;  Japan; 
1844.  There  is  a  dwarf  variety. 

CUCUMIS.  Cucumber.  [Cucurbitacese.]  Half-hardy  trail- 
ing annuals,  requiring  a  warm  exposure  and  rich  soil.  A 
few  species  are  grown  for  their  ornamental  fruit. 

C.  flexuosus  (snake);  flowers  yellow;  fruit  in  autumn;  East 
Indies;  1597.  Some  of  the  other  species  are  C.  dipsaceus, 
melochito,  and  perennis. 

CUCURBITA.  Gourds.  [Cucurbitaceae.]  Half-hardy  trail- 
ing annuals,  requiring  the  same  treatment  as  Cucumis.  C. 
digitata,  leucantha,  Angora,  melopcto  variegata,  maxima,  sipho, 
are  desirable. 

CUNILA.  [Lamiaceae.]  Hardy  herbaceous  perennials. 
Peat  and  loam.  Propagated  by  division. 

C.  coccinea  (scarlet) ;  hardy  perennial ;  18  inches  ;  flowers 
scarlet,  in  September;  North  America;  1823.  C.  Mariana 
(Maryland) ;  hardy  perennial ;  I  foot ;  flowers  red,  in  Septem- 
ber ;  North  America  ;  1759. 

CUPHEA.  [Lythracese.]  Pretty  shrubby  or  herbaceous 
perennials  and  procumbent  annuals,  comprising  both  ten- 
der and  hardy  species.  The  hardy  annual  kinds  should  be 
sown  along  with  the  annuals  in  April  on  a  slight  hot-bed,  or 
in  frames,  for  the  earliest  bloom,  and  again  in  May  in  the 
open  borders.  They  prefer  a  rich  light  soil.  The  green- 
house and  tender  species  grow  in  a  mixture  of  two  parts 
leaf-mould  to  one  of  loam,  with  a  sixth  of  sand  added  ;  and 


128  GARDEN   FLOWERS. 

are  increased  by  cuttings  in  sand,  in  a  brisk  hot-bed,  during 
the  spring  or  summer.  C.  ignea,  better  known  as  platycentra, 
an  almost  ever-blooming  shrubby  species,  with  bright  scarlet 
tubes,  just  tipped  with  a  ring  of  black  and  white,  is  well 
suited  for  the  flower-garden  during  summer.  It  scarcely 
grows  more  than  a  foot  high  in  the  course  of  a  season  :  but 
the  larger  the  plants,  the  better  they  look ;  so  that  the 
old  plants  should  be  preserved. 

C.  ignea  (fiery) ;  greenhouse  sub-shrub  ;  18  inches  ;  flowers 
scarlet  and  black,  all  the  year  ;  Mexico  ;  1845.  C.  Melvillii 
(Melville's) ;  stove  sub-shrub ;  3  feet ;  flowers  scarlet  and 
green,  in  July  ;  Guinea  ;  1823.  C.  miniata  (vermilion) ;  green- 
house sub-shrub  ;  18  inches  ;  flowers  scarlet  and  purple,  in 
June;  South  America;  1845.  C.  procumbens  (procumbent)  ; 
hardy  annual ;  i  foot ;  flowers  pale-purple,  in  July  ;  Mexico  ; 
1816.  C.  silenoides  (silene-like) ;  hardy  annual;  18  inches; 
flowers  lilac-edged  purple,  in  July  ;  Mexico  ;  1836.  C.  strigil- 
losa  (coarse-haired) ;  greenhouse  sub-shrub  ;  1 8  inches;  flowers 
red  and  yellow,  in  June  ;  Mexico  ;  1844.  C.  viscosissinia  (clam- 
miest) ;  hardy  annual ;  18  inches  ;  flowers  pale-purple,  in  July  ; 
America  ;  1776. 

C.  eminent  is  of  no  value  as  a  bedding  plant. 

CUPRESSUS.  Cypress.  [Pinaceas.]  Handsome  evergreen 
shrub-like  trees,  mostly  of  pyramidal  growth.  They  are 
mostly  large  trees  when  full  grown,  but,  being  erect-growing, 
may  be  kept  for  many  years  in  a  moderate  space.  Good 
loamy  soil  is  best  for  them  ;  and  they  are  best  increased  by 
seeds,  but  sometimes  by  cuttings  and  by  grafting. 

ORNAMENTAL  EVERGREENS. —  C.  sempervirens  (common  ev- 
ergreen) ;  C.  Lusitanica  (cedar  of  Goa) ;  C.  torulosa  (Bhotan 
cypress) ;  C.  thurifera  (frankincense-bearing) ;  C.  funebris  (fu- 
nebral) ;  C.  Goveniana  (Gowen's) ;  C.  macrocarpa  (large- 
fruited)  ;  C.  Udheana  (Udhe's). 

Most  of  the  species  are  tender  in  the  Northern  States. 


GARDEN   FLOWERS.  1 29 

CURRANT.     See  RIBES. 

CYAXANTHUS.  [Polemoniaceae.]  Pretty  little  hardy  her- 
baceous plants,  requiring  sandy  soil.  Increased  by  division 
and  cuttings,  which  must  be  rooted  under  a  bell-glass. 

C.  lobatus  (lobed) ;  hardy  perennial ;  10  inches  ;  flowers  pur- 
ple or  blue,  in  August ;  Chinese  Tartary  ;  1844. 

CYDONIA.  Quince.  [Pomaceae.]  A  genus  of  trees  and 
shrubs,  including  C.  Japonica,  once  known  as  Pyrus  Japon- 
ica,  which  is  one  of  the  most  brilliant  of  deciduous  flowering 
shrubs,  blooming  in  early  spring.  The  large  scarlet  flowers 
grow  in  clusters  on  the  branches,  and  are  very  conspicuous. 
It  is  a  free-growing  plant,  and  does  well  trained  against  a 
wall  as  a  shrub,  or  as  a  hedge-plant.  There  are  varieties, 
with  pink,  citron-yellow,  cream-colored,  dark-red,  and  semi- 
double  flowers,  some  of  which  are  very  fine.  The  fruit  is 
very  fragrant.  Propagated  by  root-cutting,  seeds,  division, 
and  layers. 

C.  Japonica  (Japan) ;  hardy  shrub  ;  6  feet ;  flowers  scarlet,  in 
May;  Japan;  1815.  C.  sinensis  (Chinese);  hardy  tree;  15 
feet ;  flowers  pink,  in  May  ;  China  ;  1816. 

CYNANCHUM.  [Asclepiadaceae.]  Mostly  hardy  herba- 
ceous perennials,  not  very  showy,  growing  in  common  soil, 
and  propagated  by  division.  The  species  are  C.  acutum, 
eirrhosum,  cxcelsum,  luteum,  medium,  melanthus,  nigrum,  ro- 
seum,  villosum,  and  others. 

CYNARA.  Artichoke.  [Composite.]  Large  plants  with 
ornamental  foliage,  suitable  for  large  borders.  Common  soil. 
Increased  by  division. 

C.  cardunculus  (cardoon) ;  5  feet ;  flowers  blue,  in  August ; 
Candia;  1658.  C.ferox  (fierce) ;  5  feet ;  flowers  blue,  in  July; 
Italy  ;  1820.  C.  glomerata  (clustered) ;  half-hardy  ;  3  inches  ; 
flowers  blue,  in  August ;  Cape  of  Good  Hope;  1824.  C.  hor- 
rida  (horrid) ;  greenhouse  ;  6  feet ;  flowers  purple,  in  August ; 
9 


I3O  GARDEN   FLOWERS. 

Madeira  ;  1 768.  C.  integrifolia  (whole-leaved) ;  4  feet ;  flowers 
blue,  in  July  ;  Spain.  C.  pygmcea  (pigmy) ;  I  foot ;  flowers  pur- 
ple, in  July  ;  Spain  ;  1820.  C.  Scolymus  (common);  Artichoke; 
8  feet ;  flowers  purple,  in  August ;  south  of  Europe  ;  1 548.  C. 
spinosissima  (most  spiny) ;  4  feet ;  flowers  blue,  in  July ;  Sicily  ; 
1826. 

CYNOGLOSSUM.  Hound's  Tongue.  [Boraginaceae.]  A  large 
genus  of  hardy  annuals,  biennials,  and  perennials,  generally 
coarse-growing,  and  not  desirable.  C.  canescens,  diffiisum, 
hirsutum,  and  lanceolatum,  are  annuals  ;  C.  amplexicaule,  an- 
chusoides,  Australe,  grandiflorum,  longiflorum,  Magellense,  to- 
mentosum,  and  Virginicum,  are  perennials;  and  there  are 
about  twenty  biennial  species. 

CYPRESS.     See  CUPRESSUS. 

CYPRESS  VINE.     See  QUAMOCLIT. 

CYPRIPEDIUM.  Lady's- Slipper.  [Orchidaceae.]  Beautiful 
herbaceous  perennials,  comprising  about  a  dozen  hardy  and 
some  two  dozen  stove  species.  The  latter  are  easily  culti- 
vated in  a  moist  heated  atmosphere,  such  as  the  Orchicl- 
eous  family  generally  require,  and  may  be  potted  in  rough 
turfy  peat.  They  must  not  be  over-watered  at  the  root,  nor 
should  cold  water  be  poured  about  their  roots  or  hearts  at 
any  time.  They  increase  by  division.  The  hardy  ones  are 
more  difficult  to  cultivate,  and  can  only  be  well  managed  in 
a  cold,  shady  situation,  in  a  bed  of  peat  earth.  They  may  be 
kept  in  pots  of  peat  soil,  and  set  into  a  frame.  Whether 
grown  in  pots,  or  planted  out,  they  do  not  at  all  like  to  be 
disturbed,  and  should  therefore  be  replanted  or  repotted  as 
seldom  as  possible.  It  is  a  remarkable  as  well  as  beautiful 
family,  and  is  worth  any  trouble  to  secure  its  successful  cul- 
tivation. 

C.  album  (white) ;  hardy  perennial  ;  I  foot ;  flowers  white,  in 
May ;  North  America ;  1800.  C.  arietinum  (ram's-head)  ; 
hardy  perennial ;  6  inches  ;  flowers  white  and  green,  in  May ; 


GARDEN    FLOWERS.  131 

North  America;  1808.  C.  barbatum  (bearded);  stove  peren- 
nial ;  I  foot ;  flowers  purple  and  green,  in  July  ;  Mount  Ophir  ; 
1838.  C.  calceolus  (common  slipper) ;  hardy  perennial ;  I  foot ; 
flowers  yellow  and  brown,  in  May  ;  England.  C.  candidum 
(white) ;  hardy  perennial ;  i  foot ;  flowers  white,  in  May ;  North 
America  ;  1826.  C.  guttatum  (spotted) ;  hardy  perennial ;  2 
feet ;  flowers  white  and  rose,  in  May;  Siberia  ;  1829.  C.  humile 
or  acaule  (humble) ;  hardy  perennial ;  6  inches  ;  flowers  purple 
and  white,  in  June;  North  America;  1786.  C.  insigne  (strik- 
ing) ;  stove  perennial ;  I  foot ;  flowers  green,  white,  and  purple, 
in  July;  Nepaul ;  1819.  C.  Irapeanum  (Irapean) ;  stove  per- 
ennial ;  1 8  inches  ;  flowers  yellow,  in  June  ;  Mexico  ;  1844. 
C.  Loivii  (Low's) ;  stove  perennial;  18  inches;  flowers  purple 
and  green,  in  May;  Borneo;  1847.  C.pubescens  (pubescent); 
hardy  perennial ;  I  foot ;  flowers  yellow  and  purple,  in  May ; 
North  America ;  1 790.  C.  spectabile  (showy) ;  hardy  perennial ; 
1 8  inches  ;  flowers  purple  and  white,  in  June  ;  North  America  ; 
1731.  C.  ventricosnm  (bellied);  hardy  perennial;  9  inches; 
flowers  purple,  in  May  ;  Siberia  ;  1828.  C.  venustum  (hand- 
some) ;  stove  perennial ;  i  foot ;  flowers  green  and  red,  in  July ; 
Nepaul  ;  1816. 

CYTISUS.  [Leguminosag.]  Elegant,  and,  for  the  most 
part,  showy  shrubs,  and  small  trees.  C.  Laburnum  and  Al- 
pinus  are  well-known  free-flowering  trees,  and,  though  the 
most  familiar  and  common,  are  the  most  beautiful  of  the 
whole  family.  They  may  be  raised  from  seeds,  which  need 
only  be  sown  on  the  common  open  ground  and  raked  in, 
where  they  may  be  thinned  to  proper  distances,  two  or  three 
inches  apart,  and  remain  the  first  season ;  the  next,  they 
may  be  planted  out  in  rows,  a  foot  from  plant  to  plant,  and 
two  feet  from  row  to  row.  As  all  these  trees  are  wanted 
as  standards,  whether  for  their  own  sakes  or  for  stocks  on 
which  to  graft  or  bud  other  varieties,  the  side-shoots,  except 
the  top  two  or  three,  should  be  rubbed  off  while  merely 
buds.  When  they  are  tall  enough,  their  heads  may  be 


132  GARDEN   FLOWERS. 

allowed  to  grow  and  bloom,  because  those  with  the  largest 
and  handsomest  racemes  of  flowers  may  be  saved  for  Labur- 
nums, and  the  others  may  be  worked  with  the  different 
species  of  Cytisus,  some  of  which  are  white,  others  yellow, 
and  many  are  of  different  forms  and  habits ;  but  all  make 
good  standards.  Some  of  them  have  small  racemes  of 
flowers,  others  bloom  all  the  way  along  the  branches  ;  some 
are  pendulous,  others  shrubby  and  upright;  but  all  very 
pretty,  and  worth  growing  in  collection  among  ornamental 
shrubs.  Most  of  the  hardy  kinds  may  be  grown  as  dwarf 
shrubs  in  any  common  soil,  and  are  readily  increased  either 
by  seeds  or  by  layers.  The  greenhouse  species  are  hand- 
some shrubs,  growing  freely  in  peat  and  loam,  and  increased 
by  seeds,  by  grafting,  or  by  cuttings. 

ORNAMENTAL  TREES.  —  C.  Laburnum  (common  Laburnum) ; 
C.  Alpinus  (Scotch  Laburnum) ;  C.  Adami  (purple  Laburnum). 

ORNAMENTAL  SHRUBS.  —  C.  purpureus  (purple) ;  C.  albus 
(Portugal  Broom) ;  C.  nigricans  (black) ;  C.  sessilifolius  (sessile- 
leaved)  ;  C.  patens  (spreading) ;  C.  scoparius  (broom),  and  its 
varieties  ;  C.  nanus  (dwarf) ;  C.  multiflorus  (many  leaved) ;  C. 
spinosus  (spiny). 

There  are  some  thirty  other  species. 

CZACKIA.    See  ANTHERICUM  LILIASTRUM. 


DAHLIA.  [Composite.]  The  florists'  varieties  of  this 
flower  require  good  rich  soil,  and  a  moist,  open  situation. 
In  this  country,  the  plant  is  falling  out  of  favor,  and  is  by  no 
means  as  extensively  grown  as  formerly;  the  attention  of 
florists  being  directed  to  Hollyhocks  and  Gladiolus.  The 
flower,  though  showy,  has  a  set,  rosette  appearance,  and  is  a 
rank-smelling  thing  ;  and  in  a  small  garden  a  hundred  flow- 
ers can  be  found  any  one  of  which  will  well  fill  its  place. 
For  ordinary  gardens,  where  no  great  increase  is  required, 
the  tubers  may  be  placed  in  any  warm  situation  —  a  hot-bed 
for  instance,  or  a  warm  kitchen  or  other  apartment  —  about 
the  month  of  April,  and  in  a  few  days  the  eyes,  or  incipient 
shoot-buds,  will  appear;  then  separate  the  tubers  into  as 
many  pieces  as  are  wanted,  with  at  least  a  sound  eye  and 
tuber  to  each  piece.  These  pieces  may  be  potted,  and  placed 
in  the  greenhouse  or  dwelling-house,  or  in  a  common  frame, 
or  any  place  from  which  frost  can  be  excluded,  and  they 
will  begin  growing.  In  potting,  the  tubers  may  be  freely 
cut  to  lessen  their  size  for  the  convenience  of  using  moder- 
ate sized  pots.  Those  who  want  to  increase  their  stock 
considerably  may  pot  the  whole  tubers,  and  put  them  in  a 
hot-bed,  and  as  fast  as  any  shoots  come  and  have  grown  two 
inches  long,  cut  them  off  at  the  base,  pot  them  singly  in  the 
smallest  sized  pots,  and  put  them  in  the  hot-bed  to  strike. 
Plants  reared  in  either  of  these  ways  may  be  put  in  the  open 
ground  about  the  middle  of  May,  in  the  places  where  they 
are  to  flower.  The  plants  should  be  six  feet  apart,  and  they 

133 


134  GARDEN    FLOWERS. 

must  be  tied  up  as  they  grow,  or  the  wind  will  break  them 
down.  Seeds  may  be  sown  in  April  in  a  hot-bed,  and  the 
young  plants  potted  and  kept  growing  till  the  middle  of  May  ; 
they  may  then  be  planted  in  rows,  two  feet  apart  in  the  row, 
and  three  from  row  to  row.  The  florists'  varieties  have  been 
obtained  by  years  of  crossing  and  seed-saving,  from  D. 
variabilis,  and  are  now  almost  endless  in  variety  of  colour, 
and  vary  in  height  from  three  to  six  feet.  The  other  kinds 
of  Dahlias  are  small  tuberous-rooted  perennials,  requiring  to 
be  protected  in  winter,  and  planted  out  in  summer  in  good 
garden  soil. 

D.  Barkerice  (Miss  Barker's) ;  half-hardy  tuber  ;  2  feet ;  flow- 
ers blush,  in  August ;  Mexico;  1838.  D.  frustranea  (barren- 
rayed)  ;  half-hardy  tuber ;  6  feet ;  flowers  scarlet  or  orange,  in 
September;  Mexico;  1802.  D.  glabrata  (smooth);  half-hardy 
tuber  ;  3  feet ;  flowers  lilac,  in  July  ;  Mexico  ;  1838.  D.  scapigera 
(scape-bearing) ;  half-hardy  tuber  ;  2  feet ;  flowers  lilac,  in  July ; 
Mexico;  1837.  D.  variabilis  (variable);  half-hardy  perennial; 
3  to  6  feet ;  flowers  various,  in  September  ;  Mexico  ;  1789. 

The  florists'  varieties  are  very  numerous,  and  a  selection 
can  be  readily  made  from  any  florist's  catalogue.  The 
pompon  varieties  are  rather  pretty  if  well  pegged  down  in 
abed. 

DAFFODIL.     See  NARCISSUS. 

DAISY.     See  BELLIS. 

DALIBARDA.  [Rosaceae.]  A  pretty,  low-growing  family 
of  plants,  suitable  for  rock-work.  Increased  by  seed  and 
division. 

D.  repens  (creeping) ;  hardy  perennial ;  6  inches  ;  flowers 
white,  all  summer.  North  America. 

DAPHNE.  [Thymelaeas.]  A  genus  of  well-known  plants, 
of  which  only  two,  D.  cneorum  and  mezereon,  are  hardy  in  the 
Northern  States.  They  thrive  in  any  good  garden  soil,  and 


GARDEN   FLOWERS.  135 

are  propagated  by  division,  layers,  or  seeds.     The  latter  re- 
quire two  years  to  vegetate. 

D.  Fortuni  (Fortune's)  ;  hardy  shrub  ;  3  feet ;  flowers  lilac,  in 
April;  China,  1844.  D.  mezereon  (hardy  shrub) ;  2  feet ;  flow- 
ers pink,  in  April ;  England.  Variety  album  has  white  flow- 
ers ;  rubrum  has  red  flowers  ;  autumnale  has  red  flowers,  in 
August.  D.  cneorum  (garland  flower) ;  hardy  evergreen ;  i  foot ; 
flowers  pink,  in  May.  A  variety  has  variegated  foliage. 

DATURA.  [Solanaceae.]  The  greenhouse  species,  usually 
known  as  Brugmansias,  do  well  planted  in  a  rich,  moist, 
sunny  border,  in  summer,  and  ofteji  flower  profusely.  The 
annuals  are  rank-growing  plants,  but  have  showy  flowers. 
They  are  easily  raised  from  seed,  which  should  be  sown  in 
May  in  the  border,  or  in  a  frame  in  April,  and  transplanted. 

D.  bicolor  (two-colored) ;  greenhouse  shrub;  10  feet ;  flowers 
orange  and  red,  in  August;  Peru  ;  1833.  D.  Candida,  (white) ; 
greenhouse  shrub  ;  10  feet ;  flowers  white,  in  August ;  Peru, 
1813.  D.  ceratocaulon  (horn-stemmed);  half-hardy  annual;  2 
feet ;  flowers  white,  in  July  ;  South  America  ;  1805.  D.  cornigera 
(horn-bearing) ;  greenhouse  shrub  ;  10  feet ;  flowers  white,  in 
July;  Brazil;  1846.  D.  fastuosa  (purple);  half-hardy  annual; 
2  feet ;  flowers  purple,  in  July  ;  Egypt ;  1629.  D.  Gardneri 
(Gardner's) ;  greenhouse  shrub  ;  ro  feet ;  flowers  white,  in  July; 
South  America;  1733.  D.  Knightii  (Knight's) ;  greenhouse 
shrub;  lofeet;  flowers  white,  in  August ;  gardens.  D.  lutea 
(yellow) ;  greenhouse  shrub ;  10  feet ;  flowers  yellowish,  in 
August.  D.  Metel  (downy) ;  half-hardy  annual ;  2  feet ;  flowers 
white,  in  July  ;  Asia  ;  1 596.  D.  Stramonium  (Stramonium) ; 
hardy  annual ;  3  feet ;  flowers  white,  in  July  ;  England.  D. 
suaveolens  (sweet-scented) ;  greenhouse  shrub  ;  10  feet ;  flowers 
white,  in  August;  Peru;  1733.  D.  Tatula  (blue);  half-hardy 
annual ;  2  feet ;  flowers  purple^  in  July  ;  North  America  ;  1629. 

DAY  LILY.     See  HEMEROCALLIS. 

DELPHINIUM.     Larkspur.     [Ranunculaceae.]     An  exten- 


136  GARDEN   FLOWERS. 

sive  genus  of  hardy  plants,  chiefly  perennials,  but  containing 
some  annuals  and  biennials.  Mostly  plants  of  considerable 
beauty,  and  favorites  in  gardens.  The  perennials  are  in- 
creased by  dividing  the  roots  in  spring,  and  need  not  be 
disturbed  oftener  than  once  in  three  years,  to  part  the  roots. 
The  double  variety  of  D.  grandiflorum  has  beautiful  flow- 
ers of  an  intense  blue  color.  The  best  of  the  annuals, 
D.  consolida  and  Ajaris,  should  be  sown  where  they  are 
to  bloom,  and  thinned  to  three  or  four  inches  apart.  They 
ought  to  be  grown  in  every  garden,  and  require  only  good 
garden  soil.  The  branching  Larkspur  is  often  hardy  enough 
to  stand  the  winter  if  sown  in  autumn. 

D.  aconiti  (aconite-like)  ;  hardy  annual ;  I  foot ;  flowers  pur- 
plish, in  June  ;  Levant ;  1801.  D.  Ajacis  (rocket)  ;  hardy 
annual  ;  18  inches  ;  flowers  pink,  blue,  or  white,  in  June  ; 
Switzerland,  1573.  D.  anuznum  (pleasing);  hardy  perennial; 
3  feet ;  flowers  light-blue,  in  July  ;  Siberia;  1818.  D.aznreitm 
(azure) ;  hardy  perennial  ;  5  feet ;  flowers  light-blue,  in  July ; 
Carolina;  1805.  D.  Barlowi  (Barlow's);  hardy  perennial;  3 
feet ;  flowers  deep-blue,  double,  in  June  ;  gardens.  D.  cheilan- 
thum  (lip-flowered) ;  hardy  perennial ;  3  feet ;  flowers  dark-blue, 
in  June  ;  Siberia;  1819.  D.  Chinense  (Chinese) ;  hardy  peren- 
nial ;  2  feet ;  flowers  deep-blue,  in  July  ;  Tartary  ;  1818.  D. 
consolida  (branching) ;  hardy  annual ;  2^  feet  ;  flowers  blue, 
pink,  or  white,  in  June  ;  England.  D.  divaricatum  (straggling) ; 
hardy  annual ;  18  inches  ;  flowers  purple,  in  July  ;  Asia  ;  1836. 
D.  grandiflorum  (large-flowered) ;  hardy  perennial  ;  2  feet ; 
flowers  deep-blue,  in  July  ;  Siberia ;  1816.  D.  grandiflorum 
flore-pleno ;  hardy  perennial ;  2  feet;  flowers  deep-blue,  double, 
in  July  ;  gardens.  D.  speciosum  (showy) ;  hardy  perennial ;  4 
feet;  flowers  blue,  in  July  ;  Caucasus  ;  1816. 

There  are  numerous  other  showy  species,  among  which 
D.  Hendersoni  and  formosum,  garden  varieties,  are  conspicu- 
ous. For  common  cultivation,  we  should  select  as  the  best, 
D.  formosum,  sinense  (white,  light,  and  deep  blue),  sinense 


GARDEN    FLOWERS.  137 

plenum,  Hendersoni,  elatum,  varieties  calestinum,  grandiflorum, 
bicolor plenum,  azureum  grandiflorum,  bicolor  and  plenum. 

DESERT  ROD.     See  EREMOSTACHYS. 

DENTARIA.  [Cruciferae.]  A  family  of  hardy  herbaceous 
plants,  comprising  some  dozen  species,  easily  propagated  by 
seeds  and  division.  They  are  of  little  horticultural  impor- 
tance. 

DEUTZIA.  [Philadelphaceae.]  Handsome  hardy  decid- 
uous shrubs,  very  ornamental  in  both  garden  and  shrubbery. 
Propagated  by  suckers  and  layers.  The  smaller  species, 
especially  D.  gracilis,  are  valuable  for  forcing  in  the  green- 
house. 

D.  corymbosa  (corymbed) ;  hardy  shrub  ;  5  feet ;  flowers  white, 
in  June  ;  Himalayas  ;  1838.  D.  gracilis  (graceful) ;  hardy  shrub  ; 
2  feet ;  flowers  white,  in  May  ;  Japan  ;  1850.  D.  scabra  (rough) ; 
hardy  shrub  ;  5  feet ;  flowers  white,  in  June  ;  Japan  ;  1833.  D. 
staminea  (broad-stamened) ;  hardy  shrub  ;  3  feet ;  flowers  white, 
in  June  ;  Himalayas  ;  1831.  The  double-flowered  species  are 
desirable.  D.  crenata  flore-pleno  is  a  fine  species,  introduced 
from  Japan  in  1863 

DEVIL  IN  A  BUSH.     See  NIGELLA. 

DIANTHOIDIS.     See  FENZLIA. 

DIANTHUS.  Pink.  [Caryophyllaceae.]  The  majority  of 
the  Pinks  are  highly  ornamental  hardy  perennials,  particu- 
larly suited  for  rock-work,  and  almost  all  the  species  are 
alike  desirable  in  such  situations.  All  the  hardy  perennials 
prefer  a  light,  dryish  soil,  and  are  increased  by  cuttings  or 
pipings,  and  also  by  seeds,  which  should  be  sown  as  soon  as 
ripe.  There  are  a  few  half-hardy,  sub-shrubby  kinds,  which 
may  be  kept  in  a  dry  frame  or  greenhouse,  and  should  be 
potted  in  sandy  loam  and  peat :  they  propagate  by  cuttings. 
The  Indian  pink  ( D.  Chinensis)  is  a  richly  colored  hardy 
biennial,  and  does  well  treated  as  an  annual. 


138  GARDEN   FLOWERS. 

Pink  (Dianthus  plumarius,  vars.J.  —  The  fancy  or  florist's 
race  of  pinks  is  extensive :  they  require  every  year  to  be 
struck  from  pipings,  which  are  the  shoots  that  spring  out 
round  the  base  of  the  stem  ;  these  are  taken  off  at  blooming 
time,  or  rather  later,  and  each  shoot  is  cut  across  just  be- 
low the  third  joint ;  the  lower  pair  of  leaves  from  the  heart 
being  cut  clean  away.  A  bed  is  made  of  rich  sandy  loam 
and  dung,  and  the  surface  is  made  quite  soft  with  water,  in 
which  state  pipings  or  shoots  are  inserted  all  over  it  not 
more  than  an  inch  apart.  After  drying  for  an  hour  or  two,  it 
is  covered  with  a  hand-glass,  which  is  not  disturbed  for  some 
days,  and  then  only  to  water  the  pipings  if  they  require  it. 
A  good  deal  can  be  done  towards  moistening  them  by 
watering  outside  the  glass.  In  three  weeks  they  will  have 
struck  root,  and  the  glass  may  then  be  tilted  a  little  to  admit 
some  air,  and  in  a  few  days  more  may  be  taken  away,  that 
they  may  have  full  benefit  of  the  air.  After  a  few  days,  they 
may  be  taken  up,  and  planted  out  in  four-feet  beds  :  six 
inches  apart  every  way  will  be  the  proper  distance  for  the 
plants.  The  soil  in  which  they  grow  should  be  the  loam 
from  rotted  turfs  ;  or,  if  ordinary  garden  soil  be  used  of 
necessity,  a  good  dressing  of  dung  should  be  forked  in  be- 
fore the  pinks  are  planted.  In  May,  when  they  send  up 
their  bloom-stalks,  remove  all  but  the  best  from  each  plant, 
and,  as  these  advance,  take  off  all  but  two  or  three  buds  from 
each  stalk ;  and  when  these  have  swelled  almost  to  burst- 
ing, but  not  quite,  tie  them  fast  round  the  middle  with  a 
piece  of  bass-matting,  and  tear  the  bud-cover  down  to  the 
tie  at  its  five  natural  divisions.  After  the  bloom  is  over,  the 
grass,  as  it  is  called,  —  that  is,  the  young  shoots,  —  will  be 
ready  to  strike  for  the  next  year.  The  best  double  Pinks  do 
not  seed  freely,  but  they  do  occasionally ;  and  such  seed 
should  be  prized  as  a  means  towards  obtaining  new  vari- 


GARDEN    FLOWERS.  139 

eties  of  merit.  The  seed  should  be  sown  in  wide-mouthed 
pots  or  seed-pans,  not  too  thick,  and  placed  in  a  cold 
frame  :  if  hot  too  much  crowded  when  they  come  up,  the 
plants  may  remain  there  till  they  are  large  enough  to  plant 
out,  in  like  manner  with  the  pipings  or  cuttings,  and  the 
treatment  is  the  same  throughout.  As  they  bloom,  throw 
away  instantly  every  one  that  is  semi-double  or  single,  and 
all  that  are  not  as  good  or  better  than  the  varieties  already 
in  cultivation.  A  very  few  of  the  seedlings  may  be  worth 
trying  again,  and  of  these  a  few  cuttings  should  be  reared. 
The  flowers  of  seedlings  should  be  examined  daily,  almost 
hourly,  in  order  to  destroy  at  once  those  that  are  good  for 
nothing  ;  for  single  and  semi-double  kinds  can  only  spoil  the 
seed  of  the  better  sorts.  It  is  not  to  be  expected,  with  every 
care  and  advantage  in  seed-saving,  to  get  one  improved 
variety  out  of  fifty,  or  even  a  larger  number  of  seedlings. 
For  list  of  the  best  varieties  see  the  latest  trade  catalogues. 

Carnation  and  Picotee  ( Dianthus  Caryophyllus,  vars.).  — 
These  superb  and  highly  scented  flowers  are  precisely  sim- 
ilar as  to  the  requirements  of  their  cultivation.  They  are 
propagated  chiefly  by  layering.  The  shoots  at  the  bottom  of 
the  stems,  being  longer  than  those  of  the  pink,  can  be  pegged 
under  the  surface  to  strike  root,  which  they  do  when  half 
divided  from  the  parent ;  for  by  cutting  them  half-way 
through,  and  pegging  the  cut  part  firmly  under  the  surface, 
the  supply  of  nourishment  from  the  parent  plant  being  di- 
minished, they  endeavor  to  compensate  for  their  loss  by 
forming  roots.  The  shoots  in  this  case  do  not  droop,  be- 
cause the  connection  with  the  old  plant  is  not  cut  off,  as  in 
the  removal  of  a  piping ;  consequently,  there  is  not  so  much 
risk  of  losing  any  of  them.  In  cutting  these  stems,  the  knife 
should  go  in  slanting  just  under  a  joint  (about  the  third  joint 
from  the  top) ;  and,  when  nearly  half  through,  they  should 


I4O  GARDEN    FLOWERS. 

be  split  up  half  an  inch  above  the  joint,  the  sloping  piece 
below  the  joint  being  cut  off  even.  The  half-joint  thus  sep- 
arated, will,  when  pegged  down,  send  forth  roots.  These 
layers,  as  they  are  called,  may  be  all  cut  off  in  September, 
and  potted  in  four-inch  pots,  two  in  a  pot,  with  nothing  but 
clean  good  loam  from  rotted  turfs,  no  dung.  In  February, 
prepare  rich  mould  to  bloom  them  in,  —  half  loam  from 
rotted  turfs,  a  fourth  decomposed  dung,  and  the  other 
fourth  turfy  peat  and  silver,  or  other  very  clean  sand,  mixed 
well  and  left  in  a  heap.  In  the  beginning  of  April,  get 
twelve-inch  pots  ;,  fill  one-third  with  sherds  of  broken  pots, 
then  a  third  of  the  proper  soil,  then  turn  out  the  ball  of  earth 
with  the  pair  of  plants  in  it ;  and,  having  placed  it  in  the 
middle  at  the  proper  depth,  fill  up  all  round,  press  the  soil 
to  the  ball  of  earth,  and  after  adjusting  it  properly,  and  fill- 
ing up  to  within  half-an-inch  of  the  top  edge,  place  the  pot 
on  a  dry  hard  flooring,  the  object  being  twofold,  —  to  pre- 
vent worms  entering  at  the  bottom  hole  and  disarranging 
the  soil,  and  to  keep  this  hole,  which  is  essential  for  drain- 
age, from  getting  filled  up,  or  in  any  way  stopped,  to  prevent 
the  egress  of  whatever  superfluous  water  may  reach  the  soil. 
Go  through  the  whole  in  this  way,  and  then  water  freely, 
taking  all  possible  precaution  to  prevent  vermin  from  get- 
ting to  the  pots  :  one  plan  is  to  raise  shelves,  with  their 
supports  standing  in  pans  of  water.  When  the  stems  rise 
for  bloom,  treat  them  in  the  same  way  as  Pinks,  in  every 
respect,  even  to  the  flowering.  The  Carnation  differs  from 
the  Picotee  only  in  the  disposition  of  the  coloring ;  the  Car- 
nation is  striped  or  ribboned  outwards,  the  Picotee  is  edged 
or  feathered  inwards.  It  is  a  prevalent  practice  to  put  cards 
on  the  buds  of  the  flowers,  that  the  petals  may  be  displayed 
on  them  as  they  open.  For  a  list  of  the  best  varieties  of 
these  flowers,  see  the  latest  trade-lists. 


GARDEN    FLOWERS.  14! 

Sweetwilliam  (D.  barbatus).  —  This  hardy  perennial  is 
best  treated  as  a  biennial,  and  raised  annually  from  seeds, 
except  in  the  case  of  distinct  and  particularly  handsome  va- 
rieties, which  can  only  be  increased  by  propagating  from  the 
shoots  produced  from  the  root,  and  which  may  be  either 
treated  as  cuttings  or  layers.  The  seeds  should  be  sown  in . 
June  in  a  bed  of  light  open  soil ;  and,  when  the  seedlings 
have  formed  a  pair  or  two  of  leaves,  they  may  be  pricked 
out  three  inches  apart  on  a  bed  of  light  rich  earth,  in  which 
they  may  grow  till  autumn,  and  will  gain  strength  for  flower- 
ing. In  September  or  early  in  October,  remove  them  with 
good  balls  of  earth  to  the  borders  or  beds  where  they  are 
to  flower.  For  beds,  this  should  be  done  annually ;  the  old 
roots  being  either  destroyed  after  seed  is  secured,  or  tran§- 
planted  to  the  borders,  or,  in  the  case  of  new  and  striking 
varieties,  removed  and  carefully  propagated.  In  borders, 
the  old  roots,  if  vigorous  enough,  may  be  left  to  bloom 
again.  Young  plants  reared  from  cuttings  or  layers  may  be 
treated  exactly  like  seedlings.  The  best  soil  for  the  bloom- 
ing plants  is  a  sandy  loam  well  manured  with  decayed  leaf- 
mould  and  stable-dung.  The  varieties  of  different  colors  of 
Sweetwilliam  are  now  numerous ;  but  they  are  hardly  ad- 
vanced enough  for  selection  by  name. 

D.  arboreus  (tree) ;  half-hardy  evergreen  sub-shrub  ;  2  feet ; 
flowers  pink,  in  July;  Greece;  1820.  D.  arbuscula  (small 
tree) ;  half-hardy  evergreen  sub-shrub  ;  18  inches  ;  flowers  red, 
in  July;  China;  1824.  D.  barbatus  (Sweetwilliam);  hardy 
perennial;  18  inches;  flowers  various,  in  July;  Germany; 
1573.  D.  caryophyllus  (clove-pink);  hardy  perennial;  2  feet ; 
flowers  flesh-color,  in  June;  England  D.  Chinensis  (Indian 
pink) ;  half-hardy  biennial ;  i  foot :  flowers  various,  in  July  ; 
China;  1713.  D.  Heddewigii  is  a  gigantic  form  of  D.  Chinen- 
sis,  introduced  from  Japan  in  1859.  D.  fruticosus  (shrubby); 
half-hardy  evergreen  sub-shrub  ;  3  feet ;  flowers  pink,  in  July  ; 


142  GARDEN    FLOWERS. 

Greece;  1815.  D.  Hendersonianus  (Henderson's);  hardy  per- 
ennial ;  i  foot ;  flowers  crimson,  in  July  ;  gardens.  D.  pluma- 
rius  (garden  pink) ;  hardy  perennial ;  9  inches  ;  flowers  white 
and  purple,  in  June  ;  England.  D.  suffruticosus  (half-shrubby) ; 
half-hardy  evergreen  sub-shrub;  18  inches;  flowers  pink,  in 
August;  Siberia;  1804. 

There  are  about  one  hundred  hardy  perennial  kinds, 
varying  in  height  from  6  to  18  inches,  and  with  flowers 
usually  white,  pink,  or  flesh-colored.  All  of  these  are  more 
or  less  ornamental.  D.  ddtoides  is  a  fine  plant  for  rock- 
work  :  D.  cruentus  has  brilliant  red  flowers ;  D.  Verscha- 
feldtii  and  Veitchii  are  very  showy  species  if  carefully  grown. 

DIAPENSIA.  [Polemoneaceae.]  A  dwarf  Alpine  ever- 
green, of  difficult  culture. 

D.  Lapponica  (Lapland) ;  hardy  shrub ;  4  inches  ;  flowers 
white,  in  July  ;  Lapland  ;  North  America;  1801. 

DICTAMNUS.  Fraxinella.  [Rutaceas.]  Showy  hardy  per- 
ennials, with  leaves  something  like  those  of  an  ash-tree ; 
hence  the  name  fraxinella^  or  little  fraxinus,  the  latter  being 
the  name  of  the  Ash.  They  grow  in  common  garden  soil, 
preferring  loam.  Propagated  slowly  by  dividing  the  roots ; 
or  more  readily  by  seeds,  which  should  be  sown  as  soon  as 
ripe,  in  open  beds. 

D.  dibits  (white) ;  hardy  perennial ;  3  feet ;  flowers  white, 
in  June;  Germany;  1596.  D.  angustifolius  (narrow-leaved); 
hardy  perennial ;  3  feet ;  flowers  lilac,  in  June  ;  Altai ;  1821. 
D.  fraxinella  (fraxinella) ;  hardy  perennial ;  3  feet ;  flowers 
purple,  in  June  ;  Germany;  1596. 

DIDISCUS.  [Umbelliferas.]  A  very  pretty  half-hardy  an- 
nual. Sow  in  April  in  a  hot-bed,  and  plant  out  in  the 
border  in  May.  Rich  light  soil.  Propagated  by  seed. 

D.  cceruleus  (sky-blue) ;  half-hardy  annual ;  2  feet ;  flowers 
pale-blue,  in  July  ;  New  South  Wales  ;  1827. 


GARDEN    FLOWERS.  143 

Di  ELYTRA.  [Fumariaceae.]  Hardy  herbaceous  peren- 
nials, with  showy  flowers,  formerly  called  "  Fumaria."  Rich 
garden  soil.  Increased  by  division.  D.  spectabilis  the  most 
showy  of  all,  is  propagated  readily  by  cuttings  of  the  young 
shoots  in  spring,  managed  as  dahlia  cuttings,  or  by  dividing 
its  tuberous  roots. 

D.  bracteosa  (bracted) ;  hardy  perennial ;  i  foot ;  flowers 
white,  in  June;  North  America;  1823.  D.  Canadensis  (Can- 
adian) ;  hardy  perennial  ;  i  foot  ;  flowers  white,  in  June ;  North 
America;  1819.  D.  cucullaria  (hooded);  hardy  perennial;  9 
inches;  flowers  whitish,  in  May;  North  America;  1731.  D. 
eximia  (choice) ;  hardy  perennial ;  I  foot ;  flowers  red,  in  June  ; 
North  America;  1812.  D.formosa  (handsome);  hardy  peren- 
nial ;  i  foot;  flowers  red,  in  June  ;  North  America  ;  1796.  D. 
spcciosa  (showy) ;  hardy  perennial ;  i  foot ;  flowers  flesh-color, 
in  June  ;  1810.  D.  spectabilis  (beautiful) ;  hardy  tuberous  per- 
ennial ;  2  feet  ;  flowers  pink,  in  April ;  north  of  China  ;  1846. 
D.  tenuifolia  (slender-leaved) ;  hardy  perennial ;  i  foot ;  flowers 
pink,  in  June  ;  Kamtschatka  ;  1820. 

There  is  a  white  variety  of  D.  spectabilis. 

DIERVILLA.  [Caprifoliacese.]  A  hardy  native  shrub, 
growing  freely  anywhere,  and  increasing  rapidly  by  suckers. 

D.  lutea  (yellow) ;  hardy  shrub ;  3  feet ;  flowers  yellow,  in 
June;  North  America  ;  1739. 

DIGITALIS.  Foxglove.  [Scrophulariaceae.]  Hardy  peren- 
nials, with  a  few  biennial  species,  mostly  showy  or  pretty 
plants  for  the  borders.  The  common  Foxglove  (D.  pur- 
purea)  is  much  esteemed  as  a  garden  flower,  and  is  a  very 
handsome  plant.  They  are  all  increased  readily  by  seeds. 
Sow  in  August  if  the  seeds  are  ripe  ;  if  not,  in  April,  on 
moderately  good  ground,  and  rather  thinly  ;  thin  the  plants 
to  six  inches  apart ;  those  taken  up,  if  required,  may  be 
planted  elsewhere  six  inches  apart ;  but  those  not  removed 
will  be  the  strongest.  The  autumn-sown  ones  may  be  re- 


144  GARDEN    FLOWERS. 

moved  in  spring,  with  good  balls  of  earth,  to  the  places 
where  they  are  to  flower :  the  summer-sown  crop  are  better 
transplanted  early  in  autumn.  If  the  object  is  to  improve 
the  common  or  any  other  sorts,  sow  in  beds,  and  thin  out 
the  plants  as  before,  but  leave  the  rest  to  bloom :  when 
they  come  into  flower,  pull  up  and  destroy  every  thing  com- 
mon-place and  mark  the  best  for  seed. 

D.  ambigua  (ambiguous) ;  hardy  perennial ;  3  feet ;  flowers 
light-yellow,  in  July;  Switzerland;  1596.  D.  aurea  (golden); 
hardy  perennial ;  3  feet ;  flowers  yellow,  in  July  ;  Greece;  1816. 
D.  eriostachya  (woolly-spiked) ;  hardy  biennial ;  3  feet ;  flowers 
brown  and  yellow,  in  July;  Russia;  1827.  D.  ferruginea 
(rusty) ;  hardy  biennial ;  4  feet ;  flowers  red-brown,  in  July ; 
Italy;  1597.  D.  fucescens  (tawny);  hardy  perennial;  2  feet; 
flowers  red,  in  July ;  Hungary  ;  1823.  D.  laciniata  (cut- 
leaved)  ;  hardy  perennial ;  2  feet ;  flowers  yellow,  in  June ; 
Spain;  1827.  D.  lanata  (woolly);  hardy  perennial;  2  feet; 
flowers  white  and  brown,  in  June  ;  Hungary  ;  1789.  D.  ochro- 
leuca  (yellowish) ;  hardy  perennial ;  4  feet ;  flowers  light-yel- 
low, in  July  ;  Europe  ;  1816.  D.  Orientalis  (Eastern) ;  hardy 
perennial;  2  feet;  flowers  white,  in  June;  Levant;  1820.  D. 
purpurea  (common) ;  hardy  biennial ;  3  feet ;  flowers  rose-pur- 
ple or  white,  in  June  ;  England.  D.  Thapsi  (mullein) ;  hardy 
perennial;  2  feet;  flowers  purple,  in  June;  Spain;  1752.  D. 
tomentosa  (woolly) ;  hardy  perennial ;  3  feet ;  flowers  red,  in 
July;  Portugal';  1818. 

DINETUS.  [Convolvulaceae.]  A  pretty  little  convolvu- 
lus-like twiner,  thriving  in  light  rich  soil  in  summer.  Pro- 
pagated by  seeds. 

D.  racemosa  (branched) ;  annual  climber  ;  1 2  feet ;  flowers 
white,  in  August ;  Nepaul  ;  1823. 

D.  paniadata  is  a  greenhouse  evergreen  climber. 

DIOSCOREA.  [Dioscoriaceas.]  Tuberous-rooted  peren- 
nials, mostly  stove  plants,  but  including  two  hardy  species. 


GARDEN   FLOWERS.  145 

D.  batatas  (the  Chinese  Yam)  is  a  very  ornamental  climber 
with  cinnamon-scented  flowers  and  neat  glossy  foliage. 
Propagated  by  offsets  from  root  and  bulblets  produced  on 
branches. 

D.  batatas  (Chinese  Yam) ;  hardy  perennial  herbaceous 
climber ;  20  feet ;  flowers  greenish-white,  in  July ;  China. 
D.  villosa  (wild  Yam) ;  hardy  perennial  herbaceous  climber ; 
6  feet ;  flowers  greenish-yellow,  in  July  ;  North  America. 

DIOSPYROS.  [Ebenaceae.]  The  Persimmon  of  the  Middle 
and  Southern  States,  useful  as  an  ornamental  tree,  and  of 
some  value  for  fruit.  The  trees  differ  much  in  the  quality 
of  the  fruit,  and  this  tree  offers  much  opportunity  for  im- 
provement to  the  culturist ;  and  the  time  may  come  when 
the  Persimmon  will  be  a  market-fruit.  Rich  deep  soil.  In- 
creased by  seed. 

D.  Virginiana  (Virginia) ;  hardy  tree  ;  25  feet ;  flowers  green- 
ish-yellow, in  June. 

The  family  is  dioecious.     There  are  many  tender  species. 

DIPHYLLEIA.  [Berberidaceae]  A  pretty  hardy  herba- 
ceous perennial,  allied  to  Jeffersonia.  Soil,  sandy  peat. 
Increased  by  division.  Requires  a  shady  situation., 

D.  cymosa  (cyme-flowered) ;  hardy  perennial ;  6  inches  ;  flow- 
ers white,  in  May  ;  North  America  ;  1812. 

DIPLACUS.  [Scrophulariaceae.]  Greenhouse  or  half-hardy 
show}r  shrubs,  related  to  Mimulus,  and  blooming  tolerably 
well  in  the  borders  during  summer  if  well  established,  or 
if  old  plants  are  employed.  Cuttings  root  readily  in  sandy 
soil,  put  in  a  frame  or  hand-glass,  and  the  striking  is 
hastened  by  a  little  warmth.  They  may  be  potted  in  com- 
post of  loam,  lightened  with  turfy  soil,  or  leaf-mould  and 
sand.  Like  other  free-growing  subjects,  the  young  plants 
must  be  shifted  on,  and  frequently  topped  to  keep  them 
bushy,  until  they  get  to  a  blooming  size,  or  as  large  as  may 

10 


146  GARDEN   FLOWERS. 

be  required.  If  good  plants  are  required,  strong  young 
plants  should  be  prepared  through  one  summer  for  bloom- 
ing the  following  spring.  Smaller  plants,  to  bloom  the  same 
year,  may  be  raised  in  spring. 

D.  glutinosus  (clammy) ;  greenhouse  sub-evergreen  shrub  ;  4 
feet;  flowers  orange-yellow,  in  summer ;  California;  1794.  D. 
Puniceus  (scarlet) ;  greenhouse  sub-evergreen  shrub  ;  4  feet ; 
flowers  deep  crimson,  in  summer;  California  ;  1837. 

DIPLOPAPPUS.  [Composite.]  Hardy  or  half-hardy  per- 
ennials, some  of  them  sub-shrubby,  related  to  Aster.  Com- 
mon loamy  soil.  Increased  by  cuttings  or  by  division. 

DIRCA.  [Thymelaceas.]  A  hardy  deciduous  shrub,  com- 
monly called  Leatherwood,  valuable  for  its  early  blooming. 
Common  damp  soil.  Increased  by  layers. 

D.  palustris  (marsh) ;  hardy  shrub  ;  5  feet ;  flowers  yellow,  in 
early  spring  ;  North  America  ;  1750. 

DISPORUM.  [Melanthaceae.]  Half-hardy  perennial,  re- 
quiring winter  protection.  Soil,  sandy  peat.  Propagated 
by  division  and  seed. 

D.  fulvum  (tawny) ;  half-hardy  perennial ;  18  inches  ;  flowers 
brown,  in  autumn;  China;  1801.  D.  parviflorum  (small-flow- 
ered) ;  half-hardy  perennial ;  3  feet ;  flowers  yellow,  in  July ; 
Nepaul ;  1820. 

DITTANY.     See  ORIGANUM. 

DODECATHEON.  American  Cowslip.  [Primulaceas.]  Very 
pretty,  early  flowering,  dwarf,  perennial,  herbaceous  plants, 
quite  hardy ;  preferring  to  be  planted  in  a  soil  where  there 
is  a  good  proportion  of  loam  and  peat  earth,  and  requiring 
a  cool  situation.  The  flowers  are  in  shape  like  a  half- 
opened  inverted  parasol.  They  are  increased  without  diffi- 
culty by  dividing  the  roots.  Seeds  are  also  produced,  from 
which  young  plants  may  be  raised  by  the  same  process  as 
in  raising  seedlings  of  the  Auricula,  except  that,  when  large 


GARDEN    FLOWERS.  147 

enough,  these  may  be  planted  out  in  the  open  ground. 
There  are  several  varieties  of  the  Common  or  Mead's  Vir- 
ginian Cowslip,  differing  in  the  size  and  color  of  their  flowers. 

D.  integrifolium  (entire-leaved) ;  hardy  perennial ;  6  inches  ; 
flowers  pale-purple,  in  May;  North  America;  1829.  D.  Media 
(Mead's) ;  hardy  perennial ;  i  foot ;  flowers  rose-lilac,  in  May  ; 
Virginia ;  1744. 

DOG'S-BANE.     See  APOCYNUM. 

DOG'S-TOOTH  VIOLET.     See  ERYTHRONIUM. 

DORONICUM.  Leopard' s-Bane.  [Composite:]  Showy 
hardy  herbaceous  plants,  with  large  yellow  flowers.  They 
are  propagated  easily  by  dividing  the  roots  in  autumn  or 
spring,  and  grow  in  any  ordinary  garden  soil.  Except  for 
the  variation  of  the  blooming  season,  there  is  scarcely  dif- 
ference enough  in  their  appearance  to  render  it  necessary  to 
cultivate  more  than  one  species. 

D.  AltaicTtm  (Altaic) ;  hardy  perennial ;  I  foot ;  flowers  white, 
in  June  ;  Siberia  ;  1783.  D.  Austriacum  (Austrian) ;  hardy  per- 
ennial ;  i  foot ;  flowers  yellow  in  May  ;  Austria  ;  1816.  D.  Cau- 
casicum  (Caucasian) ;  hardy  perennial ;  i  foot ;  flowers  yellow, 
in  June  ;  Caucasus  ;  1815.  D.  cordifolium  (heart-leaved);  hardy 
perennial;  i  foot;  flowers  yellow,  in  May;  Russia;  1838.  D. 
macrophyllum  (large-leaved) ;  hardy  perennial ;  2  feet ;  flowers 
yellow,  in  July;  Caucasus;  1828.  D.  Pardalianches  (great); 
hardy  perennial ;  a£  feet ;  flowers  yellow,  in  May ;  England.  D. 
planlagineum  (plantain-leaved) ;  hardy  perennial ;  2  feet ;  flowers 
yellow,  in  May  ;  south  of  Europe  ;  1570. 

DORYCNIUM.  [Leguminosae.]  Hardy  and  half-hardy  per- 
ennial and  sub-shrubby  plants,  of  little  beauty.  Soil,  com- 
mon loam.  Propagated  by  seeds. 

D.  herbacettm  (herbaceous) ;  hardy  perennial ;  18  inches  ;  flow- 
ers white,  in  July  ;  south  of  Europe  ;  1802.  D.  hirsutum  (hairy) ; 
hardy  evergreen  sub- shrub;  3  feet;  flowers  red  and  white,  in 
July  ;  south  of  Europe  ;  1682.  D.  suffruticosum  (sub-shrubby); 


148  GARDEN    FLOWERS. 

half-hardy  sub-shrub  ;  18  inches;  flowers  white,  in  July ;  south 
of  Europe ;  1640.  D.  tomentosum  (woolly) ;  hardy  evergreen 
sub-shrub ;  3  feet ;  flowers  red  and  white,  in  July ;  south  of 
Europe  ;  1817. 

DRABA.  [CruciferjE.]  Hardy  perennials,  of  low  growth 
and  easy  culture,  well  suited  for  rock-work.  Increased  by 
division.  There  are  about  forty  perennial  species,  all  dwarf, 
mostly  with  white  flowers. 

DRACOCEPHALUM.  Dragon' s-Head.  [Labiatae.]  The 
hardy  perennial  species  of  this  genus  are  pretty  border  flow- 
ers, not  particular  as  to  soil.  They  are  propagated  by  di- 
vision of  the  root.  The  hardy  annual  species  may  be  sown 
in  the  open  border  in  May. 

D.  Altaiense  (Altaian) ;  hardy  perennial ;  6  inches  ;  flowers 
purple,  in  July;  Georgia;  1787.  D.  Argunense  (Fischer's);  hardy 
perennial ;  18  inches  ;  flowers  blue,  in  July  ;  Siberia  ;  1822.  D. 
Austriacum  (Austrian);  hardy  perennial ;  I  foot;  flowers  blue, 
July  ;  Austria  ;  1 547.  D.  canescens  (hoary) ;  hardy  annual ;  2 
feet;  flowers  blue,  in  July;  Levant;  1711.  D.  grandiflorum 
(large-flowered) ;  hardy  perennial ;  i  foot ;  flowers  blue,  in  July; 
Siberia;  1759.  D.  Mexicanum  (Mexican);  hardy  perennial ;  2 
feet;  flowers  blue,  in  June;  Mexico;  1832.  D.  Moldavicum 
(Moldavian  Balm) ;  hardy  annual ;  2  feet ;  flowers  blue  or  white, 
in  July  ;  Moldavia;  1596.  D.  peregrinum  (foreign) ;  hardy  per- 
ennial;  9  inches  ;  flowers  blue,  in  July ;  Siberia;  1759.  D.pin- 
natum  (pinnate-leaved) ;  hardy  perennial,  prostrate ;  flowers  blue, 
in  June;  Siberia;  1822.  D.  Ruyschianum  (Ruysch's) ;  hardy 
perennial ;  2  feet ;  flowers  blue,  in  July ;  north  of  Europe  ;  1699. 

DRACOPIS.  [Composite.]  A  hardy  annual,  allied  to  Rud- 
beckia.  Propagated  by  seeds  sown  in  May  in  good  garden 
soil. 

D.  amplexicaulis  (stem-clasping) ;  hardy  annual ;  3  feet ;  flow- 
ers yellow,  in  July ;  Louisiana  ;  1793. 

DRACUNCULUS.      [Araceae.]      Hardy  herbaceous    peren- 


GARDEN    FLOWERS.  149 

nials,  with  a  very  curious-looking  inflorescence.  Loamy 
soil.  Propagated  by  division  of  the  roots. 

D.  crinitum  (hairy) ;  half-hardy  perennial ;  I  foot ;  flowers 
brownish-purple,  in  April;  Minorca;  1777.  D.  vulgare  (com- 
mon Dragon  ;  hardy  perennial) ;  2  feet ;  flowers  brownish-pur- 
ple, in  June  ;  south  of  Europe  ;  1548. 

DRAGON'S-HEAD.     See  DRACOCEPHALUM. 

DROSERA.  Sundew.  [Droseraceae.]  Curious  little  her- 
baceous plants,  seldom  seen  in  cultivation.  There  are  four 
native  species,  and  numerous  others  inhabiting  various  parts 
of  the  world.  They  should  be  planted  in  chopped  sphag- 
num moss  mixed  with  a  third  part  of  sandy  peat  soil,  and 
should  always  be  kept  wet.  Propagated  by  seeds. 

DRUMMONDIA.  [Saxifragaceae.]  A  hardy  herbaceous 
perennial,  suitable  for  rock-work.  Soil,  dryish  sandy  loam. 
Increased  by  division  of  the  plant. 

D.  mitelloides  (mitella-like) ;  hardy  herbaceous  perennial ;  6 
inches  ;  flowers  yellowish,  in  July;  Rocky  Mountains  ;  1827. 

Also  called  Metellopsis. 

DRYAS.  [Rosaceae.]  Small  hardy  or  half-hardy  sub-her- 
baceous plants,  with  white  flowers,  Peat  soil,  with  slight 
protection  in  winter.  Propagated  by  cuttings  under  a  hand- 
glass, by  division,  or  by  seeds. 


ECHINACEA.    [Composite]   Large-growing,  half-hardy 
perennials,  of  the  habit  of  Rudbeckia,  and  requiring 
similar  treatment.     Common  garden  soil.     Propagated  by 
division. 

E.  Dicksoni  (Dickson's) ;  hardy  perennial ;  i  foot ;  flowers 
lilac,  in  August ;  Mexico ;  1836.  E.  heterophylla  (various- 
leaved)  ;  hardy  perennial ;  2  feet ;  flowers  purple,  in  October ; 
Mexico;  1829.  E.  intermedia  (intermediate) ;  hardy  perennial ; 
3  feet ;  flowers  rose-purple,  in  July  ;  Mexico  ;  1826.  E.  purpu- 
rea  (purple) ;  hardy  perennial ;  4  feet ;  flowers  red,  in  Septem- 
ber ;  North  America,  1699.  \ 

ECCREMOCARPUS.     See  CALAMPELIS. 

ECHINOPS.  Globe  Thistle.  [Compositae.]  Coarse  hardy 
perennials  or  biennials,  remarkable  for  their  spheroidal  this- 
tle-like flower-heads.  Common  soil.  The  perennials  in- 
creased by  division  ;  the  biennials  by  seeds. 

E.  Barmaticus  albus  (Hungarian  white) ;  hardy  biennial ;  4 
feet;  flowers  white,  in  August;  Hungary;  1832.  E,  exaltatus 
(tall) ;  hardy  perennial  ;  6  feet ;  flowers  white,  in  July ;  Austria ; 
1817.  E.  Persicus  (Persian);  hardy  perennial ;  3  feet ;  flowers 
white,  in  August;  Persia;  1821.  E.  Ritro  (small);  hardy  per- 
ennial;  3  feet;  flowers  blue,  in  July;  Europe;  1570.  E.  Ru- 
thenicus  (Russian);  hardy  perennial ;  3  feet;  flowers  blue,  in  July; 
Russia;  1816.  E.  spinosus  (spiny);  hardy  perennial;  4  feet; 
flowers  white,  in  July;  Egypt; '1597.  E.  tenuifolius  (slender- 
leaved)  ;  hardy  perennial ;  2  feet ;  flowers  blue,  in  August ;  Rus- 
sia; 1820. 

There  are  many  other  species. 
150 


GARDEN   FLOWERS.  151 

'ECHIUM.  Viper's  Bugloss.  [Boraginaceae.]  A  large  ge- 
nus of  hardy  annuals,  biennials,  and  perennials,  and  of 
greenhouse  evergreen  shrubs.  The  hardy  sorts  grow  in 
common  garden  soil,  and  are  all  best  propagated  by  seeds. 
The  greenhouse  species  require  sandy  loam  and  peat,  and 
are  increased  by  seeds  or  cuttings,  and  require  to  be  kept 
in  a  rather  dry  atmosphere  during  winter.  Some  of  the 
greenhouse  kinds  are  showy,  though  not  of  good  habit ;  but 
the  hardy  kinds  are  of  little  value  for  ornamental  purposes. 

HARDY  ANNUALS.  —  E.  angustifolium  (narrow-leaved) ;  flow- 
ers blush,  in  July ;  Spain;  1826.  E.  arenarium  (sand-inhabit- 
ing) ;  flowers  purple,  in  July ;  Calabria ;  1 826.  E.  calycinum 
(large-calyxed) ;  flowers  blue  and  yellow,  in  July  ;  south  of  Eu- 
rope ;  1829.  E.  macraiitlnun  (large-flowered) ;  I  foot ;  flowers 
violet,  in  July;  Barbary;  1818.  E.  Simsii  (Sims');  flowers  red 
and  blue,  in  August ;  south  of  Europe  ;  1816. 

HARDY  BIENNIALS.  —  E.  amcenum  (agreeable);  flowers  blue, 
in  July  ;  Caucasus  ;  1 826.  E.  asperrimum  (very  rough) ;  flowers 
blue,  in  July;  Caucasus;  1826.  E.  Dalmricum  (Dahurian) ; 
flowers  blue,  in  July;  Dahuria;  1827.  E.  Italicum  (Italian); 
4  feet ;  flowers  white,  in  July ;  Jersey.  E.  Sibthorpii  (Sib- 
thorp's)  ;  i  foot ;  flowers  red,  in  June  ;  Europe  ;  1824.  E.  tenue 
(slender) ;  i  foot ;  flowers  blue,  in  July ;  Sicily ;  1824.  E.  tuber- 
culatiun  (pimpled) ;  I  foot ;  flowers  violet,  in  August ;  Spain  ; 
1820.  E.  tnolaceuin  (violet-flowered);  3  feet;  flowers  blue,  in 
June ;  Austria ;  1658.  E.  vulgare  flore-albo  (common  white- 
flowered)  ;  i  foot ;  flowers  white,  in  July  ;  Britain. 

EGG-PLANT.     See  SOLANUM. 

EGLANTINE.     See  ROSA. 

EL^AGNUS.  Oleaster.  [Elasagnacea?.]  A  genus  of  shrubs 
with  silvery  foliage,  consisting  chiefly  of  hardy  deciduous 
species,  with  a  few  greenhouse  evergreens.  For  the  former, 
which  are  useful  in  shrubberies,  the  common  garden  soil 
will  suffice ;  and  they  are  increased  by  seeds,  cuttings,  or 
layers.  The  latter  should  have  loam,  with  a  third  peat  or 


152  GARDEN   FLOWERS. 

leaf-mould,  and  a  portion  of  sand,  and  are  increased  by 
cuttings. 

E.  argenteus  (silvery);  hardy  shrub;  10  feet;  North  Ameri- 
ca; 1813. 

ELDER.     See  SAMBUCUS. 

ELECAMPANE.     See  INULA. 

ELM.     See  ULMUS. 

ENCHANTER'S  NIGHTSHADE.     See  CIRC^EA. 

EPIG^EA.  [Ericaceae.]  A  lovely  little  procumbent  ever- 
green shrub.  The  plant  has  a  creeping  stem,  which  spreads 
by  degrees  over  the  ground,  rooting  as  it  extends.  It  re- 
quires a  bed  of  peat  soil,  and  a  cool,  shady,  somewhat  moist 
situation.  If  planted  between  Rhododendrons,  in  situations 
where  these  thrive,  if  they  do  not  too  far  shade  the  surface, 
the  Epigaga  would  flourish. 

E.  repens  (creeping) ;  hardy  evergreen  shrub  ;  6  inches  ;  flow- 
ers white,  in  April;  North  America ;  1736.  The  variety  rubi- 
cunda  has  flowers  of  a  beautiful  rose-red,  and  blooms  in  April. 

EPILOBIUM.     See  CHAMCENERIUM. 

EPIMEDIUM.  Barrenwort.  [Berberidaceas.]  Dwarf  hardy 
perennials,  suitable  for  rock-work  or  for  pot  culture.  They 
like  a  soil  of  mellow  loam  and  peat,  in  equal  proportions, 
mixed  with  an  eighth  of  sand.  On  rock-work,  they  should 
be  planted  in  similar  soil.  They  are  quite  hardy.  Division 
of  the  root  is  the  most  ready  means  of  propagating  them, 
and  this  should  be  attended  to  soon  after  they  have  done 
flowering,  that  the  plants  may  get  well  established  before 
winter. 

E.  Alpinum  (Alpine) ;  hardy  perennial,  9  inches  ;  flowers  red 
and  yellow,  in  May ;  England.  E.  diphyllum  (two-leaved) ; 
hardy  perennial ;  6  inches  ;  flowers  white,  in  May;  Japan  ;  1830. 
E.  hexandrum  (six-anthered) ;  hardy  perennial ;  9  inches  ;  flow- 
ers lilac,  in  May;  North  America;  1827.  E.  macranthiiin 


GARDEN    FLOWERS.  153 

(large-flowered) ;  hardy  perennial ;  9  inches  ;  flowers  whitish,  in 
May;  Japan;  1835.  •£"•  Musschianum  (Mussch's) ;  hardy  per- 
ennial ;  i  foot ;  flowers  white,  in  May  ;  Japan  ;  1838.  E.  pinna- 
turn  (pinnate) ;  hardy  perennial ;  9  inches ;  flowers  yellow,  in 
May  ;  Persia  ;  1 848.  E.  -violaceutn  (violet) ;  hardy  perennial ; 
9  inches  ;  flowers  violet-color,  in  May  ;  Japan  ;  1835. 

EQUISETUM.  Horsetail.  [Equisetaceae.]  Hardy  herba- 
ceous perennials  of  singular  appearance,  associating  well 
with  Ferns  and  Lycopodiums  about  damp,  shady  rock-work. 
They  mostly  prefer  peaty  soil  and  a  damp  situation,  and  are 
increased  by  division  of  the  root. 

ERAGROSTIS.  [Graminace'ae.]  A  family  of  ornamental 
grasses,  succeeding  in  common  garden  soil.  E.  elegans, 
Namaquensis,  cylindrifolia,  and  megastachya  are  the  species. 

ERANTHIS.  Winter  Aconite.  [Ranunculaceae.]  The 
Winter  Aconite  is  one  of  those  simple  flowers  which  please 
more  on  account  of  the  season  of  their  appearance  than 
their  beauty.  It  begins  to  bloom  in  earliest  spring,  often 
amidst  frost  and  snow,  and  for  a  long  time  continues  to 
decorate  the  garden  and  shrubbery.  It  is  altogether  not 
more  than  three  inches  high,  the  flowers  being  seated  one 
on  each  pair  of  flat-lobed  leaves,  which  terminate  the  stalk. 
They  look  like  little  yellow  cups  with  their  bases  surrounded 
by  green  frills.  It  is  tuberous,  and  only  requires  to  be 
planted  in  the  soil  and  left  -to  itself.  Planted  just  within 
the  margin  of  a  flower-bed,  it  interferes  with  nothing ;  and, 
if  placed  thick  enough,  makes  a  conspicuous  edging  for 
some  time.  It  is  also  very  well  placed  in  patches  among 
shrubs,  or  in  any  other  wilderness  scenery,  which  it  serves 
to  enliven  at  a  dreary  season. 

E.  hiemalis  (winter) ;  hardy  tuberous  perennial ;  3  inches  ; 
flowers  yellow,  in  April ;  England.  E.  Siberica  (Siberian) ; 
hardy  tuberous  perennial ;  3  inches ;  flowers  yellow,  in  April ; 
Siberia;  1826. 


154  GARDEN    FLOWERS. 

EREMOSTACHYS.  Desert  Rod.  [Labiatas.]  Hardy  her- 
baceous perennial,  requiring  protection  from  wet  in  winter, 
and  a  sandy  loamy  soil.  It  is  best  to  preserve  sqme  plants 
in  pots  in  a  dry  frame  during  winter.  Increased  only  by 
seeds. 

E.  laciniata  (jagged) ;  hardy  perennial ;  4  feet ;  flowers  sul- 
phur-yellow and  orange-brown,  in  July  ;  Caucasus  ;  1731. 

ERIGERON.  [Composite.]  Hardy  plants,  comprising 
annuals,  biennials,  and  perennials.  Some  of  the  latter  may 
be  grown  in  borders  or  on  rock-work,  but  they  are  not  very 
important.  All  grow  freely  in*  common  garden  soil.  The 
perennials  are  increased  by  division,  the  annuals  and  bien- 
nials by  seeds. 

E,  armericefolium  (thrift-leaved) ;  hardy  perennial ;  i  foot ; 
flowers  purple,  in  June  ;  Dahuria ;  1829.  E.  asperum  (rough); 
hardy  perennial ;  2  feet ;  flowers  white,  in  August ;  North  Amer- 
ica ;  1828.  E.  Chinensis  (Chinese) ;  hardy  annual ;  I  foot ;  flow- 
ers white,  in  July;  China;  1818.  E.  glabellum  (smoothish) ; 
hardy  perennial ;  i  foot ;  flowers  bluish,  in  July  ;  North  Amer- 
ica ;  1825.  E.  humile  (dwarf) ;  hardy  perennial ;  3  inches  ;  flow- 
ers flesh-color,  in  August ;  North  America;  1828.  E.  Lehmanni 
(Lehmann's) ;  hardy  annual ;  2  feet ;  flowers  lilac,  in  July ;  Egypt; 
1828.  E.  piibescens  (downy) ;.  hardy  perennial;  i  foot;  flowers 
white,  in  July  ;  Mexico;  1827.  E.  Villarsii  (Attic) ;  hardy  per- 
ennial ;  1 8  inches  ;  flowers  purple,  in  July  ;  Attica  ;  1816. 

ERINOSMA.  [Amaryllidaceae.]  A  beautiful  little  hardy 
bulb.  Soil,  sandy  loam.  Increased  by  offsets.  More  com- 
monly called  Leucojum. 

E.  -verna  (spring) ;  hardy  bulb ;  9  inches  ;  flowers  white,  in 
February;  Germany;  1596.  There  are  two  varieties,  called 
Ccirpatica  and  multiplex. 

ERINUS.  [Scrophulariacese.]  This  genus  contains  some 
dwarf  hardy  perennials,  which  form  beautiful  objects  for 
pot-culture  among  alpine  plants,  as  well  as  for  rock-work. 


GARDEN   FLOWERS.  155 

They  prefer  light  and  rather  sandy  soil.  When  grown  in 
pots,  they  should  have  the  protection  usually  given  to  al- 
pines,  which  consists  mainly  in  plunging  the  pots  to  prevent 
frosts  from  acting  on  the  roots,  and  in  shielding  off  heavy 
rains,  which  saturate  the  soil,  and  sometimes,  if  the  drainage 
gets  deranged,  become  conducive  to  the  decay  of  the  plants 
by  rotting  the  roots  and  root-stocks.  They  are  increased  by 
division,  which  should  be  done  about  July  or  August,  or 
by  seeds  sown  as  soon  as  they  ripen.  The  greenhouse  sub- 
shrubby  species  are  referred  to  Nycterinia. 

E.  Alpinus  (smooth) ;  hardy  perennial;  3  inches  ;  flowers  rose- 
purple,  in  April ;  Pyrenees  ;  1739.  E-  Hispanicus  (hairy) ;  hardy 
perennial ;  6  inches  ;  flowers  rose-color,  in  March  ;  Spain  ;  1739. 

These  plants  are  half-hardy  in^the  Northern  States. 

ERIOGONUM.  [Polygonacece.]  Half-hardy  herbaceous 
perennials,  increased  by  division  and  seed.  Soil,  peaty 
loam. 

E.  compositum  (compound) ;  hardy  perennial ;  18  inches ; 
flowers  yellowish-white,  in  May  ;  North  America.  E.  longi- 
folium  (long-leaved) ;  hardy  perennial';  2  feet ;  flowers  yellow, 
in  June;  North  America;  1824.  E.  sericeum  (silky);  hardy 
perennial;  i  foot;  flowers  yellow,  in  July;  Missouri;  1811. 
E.  tomentosum  (downy) ;  hardy  perennial ;  2  feet ;  flowers 
white,  in  May  ;  Carolina  ;  1811. 

ERIOPHORUM.  Cotton-grass.  [Cyperaceae.]  Very  pretty 
hardy  herbaceous  perennials,  producing  heads  of  silver)' 
white  plumes,  which  might  be  effective  planted  in  low 
ground.  Increased  by  division  and  seed.  Soil,  wet  loamy 
peat. 

EROPHILA.  [Cruciferae.]  Hardy  annuals,  allied  to  Draba, 
growing  from  seed,  in  garden  soil.  Flowers  white.  The 
species  are  E.  Americana,  precox,  and  vulgaris.  . 

ERYNGIUM.     [Umbelliferae.]     A  curious  genus  of  peren- 


156  GARDEN    FLOWERS. 

nials,  generally  hardy,  remarkable  for  the  colored  bracts  of 
the  involucre,  which  constitute  the  showy  part  of  their  in- 
florescence. They  are  desirable  among  hardy  herbaceous 
subjects,  the  prevailing  color  being  blue.  They  belong,  in 
truth,  to  the  umbelliferous  order,  without  having  any  ex- 
ternal resemblance  to  that  class  of  forms  so  familiar  in  the 
Parsley,  the  Celery,  the  Carrot,  and  the  Fennel.  They  are 
raised  from  seeds,  which,  like  those  of  other  perennials,  may 
be  sown  in  May  either  in  pots  or  in  a  bed.  The  young 
plants,  if  nursed  into  strength,  will  bloom  the  following  year; 
but,  usually,  the  old  plants  are  the  best  if  they  are  kept  in 
vigor.  They  are  not  very  particular  as  to  soil ;  but  a  deep 
sandy  loam  is  best. 

E.  Alpinum  (Alpine) ;  hardy  perennial ;  2  feet ;  flower-heads 
blue,  in  July  ;  Switzerland  ;  1597.  E.  amethystinum  (ame- 
thystine) ;  hardy  perennial ;  3  feet ;  flower-heads  blue,  in  July  ; 
Styria  ;  1648.  E.  Bourgati  (Bourgati's)  ;  hardy  perennial ;  2 
feet;  flower-heads  blue,  in  July;  south  of  France;  1731.  E. 
caruleum  (sky-blue) ;  hardy  perennial ;  2  feet ;  flower-heads 
blue,  in  July;  Caspian;  1816.  E.  giganteum  (giant);  hardy 
perennial;  4  feet ;  flower-heads  blue,  in  July  ;  Caucasus;  1820. 
E.  planum  (flat-leaved) ;  hardy  perennial ;  3  feet ;  flower-heads 
blue,  in  July  ;  Europe  ;  1596. 

There  are  numerous  other  hardy  perennial  species. 

ERYSIMUM.  Hedge  Mustard.  [Cruciferae.]  Hardy  plants, 
chiefly  biennial,  those  which  are  cultivated  being  treated  as 
annuals  :  the  majority  are  uninteresting  objects.  E.  Pcroff- 
skianum  is,  however,  a  very  brilliant-flowered  plant,  well 
adapted  for  beds  in  gardens  :  indeed,  there  is  hardly  any 
other  plant  which  furnishes  the  color,  —  an  intense  orange. 
It  is  perfectly  hardy,  and,  if  sown  in  the  spring,  will  bloom 
in  June  and  July.  It  will  bloom  much  earlier  if  sown  in 
pots  like  a  half-hardy  annual,  and  turned  out  in  May ;  for  it 
will  then  begin  flowering  in  the  pots  in  May.  The  plant  is 


GARDEN   FLOWERS.  1 57 

too  small  for  planting  out,  but  should  be  sown  where  it  is  to 
flower.  If  it  comes  up  too  thick,  let  it  be  properly  thinned ; 
but,  unless  it  is  tolerably  close,  it  makes  no  show,  and  would 
fail  as  a  bed  plant.  It  looks  well  in  patches  round  a  bor- 
der, and  in  pots  among  other  dwarf  blooming  plants,  be- 
cause its  color  is  uncommon  :  indeed,  but  for  its  color,  it 
would  not  be  cultivated  ;  for  its  habit  is  weed-like. 

E.  Peroffskianum  (Peroffski's) ;  hardy  annual;  18  inches; 
flowers  orange,  in  May;  Palestine;  1838. 

ERYTHRINA.  Coral-tree.  [Leguminosae.]  These  showy 
stove  shrubs  will  bloom  well  if  planted  in  a  rich  sunny  bor- 
der in  spring.  On  the  approach  of  frosty  weather,  place  the 
plants  in  the  cellar,  or  under  a  greenhouse  stage. 

E.  Bidwillii  (Bidvvill's) ;  greenhouse  or  stove  perennial ;  3 
feet ;  flowers  crimson,  in  June  ;  Sydney ;  1840.  E.  crista- 
galli  (cock's-comb) ;  stove  shrub  ;  10  feet ;  flowers  crimson,  in 
June  ;  Brazil ;  1771.  E.  herbacea  (herbaceous) ;  half-hardy  per- 
ennial;  3  feet ;  flowers  crimson,  in  July;  Carolina;  1824.  E. 
laurifolia  (laurel-leaved) ;  stove  sub-shrub ;  6  feet ;  flowers 
scarlet,  in  July;  South  America  ;  1800. 

E.  Maria  Belanger  is  a  fine  hybrid  species,  with  dazzling 
scarlet  flowers.  E.  Belangeri^floribunda,  and  ruberrima  are 
new  hybrids. 

ERYTHROL/ENA.  [Composite.]  The  prettiest  of  all  the 
Thistles.  Sow  the  seeds  in  April.  It  should  be  treated  as  a 
biennial,  or  not  allowed  to  seed.  The  young  plants  should 
be  kept  over  the  winter  in  frames,  and  planted  out  in  May  in 
beds,  where  they  will  rise  with  numerous  branches  crowned 
with  scarlet  thistle-looking  flowers. 

E.  conspicua  (conspicuous) ;  8  feet ;  flowers  scarlet  and  or- 
ange, in  September ;  Mexico;  1825. 

ERYTHRONIUM.  Dog's-tooth  Violet.  [Liliaceae.]  Pretty 
dwarf,  hardy,  spring-flowering  herbaceous  perennials,  with 


158  GARDEN    FLOWERS. 

tuberous  roots.  They  grow  in  good  garden  soil,  preferring 
a  good  proportion  of  peat  earth.  Increased  readily  by  offsets. 

E.  albidum  (whitish) ;  hardy  tuber  ;  3  inches  ;  flowers  white, 
in  April ;  North  America  ;  1824.  E.  Americamun  (American) ; 
hardy  tuber  ;  3  inches  ;  flowers  yellow,  in  April ;  North  Amer- 
ica ;  1665.  E.  Dens-cants  (Dog's-tooth)  ;  hardy  tuber ;  ^3 
inches;  flowers  purplish  or  whitish,  in  March;  Europe;  1596. 
E.  grandiflorum  (large-flowered) ;  hardy  tuber  ;  3  inches  ;  flow- 
ers yellow,  in  April ;  North  America  ;  1826. 

ESCHSCHOLTZIA.  [Papaveraccae.]  Hardy  perennials,  which 
may  be  cultivated  as  annuals.  The  plants  are  procumbent, 
and  form  a  low  dense  branching  mass,  abundantly  furnished 
with  large  poppy-like  flowers,  much  more  showy  than  neat. 
It  is  one  of  those  flowers  which  always  look  untidy,  and  owes 
its  place  in  the  garden  to  its  bright  color  and  large  blos- 
soms. The  seed  may  be  sown  in  early  spring  where  it  is  to 
grow,  and,  when  the  plants  come  up  too  close  together,  they 
must  be  thinned  out.  The  plant  has  a  tap-root  like  a  small 
carrot.  There  may  be  two  complete  seasons  of  bloom  ;  for, 
if  the  seed  be  sown  in  autumn,  it  will  come  up,  and,  unless 
the  frost  be  very  severe,  stand  through  the  winter,  and  bloom 
early.  If  the  plants  are  allowed  to  shed  their  seed,  the 
place  will  be  overrun  as  with  a  weed ;  and,  where  it  has  once 
been  sown  or  planted,  it  will  afterwards  require  only  to  be 
thinned  ;  for  hundreds  of  plants  will  come  up.  It  makes  a 
very  brilliant  appearance  in  fine  weather,  and  especially 
when  contrasted  with  the  blue  of  the  Convolvulus  or  Lark- 
spur, and  the  scarlets  and  purples  of  other  flowers.  The 
genus  has  been  called  Chryseis. 

E.  Californica  (California);  hardy  perennial;  18  inches; 
flowers  yellow  and  orange,  or  white,  in  June  ;  California;  1826. 
A  white-flowered  variety  of  this  is  in  cultivation  ;  and  it  is  in- 
deed probable  that  the  plants  called  E.  crocea  and  compacta  are 
new  varieties  of  E.  Californica.  E.  compacta  (compact) ;  hardy 


GARDEN    FLOWERS.  159 

perennial;  i  foot;  flowers  yellow,  in  July;  California;  1833. 
E.  crocea  (saffron- colored) ;  hardy  perennial ;  18  inches;  flow- 
ers orange,  in  June  ;  California  ;  1833.  E.  tenuifolia  (slender) ; 
hardy  annual ;  I  foot ;  flowers  yellow,  in  July;  California  ;  1853. 

EUCHARIDIUM.  [Onagracese.J  Hardy  annuals,  allied  to 
Clarkia,  and  requiring  the  same  treatment.  Sow  in  the 
open  border  in  May. 

E.  concinnum  (neat) ;  hardy  annual ;  I  foot ;  flowers  rosy,  in 
June;  North  America;  1836.  E.  grandiflorum  (large-flow- 
ered) ;  hardy  annual ;  i  foot ;  flowers  rose-colored,  in  June ; 
garden  variety. 

EUCNIDE.  [Loasaceae.]  A  pretty  half-hardy  annual,  suc- 
ceeding well  in  garden  soil.  Sow  in  May,  or  in  a  frame,  and 
transplant. 

E.  bartonoides  (bartonia-like) ;  half-hardy  annual ;  I .  foot ; 
flowers  yellow,  in  August ;  Mexico. 

EUONYMUS.  Spindle-tree.  [Celastraceae.]  A  genus  of 
hardy  shrubs,  of  which  E.  Japonicus,  and  a  striped  variety, 
are  fine  evergreens  with  ornamental  foliage,  but  are  not 
hardy  in  the  Northern  States.  They  grow  in  common  gar- 
den soil,  and  increase  by  layers  or  cuttings  planted  under 
hand-glasses.  The  deciduous  kinds  are  proper  for  shrub- 
beries :  they  are  not  remarkable  for  beauty  in  the  flowefs, 
but  are  ornamental  in  autumn,  from  the  profusion  of  three- 
cornered  scarlet  fruit  which  they  produce. 

ORNAMENTAL  EVERGREENS.  —  E.  Chinensisj  E.  grandiflo- 
rus;  E.  Japonicus,  and  its  varieties  maculatus  and  variegalus. 

ORNAMENTAL  DECIDUOUS  SHRUBS.  —E.  Americanus;  E. 
atropurpureus  ;  E.  Europceusj  E.  Hamiltonianus  j  E.  latifo- 
lius ;  E.  verrucosus. 

EUPATORIUM.  [  Composite.  ]  A  family  of  stove  and 
hardy  herbaceous  plants.  The  hardy  species  do  well  in  any 
rich  garden  soil,  and  are  propagated  by  division. 


I6O  GARDEN   FLOWERS. 

E.  ageratoides  (ageratum-like) ;  4  feet ;  flowers  white,  in  Au- 
gust ;  North  America  ;  1640.  E.  altissimum  (tallest) ;  5  feet ; 
flowers  pink,  in  September;  North  America;  1699.  / E.  aro- 
maticum  (aromatic);  4  feet;  flowers  white,  in  July;  North  Amer- 
ica; 1739.  E'  cannabinum  (hemp-like,)  (Agrimony);  4  feet; 
flowers  pink,  in  July  ;  Britain.  E.  coronopifolium  (coronopus- 
leaved) ;  3  feet ;  flowers  white,  in  August ;  Carolina  ;  1824.  E. 
fceniculaceum  (fennel-leaved) ;  4  feet  ;  flowers  pale  yellow, 
in  August;  North  America;  1807,  E.  Fraseri  (Eraser's) ;  18 
inches;  flowers  white,  in  August ;  Carolina;  1820.  E.hyssopi- 
folium  (hyssop-leaved) ;  I  foot ;  flowers  white,  in  August ; 
North  America  ;  1 699.  E.  lanceolatum  (spear-head-leaved) ; 
3  feet ;  flowers  white,  in  July  ;  North  America  51819.  E.  mac- 
ulatum  (spotted-stalked) ;  3  feet ;  flowers  purple,  in  July  ;  North 
America  ;  1656.  E.  perfoliatum  (pierced-leaved)  ;  2  feet  ; 
flowers  white,  in 'July;  North  America;  1699.  E.  pubescens 
(downy) ;  4  feet ;  flowers  white,  in  July ;  North  America  ;  1819. 
E.  purpureum  (purple-stalked) ;  5  feet ;  flowers  pink,  in  August; 
North  America ;  1610.  E.  rotundifolium  (round-leaved) ;  I 
foot ;  flowers  white,  in  July  ;  North  America  ;  1699.  E.sessili- 
folium  (stalkless-leaved) ;  i  foot ;  flowers  white,  in  September  ; 
North  America  ;  1777.  E.  Syriacum  (Syrian);  4  feet ;  flowers 
purple,  in  August ;  Syria  ;  1807.  E  trifoliatum  (three-leaved) ; 
6  feet ;  flowers  purple,  in  August;  North  America;  1768.  E 
truncatum  (cut-off);  18  inches;  flowers  white,  in  September; 
North  America  ;  1800.  E.  verticillatum  (whorl-leaved) ;  5  feet; 
flowers  purple,  in  August ;  North  America  ;  1811. 

EUPHORBIA.  [Euphorbiaceae.]  A  very  large  family,  in- 
cluding some  hardy  herbaceous  perennials,  and  a  few  hardy 
annuals.  They  thrive  in  common  garden  soil,  and  are  in- 
creased by  seed  or  division,  but  are  not  very  desirable.  E. 
•variegata  is  a  showy  annual. 

EUPHRASIA.  Eye  Bright.  [Scrophulariaceae.]  Hardy 
annuals,  thriving  in  the  border,  from  seeds  sown  in  May. 

E.  Alpina  (Alpine) ;  hardy  annual ;  i  foot ;  flowers  purple,  in 


GARDEN    FLOWERS.  l6l 

July;  Europe;  1827.  E.  linifolia  (flax-leaved) ;  hardy  annual; 
9  inches  ;  flowers  purple,  in  August ;  France  ;  1826.  E.  lutca 
(yellow) ;  hardy  annual  ;  18  inches  ;  flowers  purple,  in  August  ; 
south  of  Europe  ;  1818. 

EUSTOMA.  [Gentianaceae.]  A  genus  comprising  a  green- 
house herbaceous  plant,  a  border  half-hardy  biennial,  and  an 
annual ;  growing  in  loamy  soil,  and  propagated  by  division 
and  seeds. 

E.  exaltatum;  greenhouse  herbaceous  plant.  E.  Riisselleanum 
(Russell's) ;  half-hardy  biennial ;  flowers  purple,  in  August ; 
Texas;  1835.  E.  silenefolia  (catchfly-leaved) ;  hardy  annual ; 
i  foot;  flowers  white,  in  July  ;  Isle  of  Providence  ;  1804. 

EUTOCA.  [Hydrophyllaceae.]  Hardy  annual  plants,  of 
easy  culture.  Sow  in  April  on  a  slight  hot-bed,  for  trans- 
planting, and  in  May  in  the  open  borders. 

E.  divaricata  (straggling) ;  hardy  annual ;  i  foot ;  flowers 
bluish-lilac,  in  June;  California;  1834.  E.  Menziesii  (Men- 
zies') ;  hardy  annual ;  i  foot ;  flowers  bluish-lilac,  in  May ;  North 
America  ;  1826.  E.  viscida  (clammy) ;  hardy  annual ;  2  feet ; 
flowers  blue,  in  June;  California;  1834.  E.  Wrajtgeliana 
(Wrangel's)  ;  hardy  annual  ;  I  foot ;  flowers  dark  bluish-lilac,  in 
June  ;  California  ;  1835. 

EVENING  PRIMROSE.    See  CENOTHERA. 

EVERLASTING  FLOWER.  See  GNAPHALIUM  and  HELI- 
CHRYSUM. 

EVERLASTING  PEA.     See  LATHYRUS. 

EXACUM.  [Gentianacese.]  A  family  of  hardy  annuals, 
allied  to  Chironia,  flourishing  in  peaty  moist  soil,  and  pro- 
pagated by  seed  sown  in  May.  The  species  are  E.  macran- 
thum,  pulchellum,  tetragonum,  and  bicolor. 

EXOGONIUM.  [Convolvulacese.]  A  division  of  the  old 
family  Ipomoea.  E.  purga,  a  very  handsome  slender 
climber,  bearing  rosy-purplish  blossoms  through  the  autumn 
months,  is  the  source  of  the  drug  Jalap.  The  plant  has  a 


1 62 


GARDEN    FLOWERS. 


fleshy  root,  which  is  very  liable  to  decay  in  winter,  if  kept  too 
damp.  The  best  place  to  keep  the  root  is. in  a  cool  part  of 
the  greenhouse,  in  the  soil,  which  should  be  nearly,  but  not 
quite,  dry.  In  the  spring,  the  crown  may  be  excited  slowly 
in  a  greenhouse,  or  close  frame  ;  but,  as  the  summer  draws 
on,  the  plant  will  grow  freely  enough  in  the  open  air,  where 
it  should  have  a  branchy  stake,  or  a  trellis  six  or  eight  feet 
high'.  It  may  be  kept  in  a  pot  trained  around  stakes,  cylin- 
•der-fashion,  and  may  be  increase"d  by  cuttings.  The  flowers 
of  this  kind  are  less  funnel-shaped  than  is  usual  among  the 
plants  of  this  order. 

E.filiforine  (thread-shaped) ;  stove  twining  perennial,  10  feet ; 
flowers  purple,  in  October;  West  Indies;  1823.  E.  purga 
(purgative) ;  jalap  ;  tuberous  twining  perennial ;  10  feet ;  flowers 
rose-color,  in  September  ;  Mexico  ;  1838.  E.  repandum  (wavy- 
edged)  ;  stove  twining  perennial ;  flowers  red,  in  August ;  West 
Indies;  1793. 


FAGUS.  Beech.  [Corylaceae.]  A  family  of  well-known 
ornamental  trees,  propagated  by  seed,  and  the  varieties 
by  grafting.  They  thrive  in  any  good  soil.  The  species  and 
varieties  are  — 

EVERGREENS. — F.  betuloides  (birch-like);  hardy;  50  feet; 
Magellan  ;  1830.  F.  Cunm'ng/iamti  (Cunningham's) ;  half-hardy; 
New  Zealand  ;  1843. 

HARDY  DECIDUOUS.  —  F.  antarctica  (antarctic);  50  feet;  Ma- 
gellan; 1830.  F.  castancefolia  (chestnut-leaved);  flowers  in 
June  ;  North  America  ;  F.  comptonicefolia  (comptonia-leaved) ; 
flowers  in  May.  F.  ferruginea  (American  rusty) ;  30  feet ; 
flowers  in  June  ;  North  America  ;  1766.  F.  ferruginea  Caroli- 
niana  (Carolina) ;  Carolina.  F.  purpurea  (purple) ;  flowers  in 
April ;  Germany.  F.  sylvatica  (common  wood) ;  70  feet ;  flowers 
in  June  ;  Britain.  F.  sylvatica  Americana  (American) ;  100 
feet ;  flowers  in  May  ;  North  America.  F.  sylvatica  atrorubens 
(dark-red-leaved) ;  30  feet ;  flowers  in  June.  F.  sylvatica  cristata 
(crested-leaved) ;  30  feet ;  flowers  in  May.  F.  sylvatica  cuprea 
(copper-colored-leaved) ;  70  feet ;  flowers  in  May.  F.  sylvatica 
foliis  argenteis  (silver-leaved) ;  flowers  in  May.  F.  sylvatica 
foliis  aureis  (golden-leaved) ;  flowers  in  June.  F.  sylvatica 
heterophylla  (various-leaved) ;  40  feet ;  flowers  in  April  and  May. 
F.  sylvatica  incisa  (cut-leaved) ;  10  feet ;  flowers  in  June.  F. 
sylvaticapendula  (pendulous) ;  flowers  in  May  ;  gardens. 

FEATHER-GRASS.     See  STIPA. 

FEDIA.  [Valerianaceae.]  A  genus  of  hardy  annuals, 
allied  to  Centranthus,  which  are  rather  pretty  garden  plants. 
Sown  in  pots  about  April,  and  planted  out  subsequently,  the 

163 


164  GARDEN    FLOWERS. 

plants  bloom  in  June ;  but  if  sown  in  the  open  ground,  in 
May,  they  bloom  in  July  :  in  either  case  continuing  in  flower 
for  some  time.  Planted  moderately  thick,  they  form  good 
bedding-plants.  Light,  rich  garden  soil. 

F.  graciltflora  (slender-flowered) ;  hardy  annual ;  I  foot ; 
flowers  pinkish,  in  June  ;  Algiers  ;  1845.  F.  cornucopia;  (cornu- 
copia) ;  hardy  annual ;  I  foot ;  flowers  red,  in  July ;  south  of 
Europe  ;  1796. 

FELICIA.  [Compositae.]  A  small  genus,  containing  a 
neat  dwarf  half-hardy  annual.  Soil,  rich  light  garden  mould. 
Increased  by  seeds.  Sow  in  April,  in  pots,  in  a  frame,  and 
in  May  in  the  borders.  It  is  known  as  Aster  tendlus. 

F.  tenella  (slender) ;  half-hardy  annual ;  9  inches  ;  flowers 
bluish-lilac,  in  June  ;  Cape  ;  1769. 

FENNEL-FLOWER.     See  NIGELLA. 

FENZLIA.  [Polemoniaceae.]  A  pretty  hardy  annual  from 
California,  sometimes  called  Dianthoidis.  Soil,  sandy  loam. 
The  plants  may  be  sown  in  a  hot-bed  in  April,  and  trans- 
planted to  the  border,  or  in  the  open  border  in  May.  Pro- 
pagated by  seed. 

F.  dianthiflora  (pink-flowered) ;  hardy  annual ;  4  inches  ; 
flowers  purple  and  yellow,  in  June  ;  California  ;  1833. 

FERULA.  Giant  Fennel.  [Umbelliferae.]  Large-growing 
hardy  perennials,  not  often  seen  in  cultivation,  but,  on  account 
of  their  noble  appearance,  well  adapted  for  conspicuous 
positions  in  mixed  borders,  or  even  as  specimen  plants  on  a 
lawn.  The  foliage  of  several  of  the  kinds  is  very  large,  and 
is  made  up  of  an  immense  number  of  little  parts,  varying  in 
width  and  shape  in  different  kinds.  The  flower-stems  rise 
from  a  large  tuft  of  these  leaves  to  the  height  of  six  to  eight 
feet,  and  bear  numerous  umbels  of  yellow  flowers.  The 
species  especially  alluded  to  as  deserving  of  cultivation  are 
F.  Tingitana,  Ferulago,  and  glauca,  the  former  having  the 


GARDEN    FLOWERS.  1 6$ 

divisions  of  the  leaf  small  but  egg-shaped,  with  notched  mar- 
gins, and  a  shining  surface  ;  the  two  latter,  smaller  and  nar- 
rower. They  like  a  dryish  deep  soil,  the  roots  being  large, 
fleshy,  and  penetrating  deeply,  and  abounding  moreover  in 
a  gum-resinous  matter,  which,  in  several  of  the  species,  is 
employed  medicinally. 

F.  Ferulago  (Ferulago) ;  hardy  perennial  ;  6  feet ;  flowers 
yellow,  in  June  ;  south  of  Europe.  F.  glauca  (glaucous) ;  hardy 
perennial;  8  feet;  flowers  yellow,  in  June;  Italy;  1596.  F. 
Tingitana  (Tangiers) ;  hardy  perennial ;  8  feet ;  flowers  yellow, 
in  June  ;  Barbary  ;  1680. 

There  are  some  twenty  other  species. 

FEVERFEW.  See  PYRETHRUM. 

FICARIA.  [Ranunculaceae.]  A  genus  of  pretty  little 
early-flowering  plants,  allied  to  Ranunculus.  Easily  propa- 
gated by  division  of  the  tuberous  roots  in  spring.  A  moist 
shady  situation  is  best  adapted  for  them. 

F.  verna  (spring) ;  hardy  perennial  ;  6  inches ;  flowers  yellow 
in  May  ;  England.  F.  verna  pallida  (pale-flowered)  ;  has  pale 
yellow  flowers.  F.  verna  plena  (double-flowered) ;  has  double 
flowers. 

FILBERT.     See  CORYLUS. 
FIR.     See  ABIES,  PINUS,  PICEA. 

FITZROYA.  [Coniferae.]  Fine  hardy  evergreen  trees. 
Soil,  sandy  loam.  Increased  by  seeds  or  cuttings. 

F.  Patagonica  (Patagonian) ;  hardy  evergreen  tree  ;  Patagonia; 
1849. 

FLAX.     See  LINUM. 
FLOS  ADONIS.     See  ADONIS. 
FLOWER  (FLEUR)  DE  LUCE.     See  IRIS. 
FLOWERING  FERN.     See  OSMUNDA. 
FLOWERING  RUSH.     See  BUTOMUS. 
FORGET-ME-NOT.     See  MYOSOTIS. 


1 66  GARDEN    FLOWERS. 

FORSYTHIA.  [Oleaceas.]  Beautiful  hardy  deciduous 
shrubs.  Soil,  sandy  loam.  Propagated  _  by  layers  or  cut- 
tings, f.  viridissima  is  a  valuable  shrub  for  early  forcing  ; 
but,  from  its  early  blooming  habit,  it  requires  to  be  in  a  shel- 
tered position,  or  its  blossoms  become  disfigured. 

F.  viridissima  (very  green) ;  hardy  deciduous  shrub  ;  6  feet ; 
flowers  yellow,  in  May;  north  of  China;  1845.  F.  suspensa 
(pendulous) ;  hardy  deciduous  shrub  ;  grafted  high,  it  is  pretty  ; 
flowers  yellow,  in  May  ;  Japan  ;  1858. 

FOTHERGILLA.  [Hamamelidaceae.]  Pretty  little  hardy 
shrubs,  with  white  flowers.  Soil,  sandy  peat.  Propagated 
by  seeds  and  layers.  All  are  natives  of  North  America. 

F.  alnifolia  (alder-leaved) ;  hardy  shrub ;  4  feet ;  flowers  in 
May;  1765.  The  varieties  acuta,  major,  obtusa,  and  serotina, 
diner  only  in  foliage  and  season  of  flowering. 

FOXGLOVE.     See  DIGITALIS. 

FRAXINELLA.     See  DICTAMNUS. 

FRAXINUS.  Ash.  [Oleaceae.]  Hardy  deciduous  trees, 
of  which  many  of  the  varieties  are  desirable.  Those  with 
cut  or  variegated  foliage,  or  of  weeping  habit,  are  ornamen- 
tal on  the  lawn  or  in  the  shrubbery. 

F.  acuminata  (pointed ;  green) ;  40  feet ;  flowers  in  May ; 
North  America  ;  1723.  F.  alba  (white) ;  30  feet ;  flowers  green, 
in  May;  North  America;  1823.  F.  amarissima  (bitterest);  20 
feet ;  flowers  in  May.  F.  Americana  (American- white) ;  20  feet ; 
flowers  in  May ;  North  America  ;  1723.  F,  Americana  latifolia 
(broad-leaved) ;  20  feet ;  flowers  in  May.  F.  angustifolia  (nar- 
row-leaved);  flowers  in  May;  Spain;  1825.  F.  appendica  (ap- 
pendaged) ;  20  feet ;  flowers  in  May.  F.  appendiculata  (appen- 
diculate) ;  20  feet ;  flowers  in  May.  F.  argentea  (silvery);  15  feet ; 
flowers  in  June  ;  Corsica;  1825.  F.  atro-virens  (dark -green ); 
4  feet ;  flowers  in  May  ;  Britain.  F.  atro-virens  aurea  (golden); 
flowers  in  April.  F.  Caroliniana  (Carolina) ;  30  feet ;  flowers 
in  June;  North  America;  1783.  F.  cinerea  (gray);  30  feet; 


GARDEN    FLOWERS.  l6/ 

flowers  in  May;  North  America;  1824.  F.  elliptica  (oval); 
30  feet;  flowers  in  May;  North  America;  1825.  F.  epiptera 
(dotted  stalked) ;  30  feet ;  flowers  in  May  ;  North  America  ; 
1823.  F.  excelsior  (taller;  common  Ash) ;  80  feet;  flowers  in 
May  ;  Britain.  F.  excelsior  argentea  (silver-barked) ;  20  feet ; 
flowers  in  May ;  Britain.  F.  excelsior  aurea  (golden-barked) ; 
20  feet ;  flowers  in  May  ;  Britain.  F.  excelsior  aurea  pend^lla 
(yellow-pendulous)  ;  flowers  in  May  ;  Britain.  F.  excelsior 
erosa  (gnawed) ;  20  feet ;  flowers  in  May  ;  Britain.  F.  excelsior 
fungosa  ;  26  feet ;  flowers  in  May ;  Britain.  F.  excelsior  hor- 
izontalis  (horizontal) ;  20  feet ;  flowers  in  May ;  Britain.  F.  ex- 
celsior jaspidea  (jasper-like  ;  yellow-barked) ;  30  feet ;  flowers 
in  May.  F.  excelsior  Kincairnice  (Kincairney) ;  40  feet ;  flowers 
in  May ;  Kincairney.  F.  excelsior  lutea  (yellow-edged) ;  20  feet ; 
flowers  in  May;  Britain.  F.  excelsior  nana  (dwarf);  10  feet; 
flowers  in  May  ;  Britain.  F.  excelsior  pendula  (pendulous) ;  20 
feet ;  flowers  in  May.  F.  excelsior  striata  (streaked) ;  20  feet ; 
flowers  in  May;  Britain.  F.  excelsior  verrucosa  (warted-barkedj; 
60  feet ;  flowers  in  May  ;  England.  F.  excelsior  verrucosa  pen- 
dula (pendulous-warted) ;  flowers  in  May  ;  England.  F.  excel- 
sior verticillaris  (whorled);  20  feet;  flowers  in  May;  Britain. 
F.  expansa  (expanded) ;  30  feet ;  flowers  in  May ;  North  Amer- 
ica ;  1824.  F.  fusca  (dark-brown);  30  feet;  flowers  in  May; 
North  America;  1823.  F.  heterophylla  (various-leaved);  30 
feet ;  flowers  in  May  ;  England.  F.  heterophylla  variegata  (va- 
rieagated-leaved) ;  12  feet;  flowers  in  May  ;  Ireland;  1836.  F. 
juglandifolia  (walnut-leaved) ;  40  feet ;  flowers  in  May  ;  North 
America  ;  1783.  F.  juglandifolia  subintegerrima  (nearly  entire); 
40  feet ;  flowers  in  May.  F.  laciniata  (jagged-leaved) ;  flowers 
in  May ;  North  America.  F.  lancea  (lance-leaved) ;  30  feet ; 
flowers  in  May;  North  America;  1820.  F.  lentiscifolia  (lentis- 
cus-leaved) ;  6  feet ;  flowers  in  May  ;  Aleppo  ;  1710.  F.  letisci- 
folia  pendula  (pendulous) ;  20  feet ;  flowers  in  June  ;  Germany; 
1833.  F.  longifolia  (long-leaved);  30  feet;  flowers  in  May; 
North  America ;  18*24.  F.  lucida  (shining) ;  20  feet ;  flowers 
in  May.  F.  macrophylla  (large-leaved) ;  40  feet ;  flowers  in 
May;  1823.  F.  mixta  (mixed);  30  feet;  flowers  in  May; 


1 68  GARDEN    FLOWERS. 

North  America;  1824.  F.  monstrosa  (monstrous);  flowers  in 
July ;  Britain.  F.  nana  (dwarf) ;  6  feet ;  flowers  in  June.  F. 
nigra  (black-branched) ;  30  feet ;  flowers  in  May  ;  North  Amer- 
ica ;  1825.  F.  ovata  (egg-shaped);  30  feet;  flowers  in  May; 
North  America.  F.  oxycarpa  (sharp-fruited) ;  20  feet ;  flowers 
in  May ;  Caucasus  51815.  F.  oxycarpa  oxyphylla  (sharp-leaved); 
20  feet;  south  of  Europe;  1821.  F.  pallida  (pale);  30  feet; 
flowers  in  May  ;  North  America.  F.  pannosa  (cloth-leaved) ; 
30  feet ;  flowers  in  May  ;  Carolina  ;  1820.  F.  parvifolia  (small- 
leaved) ;  20  feet;  flowers  in  May;  Levant;  1822.  F.platycarpa 
(broad-fruited) ;  30  feet ;  flowers  in  May ;  North  America  ;  1820. 
F>  polemonifolia  (great-valerian-leaved) ;  flowers  in  April ;  North 
America ;  1812.  F.  pubescens  (downy);  20  feet ;  flowers  in  April ; 
North  America;  1811.  F.  pubescens  latifolia  (broad-leaved); 
20  feet ;  flowers  in  May.  F.  pubescens  longifolia  (long-leaved) ; 
20  feet ;  flowers  in  May.  F.  pulverulenta  (powdery) ;  30  feet ; 
flowers  in  May ;  North  America ;  1824.  F.  quadrangulata 
(four-angled,  blue) ;  30  feet ;  flowers  in  May  ;  North  America  ; 
1822.  F.  quadrangulata  nervosa  (nerved);  30  feet;  flowers  in 
May.  F.  mbicunda  (ruddy-veined) ;  30  feet ;  flowers  in  May ; 
North  America;  1824.  F.  rufa  (rusty);  30  feet;  flowers  in 
May;  North  America;  1822.  F.  sambucifolia  (elder-leaved); 
30  feet ;  flowers  in  May ;  North  America ;  1800.  F.  sambiici- 
folia  crispa  (curled) ;  30  feet ;  flowers  in  May.  F.  versicolor 
(many-colored) ;  flowers  in  May ;  Britain.  F.  virens  (green) ; 
20  feet ;  flowers  in  May.  F.  virens  variegata  (variegated) ; 
20  feet ;  flowers  in  May.  F.  viridis  (green) ;  30  feet ;  flowers 
in  May;  North  America;  1824. 

All  of  the  above  species  are  seldom  found  in  any  collec- 
tion ;  but  all  the  larger  species  are  fine  trees  for  street- 
planting. 

FRENCH  MARIGOLD.     See  TAGETIS. 
FRINGE-TREE.     See  CHIONANTHUS. 
FRITILLARIA.     Fritillary.     [Liliaceae.]     A  genus  of  hardy 
bulbs,   of  easy   culture,   propagated  without   difficulty  by 


GARDEN   FLOWERS.  169 

means  of  offsets.  The  bulbs  should  be  planted  in  sandy, 
loamy  soil ;  when  taken  up  for  transplanting,  it  should  be 
about  August.  All  the  species  propagate  by  offsets,  and 
grow  freely  in  the  open  ground,  without  protection.  They 
mostly  flower  in  May,  and  are  thus  very  useful  in  gardens  as 
spring  flowers.  The  most  stately  species  is  the  Crown  Im- 
perial, which  bears  a  whorl  of  drooping  flowers,  surmounted 
by  a  tuft,  or  crown,  of  leaves.  The  smaller  species  bear  one 
or  two  drooping  cup-shaped  flowers.  The  bulbs  of  the 
Fritillarias  are  scaly,  and  of  a  soft  texture,  like  those  of 
lilies,  consequently  they  must  not  be  dried  by  being  left 
long  exposed  at  the  period  of  replanting. 

F.  alba  (white)  ;  hardy  bulb ;  9  inches  ;  flowers  white,  in 
May ;  North  America.  F.  cuprea  (coppery) ;  half-hardy  bulb  ; 
1 8  inches;  flowers  copper-colored,  in  July ;  Mexico;  1834.  F. 
iinperialis  (Crown-imperial) ;  hardy  bulb  ;  4  feet ;  flowers  yellow 
or  red,  in  May;  Persia;  1596.  F.  lanceolata  (spear-leaved); 
hardy  bulb ;  9  inches  ;  flowers  dark-purple,  in  May ;  Kamts- 
chatka  ;  1759.  F.  latifolia  (broad-leaved) ;  hardy  bulb;  i  foot ; 
flowers  reddish -purple,  in  May ;  Caucasus;  1604.  F.lencantha 
(white-flowered) ;  hardy  bulb  ;  i  foot ;  flowers  white,  in  May  ; 
Siberia;  1822.  F.  lutea  (yellow);  hardy  bulb  ;  r  foot;  flowers 
yellow,  in  May;  Caucasus;  1812.  F.  meleagris  (guinea-fowl- 
like)  ;  hardy  bulb  ;  i  foot ;  flowers  purple- checkered  or  white, 
in  May  ;  England.  F,  minor  (small) ;  hardy  bulb  ;  i  foot ; 
flowers  dark-purple,  in  April ;  Altai ;  1 830.  F.  nervosa  (nerved- 
leaved) ;  hardy  bulb  ;  18  inches  ;  flowers  dark-purple,  in  May  ; 
Caucasus;  1826.  F.  obliqua  (oblique-leaved);  hardy  bulb;  I 
foot;  flowers  brown-purple,  in  April;  Caucasus;  1596.  F. 
Persica  (Persian) ;  hardy  bulb  ;  2  feet ;  flowers  brown-purple, 
in  May;  Persia;  1596.  F.  prcecox  (early);  hardy  bulb;  i 
foot ;  flowers  white,  in  May ;  Europe .  F.  pudica  (chaste)  ; 
hardy  bulb  ;  i  foot ;  flowers  pale-yellow,  in  May ;  North  Amer- 
ica ;  1824.  F.  Pyrenaica  (Pyrenaean) ;  hardy  bulb  ;  18  inches  ; 
flowers  dark-purple,  in  June ;  Spain ;  1605.  F.  Ruthenica 


I/O  GARDEN    FLOWERS. 

(Russian) ;  hardy  bulb ;  i  foot ;  flowers  purple,  in  May  ;  Cau- 
casus ;  1826.  F.  tenella  (slender);  hardy  bulb ;  i  foot;  flow- 
ers purple,  in  May  ;  Caucasus  ;  1826.  F.  verticillata  (whorled) ; 
hardy  bulb  ;  I  foot ;  flowers  purple,  in  May  ;  Crimea  ;  1823. 

FUMARIA.     See  DIELYTRA. 

FUNKIA.  [Liliaceae.]  Very  pretty  hardy  herbaceous  per- 
ennials. They  grow  freely  in  any  light  common  soil,  and 
require  no  particular  culture ;  but  they  must  have  a  warm 
and  rather  dry  situation  to  induce  them  to  bloom  freely, 
Increased  by  division  of  the  roots. 

F.  albo-marginata  (white-margined)  ;  hardy  perennial  ;  18 
inches;  flowers  lilac  in  July ;  Japan ;  1837.  F.  lancifolia  (lance- 
leaved)  ;  hardy  perennial ;  i  foot ;  flowers  lilac,  in  July  ;  Japan ; 
1824.  F.  ovata  (ovate-leaved);  hardy  perennial;  18  inches; 
flowers  bluish-lilac,  in  June  ;  Japan  ;  1790.  F.  Sieboldiana 
(Siebold's) ;  hardy  perennial ;  i  foot ;  flowers  lilac,  in  June  ; 
Japan;  1830.  F.  sub-cordata  (sub-cordate-leaved.);  hardy  per- 
ennial ;  i  foot;  flowers  white,  in  August;  Japan;  1790.  F. 
undulata  (wavy-leaved) ;  half-hardy  perennial ;  i  foot ;  flowers 
lilac,  in  August ;  Japan  ;  1834. 


GAGEA.      [Liliaceae.]     Hardy  bulbs,  closely  related  to 
Ornithogalum.    Light  sandy  soil.    Increased  by  offsets. 

G.  Bohemica  (Bohemian) ;  hardy  bulb  ;  6  inches ;  flowers  yel- 
low, in  April;  Bohemia;  1825.  G.  bracteolaris  (bracteolate) ; 
hardy  bulb  ;  6  inches;  flowers  yellow,  in  April ;.  Europe  ;  1817. 
G.  chlorantha  (yellow-flowered) ;  hardy  bulb  ^  6  inches ;  flowers 
yellow,  in  April;  Siberia;  1819.  G*  glauca  (glaucous);  hardy 
bulb  ;  6  inches  ;  flowers  yellow,  in  March  ;  Switzerland  ;  1825. 
G.  Liotardi  (Liotard's) ;  hardy  bulb  ;  6  inches  ;  flowers  yellow, 
in  May;  south  of  Europe;  1825.  G.  lutea  (yellow);  hardy 
bulb  ;  6  inches  ;  flowers  yellow,  in  May  ;  England.  G.  minima 
(least) ;  hardy  bulb  ;  3  inches ;  flowers  yellow,  in  May  ;  Switzer- 
land ;  1826.  G.  Podalica  (Podalian) ;  hardy  bulb;  6  inches  ; 
flowers  yellow,  in  May;  Podalia ;  1827.  G.  pusilla  (small); 
hardy  bulb ;  3  inches ;  flowers  yellow,  in  April ;  Bohemia ; 
1825.  G.  spathacea  (sheathed);  hardy  bulb  ;  6  inches  ;  flowers 
yellow,  in  May;  Germany;  1759.  G.  uniflora  (one-flowered); 
hardy  bulb  ;  6  inches  ;  flowers  yellow,  in  May;  Siberia;  1781. 
G.  villosa  (shaggy) ;  hardy  bulb  ;  6  inches  ;  flowers  yellow,  in 
April;  Caucasus;  1825. 

GAILLARDIA.  [Compositae.}  Showy  hardy  and  half-hardy 
perennials.  Soil,  sandy  loam,  or  light  garden  soil.  In- 
creased by  division.  G.  picta,  a  soft-stemmed  plant,  used 
for  flower-garden  decoration,  requires  protection  from  frost 
in  a  dry  frame  during  winter,  and  is  raised  from  seeds  or 
cuttings  in  autumn,  for  planting  out  in  the  following  May. 

G.  aristata  (awned)  ;•  hardy  perennial ;  2  feet ;  flowers  deep- 
yellow,  in  July;  North  America;  1812.  G.  bicolor  (two-col- 

171 


1/2  GARDEN   FLOWERS. 

ored) ;  hardy  perennial ;  2  feet ;  flowers  deep-yellow,  in  August ; 
North  America;  1787.  G.  picta  (painted);  half-hardy  peren- 
nial; 1 8  inches;  flowers  yellow  and  red,  in  July;  Louisiana; 
3833.  G.  Richardsoni  (Richardson's);  hardy  perennial;  18 
inches;  flowers  deep-yellow,  in  July;  North  America;  1827. 
G.  grandtflora  is  a  garden  hybrid  ;  flowers  rich  red,  with  yellow 
border,  very  Jarge  ;  1855. 

GALANTHUS.  Snowdrop.  [Amaryllidaceae.]  Well-known 
hardy  bulbs,  dwarf,  pretty,  and  very  general  favorites,  partly 
perhaps  from  the  season  at  which  they  appear,  as  the  her- 
alds of  spring.  G.  plicatus  is  the  finest  species,  but  is  rare. 
The  bulbs  require  planting  in  October,  in  common  soil,  and 
should  be  left  undisturbed  for  several  years  ;  they  then  form 
thick  patches,  and  are  more  showy  when  in  flower.  They 
should  be  planted  in  patches,  instead  of  single  rows  along 
the  edging  of  borders. 

G.  nivalis  (common) ;  hardy  bulb  ;  4  inches  ;  flowers  white 
and  green,  in  March  ;  England.  G.  plicatus  (plaited) ;  hardy 
bulb  ;  9  inches  ;  flowers  white  and  green,  in  March ;  Crimea ; 
1 8 1 8.  G.  reflexus  (reflexed) ;  hardy  bulb  ;  6  inches  ;  flowers 
white  and  green,  in  March  ;  Mount  Gargarus  ;  1844. 

GALAX.  [Pyrolaceae.]  Hardy  perennials.  Soil,  peat, 
kept  rather  damp.  Increased  by  division. 

G.  aphylla  (leafless) ;  hardy  perennial ;  6  inches  ;  flowers 
white,  in  July  ;  North  America;  1786. 

GALEGA.  Goafs-Rue.  [Leguminosae.]  Large  growing 
hardy  or  half-hardy  perennials.  Common  soil.  Increased 
by  division  or  by  seeds. 

G.  biloba  (two-lobed) ;  hardy  perennial ;  3  feet ;  flowers  blue, 
in  July;  native  country  uncertain  ;  1823.  G.  officinalis  (offici- 
nal) ;  hardy  perennial ;  3  feet ;  flowers  blue  or  white,  in  July  ; 
Spain;  1568.  G.  Orientalis  (Eastern);  hardy  perennial;  3 
feet;  flowers  blue,  in  July;  Levant;  1801.  G.  Persica  (Per- 
sian) ;  hardy  perennial ;  3  feet ;  flowers  white,  in  July  ;  Persia  ; 
1826. 


GARDEN   FLOWERS.  1/3 

GALIUM.  [Galiaceas.]  A  genus  of  coarse,  not  very 
showy  plants,  thriving  in  any  soil,  and  propagated  by  di- 
vision. G.  suavolens  is  an  annual :  the  rest  of  those  we 
mention  are  herbaceous  perennials,  generally  hardy. 

G.  campanulatum  (bell-flowered) ;  6  inches  ;  flowers  white,  in 
June  ;  south  of  Europe  ;  1821.  G.  capillipes  (hairy-stalked) ; 
i  foot;  flowers  white,  in  October;  Russia;  1838.  G.  Grcecum 
(Grecian) ;  6  inches  ;  flowers  purple,  in  July  ;  Candia  ;  1798. 
G.  Persicum  (Persian) ;  flowers  yellow,  in  July  ;  Persia;  1837. 
G.  purpureum  (purple) ;  i  foot ;  flowers  purple,  in  July  ;  Swit- 
zerland ;  1831.  G.  rubrum  (red);  i  foot;  flowers  purple,  in 
July;  Italy;  1597.  G.  suavolens  (sweet-scented) ;  i  foot;  flow- 
ers white,  in  July  ;  north  of  Europe  ;  1821.  G.  Tauricum  (Tau- 
rian) ;  6  inches;  flowers  yellow,  in  July;  Tauria ;  1818.  G. 
Vaillantii  (Vaillant's) ;  2  feet ;  flowers  green,  in  May ;  England. 

GAULTHERIA.  [Ericaceae.]  Pretty  dwarf,  procumbent, 
hardy  evergreens,  growing  in  moist  peaty  soil,  and  increased 
by  layers  and  seeds. 

G.  procunibens  (procumbent) ;  hardy  trailing  evergreen  shrub ; 
flowers  white,  in  July;  North  America;  1762.  G.  Shallon 
(Shallon) ;  hardy  evergreen  shrub ;  i  foot ;  flowers  white,  in 
May;  North  America  ;  1826. 

There  are  evergreen  greenhouse  species. 

GAURA.  [Onagraceas.]  Showy  plants,  mostly  biennials. 
Soil,  sandy  loam.  Increased  by  seeds.  G.  Lindhiemeriana 
is  a  very  elegantly  branched  free-blooming  plant,  and, 
though  perennial,  is  perhaps  best  treated  as  a  biennial :  it 
blooms  freely,  however,  the  first  year  from  the  seed,  if  sown 
in  May  with  the  half-hardy  annuals.  The  species  are  not 
hardy  in  the  Northern  States. 

G.  biennis  (biennial) ;  hardy  biennial ;  6  feet ;  flowers  white 
and  red,  in  September;  North  America;  1762.  G.  coccinea 
(scarlet) ;  hardy  perennial ;  I  foot ;  flowers  scarlet,  in  August ; 
Louisiana;  1811.  G.  Lindhiemeriana  (Lindheimer's) ;  half- 


1/4  GARDEN    FLOWERS. 

hardy  perennial ;  2  feet ;  flowers  white  and  pink,  in  July ; 
Texas;  1851.  G.  mutabilis  (changeable);  half-hardy  peren- 
nial ;  2  feet ;  flowers  yellow,  in  July  ;  North  America ;  1 795. 
G.  cenother&folia  (cenothera-leaved) ;  hardy  biennial ;  2  feet ; 
flowers  purple,  in  July  ;  South  America  ;  1816. 

GAZANIA.  [Compositae.]  Greenhouse  herbaceous  plants, 
producing  large  and  very  showy  yellow  or  orange-colored 
composite  flowers.  Soil,  loam,  leaf-mould,  and  sand.  In- 
creased by  division  or  by  cuttings.  They  require  little  care 
beyond  ordinary  routine  greenhouse  management,  and  to  be 
occasionally  repotted  as  they  become  thickly  rooted.  G. 
uniflora  is  of  a  different  habit  from  the  rest,  producing  nu- 
merous branching  stems,  and  forms  a  good  bedding-out 
plant  for  the  flower-garden  in  summer  if  planted  in  a  dry- 
ish situation.  Cuttings  struck  about  August  in  one  season, 
form  good  blooming  plants  for  the  next  summer :  they 
should  be  frequently  stopped  while  young. 

G.  pavonia  (peacock) ;  greenhouse  perennial ;  I  foot ;  flowers 
orange  and  black,  in  June ;  Cape  ;  1 804.  G.  rigens  (stiff) ; 
greenhouse  perennial ;  i  foot ;  flowers  orange  and  black,  in 
June;  Cape;  1735.  G.  splendens  (showy);  greenhouse  peren- 
nial ;  I  foot ;  flowers  orange  with  black  centre,  in  August.  This 
species  is  a  fine  bedding  plant,  and  is  a  hybrid  between  G.  uni- 
flora and  rigens  ;  gardens  ;  1860.  G.  uniflora  (one-flowered) ; 
greenhouse  perennial ;  i  foot ;  flowers  pale-yellow,  in  June  ; 
Cape;  1816. 

GENISTA.  Broom.  [Leguminoseae.]  A  large  genus,  of 
which  some  are  hardy.  They  do  well  in  common  soil,  and 
are  very  conspicuous  for  their  bright  yellow  flowers  in  June. 
Propagated  by  seeds. 

G.  aphylla  (leafless) ;  hardy  shrub  ;  4  feet ;  flowers  violet,  in 
July;  Siberia;  1800.  G.  diffusa  (spreading);  hardy  shrub ;  3 
feet;  flowers  yellow,  in  June;  Hungary;  1816.  G.  Siberica 
(Siberian) ;  hardy  shrub  ;  2  feet ;  flowers  yellow,  in  June  ;  Si- 


GARDEN    FLOWERS.  1/5 

beria ;  1785.     G.tinctoria  (dyer's);  hardy  shrub  ;  3  feet;  flow- 
ers yellow,  in  June  ;  England. 

There  are  double-flowered  varieties. 

GENTIANA.  [Gentianaceae.]  Beautiful  hardy  herbaceous 
plants.  They  should  be  planted  in  good  rich  soil,  and  most 
of  them  prefer  a  considerable  proportion  of  peat  earth.  They 
are  propagated  readily  by  dividing  the  plant  in  autumn  or 
spring.  The  hardy  annual  and  biennial  species  are  of  much 
less  horticultural  importance. 

G.  acaulis  (Gentianella) ;  hardy  perennial ;  3  inches  ;  flowers 
blue,  in  May  ;  Wales.  G.  algida  (cold) ;  hardy  perennial ;  6 
inches;  flowers  white,  in  June;  Siberia;  1808.  G.  Altaica 
(Altaic) ;  hardy  perennial ;  i  foot ;  flowers  purple,  in  May  ;  Si- 
beria ;  1824.  G.  asclepiadea  (asclepias-like) ;  hardy  perennial ; 
i  foot ;  flowers  blue  or  white,  in  July  ;  Austria ;  1629.  G, 
aurea  (golden) ;  hardy  perennial ;  6  inches  ;  flowers  yellow,  in 
August;  Norway;  1823.  G.Bavarica  (Bavarian);  hardy  per- 
ennial;  3  inches;  flowers  blue,  in  July;  Germany;  1775.  G. 
Ca(4(k&(Catea,by3s.)i  hardy  perennial ;  18  inches  ;  flowers  blue, 
in  June;  North  America;  1803.  G.  ciliata  (hair-fringed); 
hardy  perennial ;  9  inches  ;  flowers  blue,  in  July ;  Germany ; 
1759.  G.  crinita  (fringed);  hardy  perennial ;  flowers  sky-blue, 
in  October;  North  America;  1804.  G.  cruciata  (crossed); 
hardy  perennial ;  i  foot  ;  flowers  blue,  in  June  ;  Austria  ;  1596. 
G.fimbriata  (fringed) ;  hardy  perennial ;  6  inches  ;  flowers  blue, 
in  August;  Caucasus;  1818.  G.  Fortuni  (Fortune's) ;. hardy 
perennial ;  18  inches  ;  flowers  deep-blue,  spotted  with  white,  in 
July;  north  of  China;  1852.  G.fngida  (frigid);  hardy  peren- 
nial ;  i  foot ;  flowers  white,  in  July ;  Carpathian  Mountains ; 
1817.  G.glacialis  (icy);  hardy  biennial ;  i  foot;  flowers  blue, 
in  August;  north  of  Europe;  1819.  G.  lutea  (yellow);  hardy 
perennial;  4  feet;  flowers  yelky,  in  July;  Alps;  1596.  G. 
macrophylla  (large-leaved) ;  hardy  perennial ;  i  foot ;  flowers 
blue,  in  July  ;  Siberia  ;  1796.  G.  Pannonica  (Pannonian);  hardy 
perennial ;  i  fopt ;  flowers  purple,  in  July  ;  Alps.  G.  pneumo- 


1/6  GARDEN    FLOWERS. 

nanthe  (Calathian-violet) ;  hardy  perennial ;  i  foot ;  flowers  blue 
or  white,  in  August ;  England.  G.  pumila  (dwarf)  ;  hardy  per- 
ennial ;  3  inches  ;  flowers  blue,  in  May  ;  Switzerland  ;  1817.  G. 
punctata  (spotted) ;  hardy  perennial ;  3  feet ;  flowers  yellow,  in 
July;  Alps;  1795.  G.  saponaria  (soapwort-leaved) ;  hardy 
perennial ;  2  feet ;  flowers  blue  or  white,  in  August ;  North 
America;  1796.  G.  septemfida  (seven-cleft);  hardy  perennial  ; 
9  inches  ;  flowers  blue,  in  June  ;  Persia  ;  1804.  G.  verna 
(vernal) ;  hardy  perennial ;  3  inches ;  flowers  blue,  in  April ; 
England. 

There  are  many  other  showy  species. 

GERANIUM.  Cranes-bill.  [  Geraniaceae.  ]  Ornamental 
herbaceous  plants.  Common  garden  soil.  Increased  readily 
by  division  or  by  seeds. 

G.  aconitifolium  (aconite-leaved) ;  hardy  perennial ;  18  inches  ; 
flowers  white,  in  June  ;  Switzerland  ;  1775.  G.  cristatum 
(crested) ;  hardy  perennial  ;  18  inches  ;  flowers  veined  with  red, 
in  July  ;  Iberia;  1820.  G.  Dalmricum  (Dahurian) ;  hardy  per- 
ennial;  I  foot;  flowers  purple,  in  June;  Dahuria;  1820.  G. 
Ibericum  (Iberian)  ;  hardy  perennial;  18  inches;  flowers  blue, 
in  July  ;  Levant ;  1802.  G.  Lancastriense  (Lancaster) ;  hardy 
perennial ;  9  inches ;  flowers  striped,  in  June  ;  Britain.  G. 
Mexicanum  (Mexican) ;  hardy  perennial ;  2  feet ;  flowers  pale 
purple,  in  August;  Mexico;  1832.  G.  pratense  (meadow); 
hardy  perennial ;  18  inches  ;  flowers  blue  or  white,  or  blue  and 
white  striped,  single  or  double,  in  June  ;  Britain.  G.  rubifolium 
(bramble-leaved) ;  hardy  perennial ;  i  foot ;  flowers  pink,  in 
July;  Himalayas;  1839.  G.  sanguineum  (bloody);  hardy  per- 
ennial ;  i  foot ;  flowers  crimson,  in  July  ;  Britain. 

There  are  many  other  species. 

GERARDIA.  [Scrophulariacese.]  A  family  of  annuals, 
biennials,  and  perennials,  mostly  natives  of  North  America, 
and  of  difficult  culture.  Soil,  leaf-mould  and  sand. 

G.flava  (yellow) ;  hardy  perennial  ;  18  inches  ;  flowers  yellow, 
in  August ;  North  America;  1796.  G.  quercifolia  (oak-leaved); 


GARDEN    FLOWERS.  I// 

hardy  perennial ;  i  foot ;  flowers  yellow,  in  August ;  North 
America;  1812.  G.purpiirea  (purple);  hardy  annual;  flowers 
purple,  in  August ;  North  America  ;  1772. 

GEUM.  Avens.  [Rosaceae.]  Hardy  perennials,  some  of 
which  are  ornamental.  Soil,  sandy  loam.  Propagated  by 
division  or  by  seeds. 

G.  album  (white) ;  hardy  perennial ;  i  foot ;  flowers  white,  in 
July;  North  America;  1730.  G.  Canadense  (Canadian) ;  hardy 
perennial;  18  inches;  flowers  yellow,  in  July;  Canada;  1810. 
G.  Chilense  (Chili) ;  hardy  perennial ;  2  feet ;  flowers  copper- 
color,  in  July  ;  Chili;  1826.  The  variety  atro-sanguineum  has 
the  flowers  dark  blood-colored  ;  variety  grandiflorum,  scarlet. 
G.  macrophyllum  (large-leaved) ;  hardy  perennial ;  2  feet ;  flow- 
ers yellow,  in  July;  Kamtschatka  ;  1804.  G.  Pyrenaicum  (Py- 
renasan) ;  hardy  perennial ;  18  inches  ;  flowers  yellow,  in  July  ; 
Pyrenees  ;  1804.  G.  Virginianum  (Virginian) ;  hardy  perennial ; 
1 8  inches  ;  flowers  white,  in  July  ;  North  America ;  1730. 

GIANT-FENNEL.     See  FERULA. 

GILIA.  [  Polemoniacae.  ]  Favorite  hardy  annuals,  with 
small  cup-like,  but  very  pretty  simple  flowers.  There  are 
several  varieties,  and  but  little  to  distinguish  them. from  each 
other  save  the  different  shades  of  color.  G.  tricolor  is  the 
best  for  general  purposes  ;  it  is  neat,  dwarf,  and  free  flower- 
ing. Being  as  hardy  as  most  of  the  annuals,  it  may  be  sown 
in  May  where  it  is  to  bloom,  and  should  not  be  too  much 
crowded.  It  will  bloom  from  June  onwards  in  succession. 

G.  achillecefolia  (milfoil-leaved) ;  hardy  annual ;  r  foot ;  flowers 
purple-blue,  in  June;  California;  1833.  G.  capitata  (round- 
headed)  ;  hardy  annual ;  2^-  feet ;  flowers  gray-blue  or,  white,  in 
June;  Columbia;  1826.  G.  gratilis  (slender).;  hardy  annual; 
6  inches;  flowers  pink,  in  July;  North  America;  1826.  G. 
tenuiflora  (slender-flowered) ;  hardy  annual ;  2.  feet ;  flowers 
rose  and  violet,  in  July  ;  California.  G.  tricolor  (three-colored); 
hardy  annual ;  i  foot  ;  flowers  lilac,  yellow,  and  black,  in  June  ; 
California;  1833.  Of  this  there  are  the  varieties  nivalis,  white, 

12 


1^8  GARDEN    FLOWERS. 

with  yellow  throat ;  albiflora,  white,  with  yellow  and  black ;  and 
splendens,  pink,  with  yellow  and  black. 

GILLENIA.  [Rosaceae.]  Hardy  herbaceous  perennials. 
Peaty  soil,  rather  moist.  Propagated  by  division. 

G.  stipulacea  (large-stipuled) ;  hardy  perennial ;  2  feet ;  flow- 
ers white  and  red,  in  July ;  North  America  ;  1803.  G.  trifoliata 
(three-leaved) ;  hardy  perennial  ;  2  feet ;  flowers  white  and  red, 
in  July;  North  America  ;  1713. 

GLADIOLUS.  [Iridaceae.]  A  large  family  of  showy  bulbs, 
mostly  tender.  The  hybrids  of  G.  Gandavensis  have  of  late 
attracted  much  attention.  Though  less  delicate,  they  are 
not  excelled  in  beauty  by  any  of  the  rarer  species.  They 
will  often  endure  the  winter  in  the  open  air  as  far  north  as 
Massachusetts  ;  but  the  safest  and  best  way  is  take  up  the 
bulbs  after  the  leaves  are  killed  by  the  frost,  dry  them  rapidly 
in  the  sun,  and  preserve  them  in  a  dry,  cool,  frost-proof  cel- 
lar until  spring.  Seeds  ripen  freely,  but  produce  new  varie- 
ties, the  older  being  propagated  by  division  of  the  bulbs  and 
by  bulblets.  Seedlings  bloom  the  second  year. 

For  a  list  of  varieties  consult  the  florists'  newest  catalo- 
gues. Some  of  the  best,  however,  are  :  Light —  El  Dorado, 
Penelope,  Madame  Leseble,  Junon,  Madame  Binder,  Ceres, 
Vesta,  Calypso,  Queen  Victoria,  Canari,  Samuel  Walker, 
Rebecca,  and  Imperatrice.  Dark  —  Pluton,  Napoleon  III., 
Mars,  Brenchleyensis,  Anatole  Levanneur,  Preinice  de  Mont- 
Rouge,  Vulcain,  Mrs.  Basseville,  La  Poussin,  Count  de 
Morny. 

G.  communis  and  Byzanthium  are  hardy  bulbs,  requiring  to 
be  treated  like  crocuses. 

GLAUCIUM.  [Papavaraceas.]  A  family  of  annuals  and 
biennials,  grown  from  seed  sown  in  the  open  borders  in 
May.  The  chief  species  are  G.  Arabicum,  Persiatm,  Phtzni- 
cium,  rubrum,  and  tricolor,  all  annuals ;  and  G.  flavum  and. 
fulvum  biennials. 


GARDEN   FLOWERS.  1/9 

GLEDITSCHIA.  [Leguminoseas.]  Hardy  ornamental  de- 
ciduous trees.  Common  soil.  Propagated  by  seed. 

G.  horrida;  hardy  tree;  10  feet;  flowers  green,  in  July; 
China  ;  1774.  G.  sinensis ;  hardy  tree  ;  20  feet ;  flowers  green, 
in  June  ;  China  ;  1812.  The  varieties  are  inermis,  major,  nana, 
and  pendula.  G.  tricanthos  (three-thorned)  ;  Honey  Locust  ; 
hardy  tree;  30  feet;  flowers  green,  in  July;  1700.  Variety 
inermis  differs  in  having  no  thorns. 

GLOBE-AMARANTH.     See  GOMPHRENA. 

GLOBE-FLOWER.     See  TROLLIUS. 

GLOBE-THISTLE.     See  ECHINOPS. 

GLOBULARIA.  [Selaginaceae.]  Dwarf  herbaceous  plants, 
nearly  or  quite  hardy,  except  in  the  Northern  States.  Soil, 
sandy  loam  and  peat.  Increased  by  cuttings  of  the  young 
shoots  under  a  hand-glass  in  summer. 

G.  Alypum  (three-toothed) ;  half-hardy  perennial ;  2  feet ;  flow- 
ers pale-red,  in  August ;  south  of  Europe  ;  1640.  G,  bellidifolia 
(daisy-leaved)  ;  hardy  perennial ;  3  inches  ;  flowers  red,  in  July ; 
Italy  ;  1825.  G.  cordifolia  (heart-leaved) ;  hardy  perennial ;  6 
inches ;  flowers  blue,  in  July  ;  Germany  ;  1683.  G.  vulgaris 
(common) ;  hardy  perennial ;  6  inches ;  flowers  blue,  in  June ; 
Europe  ;  1640. 

GLOSSOCOMIA.  [Campanulacese.j  Half-hardy  herbaceous 
perennials.  Common  soil.  Increased  by  seeds  or  division. 

G.  hirida  (lurid) ;  half-hardy  perennial ;  2  feet ;  flowers  green 
and  purple,  in  May;  North  India;  1838.  G.  ovata  (ovate); 
half-hardy  perennial ;  18  inches  ;  flowers  white,  in  July  ;  North 
India;  1839. 

GNAPHALIUM.  [Composite.]  A  pretty  family  of  plants 
commonly  known  as  Everlastings,  comprising  greenhouse 
perennials  and  hardy  annuals  and  biennials.  Soil,  sandy 
loam  and  leaf-mould.  Propagated  by  seeds.  The  annual 
species  are  G.  obtusifolium  and  undulatum. 

GOAT'S  BEARD.     See  SPIREA  ARUNCUS. 


ISO  GARDEN   FLOWERS. 

GOAT'S  RUE.     See  GALEGA. 

GODETIA.  [Onagraceas.]  Showy  hardy  annuals,  nearly 
related  to  CEnothera.  Sow  in  the  open  beds  or  borders  in 
May,  to  flower  in  June,  July,  and  August.  As  soon  as  the 
plants  come  up,  they  should  be  thinned ;  for,  if  crowded, 
they  grow  weakly,  and  do  not  flower  so  well.  Six  or  eight 
plants  may  be  left  in  a  patch.  If  they  are  required  early, 
they  may  be  sown  in  pots  in  April,  to  be  forwarded  in 
frames,  and  turned  out  in  May.  In  this  ease,  the  pots  must 
be  kept  near  the  light,  and  beyond  the  reach  of  frost,  which, 
while  the  plants  are  young  and  tender,  will  injure  them. 
Several  of  the  species  are  too  much  alike.  When  vigorous, 
the  plants  remain  some  time  in  bloom. 

G.  albescens  (whitish);  hardy  annual;  18  inches;  flowers 
pinkish-purple,  in  June  ;  Columbia ;  1841.  G.  grandiflora 
(large-flowered) ;  hardy  annual ;  2  feet ;  flowers  white  and  red, 
in  July;  Columbia;  1841.  G.  lepida  (pretty);  hardy  annual; 
18  inches  ;  flowers  pink,  in  June;  California;  1835.  G.  Lind- 
leyana  (Lindley's) ;  hardy  annual ;  18  inches  ;  flowers  pale-rose 
and  crimson,  in  June  ;  North  America  ;  1826.  G.  quadrivrd- 
nera  (four-spotted) ;  hardy  annual ;  18  inches  ;  flowers  pink,  in 
July;  North  America;  1826.  G.  Romanzovii  (Romanzow's) ; 
hardy  annual ;  I  foot ;  flowers  bluish-purple,  in  June  ;  North 
America  51817.  G.  rosea-alba  (red  and  white) ;  hardy  annual ; 
1 8  inches  ;  flowers  red  and  and  white,  in  June  ;  Nepaul ;  1827. 
G.  rubicunda  (ruddy) ;  hardy  annual ;  2  feet ;  flowers  rosy-lilac, 
in  June  ;  California;  1834.  G.  tenella  (slender) ;  hardy  annual ; 
6  inches  ;  flowers  purple,  in  May;  Chili;  1822.  G.  tenuifolia 
(fine-leaved) ;  hardy  annual ;  9  inches  ;  flowers  pinkish,  in  June  ; 
Chili  ;  1828.  G.  viminea  (twiggy) ;  hardy  annual ;  2^  feet ; 
flowers  purple,  in  June;  California;  1826.  G,  vinosa  (wine- 
stained);  hardy  annual;  18  inches;  flowers  bluish,  in  June; 
California;  1835. 

GOLDEN  FLOWER.     See  CHRYSANTHEMUM. 

GOLDEN-ROD.     See  SOLIDAGO. 


GARDEN   FLOWERS.  l8l 

GOLDYLOCKS.     See  CHRYSOCOMA. 

GOMPHRENA.  Globe  Amaranth.  [Amaranthaceas.]  Pretty 
plants,  usually  grown  as  annuals.  The  chief  kind  is  G.  glo- 
bosa  commonly  called  Globe  Amaranth.  The  seeds  should 
be  thinly  sown  in  a  hot-bed  in  April.  As  soon  as  the  young 
plants  are  large  enough  to  be  handled,  they  should  be  trans- 
planted to  a  frame,  and  set  four  inches  apart,  or  into  pots, 
where  they  may  grow  until  all  danger  of  frost  is  over,  when 
they  may  be  transplanted  to  the  garden.  They  seed  freely ; 
and  the  flowers  continue  beautiful  a  long  time  after  they  are 
gathered  and  dried,  the  petals  being  chaffy,  or  scaly,  like 
those  of  Everlasting  flowers.  G.  pulchdla,  another  pretty 
annual  kind,  though  not  as  yet  very  commonly  grown,  de- 
serves to  be  so. 

G. globosa  (globe);  stove  annual;  18  inches;  flowers  purple 
or  white,  in  July;  India;  1714.  G.  pulchella  (pretty);  stove 
annual ;  18  inches  ;  flowers  rose-red,  in  July  ;  Brazil ;  1843. 

There  are  varieties  with  white,  pink,  and  orange  flowers. 

GOODYERA.  [Orchidaceae.]  A  genus  of  pretty  terres- 
trial orchids,  with  pretty  variegated  foliage.  They  need  a 
sandy  peat  or  leaf-mould,  and  a  shady  situation.  Propa- 
gated by  offsets. 

G.  pubescens  (downy) ;  hardy  perennial ;  6  inches  ;  flowers 
white,  in  July;  North  America;  1802.  G.  repens  (creeping); 
hardy  perennial ;  4  inches ;  flowers  white,  in  July ;  North 
America. 

GOURD  ORNAMENTAL.     See  CUCURBITA. 

GRAPE  HYACINTH.     See  MUSCARI. 

GRAMMANTHES.  [Crassulaceae.]  Pretty  annual  plants 
with  starry  flowers,  flourishing  in  warm  sunny  situations. 
Propagated  by  seed  sown  in  sandy  loam,  and  transplanted 
to  garden. 

G.  chloraflora  (yellow-flowered) ;  half-hardy  annual ;  6  inch- 


1 82  GARDEN    FLOWERS. 

es  ;  flowers  yellow  and  red,  in  July ;  Cape  of  Good  Hope  ;  1774. 
G,  gentianoides  (gentian-like) ;  half-hardy  annual  ;  6  inches  ; 
flowers  pinkish-red,  in  July  ;  Cape  of  Good  Hope  ;  1848. 

Other  varieties  are  reflexa,  dnnabarina,  tilacina,  and  lutca. 

GREEK  VALERIAN.     See  POLEMONIUM. 

GRATIOLA.  [Scrophulariaceae.]  A  family  of  low-growing 
plants  of  but  little  beauty,  but  useful  in  rich  moist  soil. 
Propagated  by  division.  The  best  species  are  G.  aurea, 
megalocarpa,  officinalis,  pilosa,  quadridentata,  and  Virginica. 

GROMWELL.     See  LITHOSPERMUM. 

GROUNDSEL.     See  SENICIO. 

GROUND  IVY.     See  NEPETA. 

GUELDER-ROSE.     See  VIBURNUM. 

GUIZOTIA.  [Compositae.]  Hardy  annual.  Cultivated  in 
southern  Europe  as  an  oil  plant.  Soil,  light  rich  loam. 
Increased  by  seeds. 

G.  oleifera  (oil-yielding) ;  hardy  annual ;  3  feet ;  flowers  yel- 
low, in  July  ;  Abyssinia  ;  1775. 

GYMNOCLADUS.  [Leguminoseae.]  A  fine  hardy  orna- 
mental tree,  very  conspicuous  in  summer  for  its  plumes  of 
foliage.  It  thrives  in  any  good  soil,  but  in  deep  mellow 
loam  it  grows  with  great  rapidity.  Propagated  by  seeds  and 
cuttings  of  the  root. 

G.  Canadensis  (Canadian) ;  hardy  tree  ;  20  feet  ;  flowers 
white,  in  June  ;  North  America. 

GYMNODISCUS.  [Compositae.]  A  hardy  annual,  growing 
in  common  garden  soil,  and  propagated  by  seeds  sown  in 
the  open  border  in  May. 

G.  capillaris  (hair-like) ;  hardy  annual ;  flowers  yellow,  in 
June  ;  Cape  of  Good  Hope  ;  1822. 

GYNANDROPSIS.  [Capparidaceee.]  Hardy  and  stove  an- 
nuals and  biennials,  allied  to  Cleome.  The  hardy  species 


GARDEN    FLOWERS.  183 

should  be  sown  in  a  gentle  hot-bed  in  April,  and  transplanted 
to  the  border  in  May. 

G.  candelabrum  (chandelier) ;  hardy  annual ;  i  foot ;  flowers 
red,  in  July;  South  America;  1824.  G.  sessiliflora  (sessile- 
flowered)  ;  hardy  annual ;  i  foot ;  flowers  white,  in  July ;  West 
Indies;  1820.  G.  triphylla  (three-leaved);  hardy  annual;  I 
foot ;  flowers  white  in  July  ;  West  Indies  ;  1816. 

GYNERIUM.  Pampas  Grass.  [  Gramineas.  ]  A  noble 
plant  from  the  Pampas  of  South  America.  The  plumes  of 
nodding  feathers  are  very  ornamental.  The  plant  is  half- 
hardy,  needing  a  cold  frame  or  cellar  protection  during  win- 
ter, but  thrives  well  planted  out  in  summer.  Soil,  rich  loam. 
Propagated  by  division  and  seed. 

G.  argenteum  (silvery) ;  half-hardy  perennial ;  1 5  feet ;  flowers 
apetalous,  in  August ;  South  America  ;  1852. 

GYPSOCALLIS.  [Ericaceae.]  Beautiful  little  evergreen 
half-hardy  shrubs,  formerly  known  as  Ericas.  They  require 
to  be  planted  in  a  bed  of  peat  earth,  with  Rhododendrons, 
Ledums,  and  like  plants,  and  should  occupy  the  outer  parts. ' 
If  the  situation  is  rather  moist,  it  is  preferable ;  otherwise 
they  require  to  be  abundantly  watered  in  spring,  while 
making  their  new  growth.  Increased  by  layers. 

G.  carnea  (flesh-colored) ;  evergreen  shrub  ;  6  inches  ;  flowers 
pinkish,  in  January;  Germany;  1763.  G.  Mediterranea  (Medi- 
terranean) ;  evergreen  shrub  ;  4  feet ;  flowers  purple,  in  April ; 
Portugal ;  1648.  G.  mtiltiflora  (many-flowered) ;  evergreen 
shrub;  i  foot ;  flowers  flesh-color,  in  June ;  France;  1731.  G. 
•uagans  (wandering) ;  evergreen  shrub ;  i  foot ;  flo  :ers  red  or 
pink,  or  white,  in  July.  Britain. 

These  plants  are  tender  in  the  Northern  States. 

GYPSOPHILA.  [Caryophyllaceae.]  Hardy  herbaceous  per- 
ennials, with  one  or  two  exceptions.  Some  of  them  are 
pretty,  producing  a  number  of  small  flowers,  usually  white, 


1 84  GARDEN   FLOWERS. 

on  much-branched  stems.  All  the  smaller  species  of  the 
genus,  which  is  rather  extensive,  are  well  adapted  for  rock- 
work.  They  like  a  dryish  soil,  especially  if  intermixed  with 
calcareous  matter,  or  old  lime  or  brick  rubbish.  They  must 
be  propagated  by  seeds  or  cuttings,  their  tap-rooted  habit  not 
generally  admitting  of  safe  increase  by  division. 

G.  acutifolia  (sharp-leaved) ;  hardy  perennial  ;  3  feet ;  flowers 
white,  in  July  ;  Siberia  ;  1820.  G.  collina  (hill) ;  hardy  perennial; 
1 8  inches;  flowers  pink,  in  July;  Odessa;  1821.  G.  elcgans 
(elegant) ;  hardy  annual ;  I  foot ;  flowers  white,  in  June  ;  Crimea; 
1828.  G.  fastigiata  (fastigiate) ;  hardy  perennial;  18  inches; 
flowers  white,  in  June  ;  Germany;  1759.  G  graminea  (grassy); 
hardy  perennial ;  6  inches  ;  flowers  red,  in  July  ;  Morea  ;  1810. 
G.  grandiflora  (large-leaved)  ;  hardy  perennial ;  2  feet ;  flowers 
white,  in  July  ;  1800.  G.  latifolia  (broad-leaved) ;  hardy  peren- 
nial;  flowers  white,  in  June;  Siberia;  1834.  G.  paniculata 
(panicled) ;  hardy  perennial ;  3  feet ;  flowers  white,  in  July ;  Si- 
beria ;  1759.  ^-  prostrata  (prostrate) ;  hardy  perennial ;  i  foot ; 
flowers  pink,  in  August ;  Siberia  ;  1759.  G.  pubescens  (downy) ; 
hardy  perennial ;  i  foot ;  flowers  white,  in  June  ;  Siberia  ;  1829. 
G.  repens  (creeping) ;  hardy  perennial ;  6  inches  ;  flowers  white, 
in  July  ;  Siberia;  1774.  G.  saligna  (willow);  hardy  perennial ; 
i  foot;  flowers  pink,  in  June;  Europe;  1837.  G.  saxifraga 
(saxifrage) ;  hardy  trailing  perennial ;  flowers  pink,  in  July ; 
Germany ;  1 774.  G.  temiifolia  (fine-leaved) ;  hardy  perennial ; 
i  foot;  flowers  rose,  in  July;  Caucasus;  1824. 


H  ABENAKI  A.     [Orchidaceae.]     A  genus  of  herbaceous 
perennials,  containing  one  or  two  hardy  species.     Soil, 
moist  peat.     Propagated  by  division. 

H.  procera  (tall) ;  hardy  perennial ;  2  feet ;  flowers  green,  in 
August;  North  America ;  1822. 

There  are  many  stove  and  tender  species. 

HACQUETIA.  [Umbelliferae.]  A  small  hardy  herbaceous 
perennial.  Soil,  sandy  loam  and  peat  Increased  by 
division. 

H.  epipactis;  hardy  perennial ;  3  inches ;  flowers  yellow,  in 
April;  Alps;  1823. 

HALESIA.  Snowdrop-Tree.  [Styracaceae.]  Hardy  decid- 
uous shrubs,  ornamental  in  flower  and  foliage,  thriving  best 
in  deep,  rich,  rather  moist  loam.  Propagated  by  layers, 
seeds,  and  cuttings.  H.  diptera  is  not  hardy  north  of  Mas- 
sachusetts. 

H.  tetraptera  (four- winged) ;  hardy  shrub  ;  10  feet ;  flowers 
white,  in  June;  North  America;  1756.  H.  parviflora  (small- 
flowered);  hardy  shrub  ;  8  feet ;  flowers  white  ;  North  America  ; 
1827.  H.  diptera  (two-winged);  hardy  shrub;  8  feet;  flowers 
white,  in  May;  North  America;  1758. 

HALIMODENDRON.  [  Leguminosas.  ]  Hardy  deciduous 
shrubs,  usually  grafted  as  standards  on  Laburnum,  thus  form- 
ing a  graceful  drooping  tree.  Soil,  sandy  loam.  Propagated 
by  seeds,  cuttings,  and  layers. 

185 


1 86  GARDEN   FLOWERS. 

H.  argenteum  (silvery) ;  hardy  shrub ;  6  feet ;  flowers  pink, 
in  June  ;  Siberia;  1779. 

The  varieties  brachysema  and  subvirescens,  both  with  pink 
flowers,  are  desirable. 

HAMAMELIS.  Witch-Hazel.  [Hamamelidaceae.]  Hardy 
deciduous  shrubs,  very  showy  from  the  abundance  of  yellow 
flowers  produced  in  November  after  the  leaves  have  fallen, 
and  imparting  a  gay  appearance  to  the  shrubbery  at  that 
dreary  season.  Propagated  by  root  cuttings,  layers,  and 
seeds,  the  latter  requiring  two  years  to  vegetate.  Soil,  moist 
loam.  The  female  flowers  are  the  more  showy. 

H.  Virginica  (Virginian) ;  hardy  shrub  ;  10  feet ;  flowers  yel- 
low, in  November;  North  America;  1812. 

HAREBELL.     See  CAMPANULA. 

HARE'S  EAR.     See  BUPLEURUM. 

HAWTHORN.     See  CRATAEGUS. 

HAWKWEED.     See  TOLPIS. 

HAZEL-NUT.     See  CORYLUS. 

HEATHER.     See  CALLUNA. 

HEART'S  EASE.     See  PANSY,  VIOLA. 

HEDEOMA.  [Lamiaceae.]  Hardy  annuals,  growing  readily 
from  seed  sown  in  spring  in  common  garden  soil. 

H.  puligioides  (pennyroyal-like)  ;  hardy  annual ;  6  inches ; 
flowers  blue,  in  July ;  North  America.  H.  thymoides  (thyme- 
like)  ;  hardy  annual ;  3  inches ;  flowers  red,  in  July ;  France. 

HEDERA.  Ivy.  [  Araliaceae.]  A  well-known  hardy  ever- 
green climber,  of  which  there  are  several  varieties.  The 
tender  Ivies  are  of  little  interest.  Common  garden  soil  suits 
the  Ivy,  but  it  grows  quicker  if  it  be  rich  and  deep.  In- 
creased by  cuttings  in  autumn,  in  a  moist  sandy  soil.  The 
best  of  the  varieties  for  general  purposes  are  the  Irish  and 
H.  Rcegneriana,  the  latter  with  large  heart-shaped  leaves. 

H.  Helix  (common).     The    principal   varieties   are,  arbores- 


GARDEN    FLOWERS.  l8/ 

cens  (tree-like);  Canariensis  (Irish) ;  chrysocarpa  (yellow-berried); 
digitata  (finger-leaved) ;  foliis  argenteis  (silver-striped) ;  foliis 
aureis  (gold-striped) ;  Rcegtieriana  (Raegner's). 

HEDGE-HYSSOP.     See  GRATIOLA. 

HEDGE-MUSTARD.     See  ERYSIMUM. 

HEDGE-NETTLE.     See  STACHYS. 

HEDYSARUM.  [Leguminosae.]  Hardy  or  half-hardy  her- 
baceous plants,  including  annuals,  biennials,  and  perennials. 
Common  garden  soil.  Increased  by  seeds  or  division. 

H.  Altaicum  (Altaic) ;  hardy  perennial ;  6  inches  ;  flowers 
purple,  in  July;  Siberia;  1818.  H.  Caucasicum  (Caucasian); 
hardy  perennial ;  I  foot ;  flowers  purple,  in  July  ;  Caucasus  ; 
1820.  H.  coronarium  (French  honeysuckle);  hardy  biennial; 
3  feet;  flowers  scarlet,  in  June  ;  Italy;  1596.  H. grandiflorum 
(large-flowered);  hardy  perennial;  18  inches;  flowers  purple, 
in  June  ;  Tauria  ;  1821.  H.  Ibericum  (Iberian) ;  hardy  perennial ; 
6  inches  ;  flowers  purple,  in  July  ;  Iberia  ;  1818.  H.  lasiocarpum 
(woolly-podded) ;  hardy  perennial ;  i  foot ;  flowers  purple,  in 
July;  Siberia;  1816.  H.  roseum  (rosy);  hardy  perennial;  6 
inches  ;  flowers  pink,  in  August ;  Caucasus  ;  1803.  H.  splendens 
(shining) ;  hardy  perennial ;  6  inches  ;  flowers  cream-color,  in 
July;  Siberia;  1819.  H.  varium  (variable);  hardy  perennial; 
i  foot;  flowers  white,  in  July;  south  of  Europe;  1820.  H. 
•vemistum  (lovely) ;  hardy  perennial ;  6  inches  ;  flowers  purple, 
in  June;  Attica;  1828. 

HELENIUM.  [Compositae.]  Hardy,  herbaceous,  yellow- 
flowered  perennials,  growing  in  common  soil,  and  increased 
by  division. 

H.  autumnale  (autumnal) ;  3  feet ;  flowers  in  September ; 
North  America ;  1729.  H.  atropurpuretim  (dark-purple) ;  hardy 
annual ;  i  foot ;  flowers,  orange,  black,  and  yellow,  in  August ; 
Texas  ;  1845.  H.  canicidatum  (channelled) ;  3  feet ;  flowers  in 
August ;  North  America  ;  1800.  H.pubescens  (downy) ;  3  feet ; 
flowers  in  August ;  North  America ;  1 776.  H.  pumilum  (dwarf); 
i  foot;  flowers  in  August;  1818. 


1 88  GARDEN    FLOWERS. 

HELIANTHEMUM.  [Cistineas.]  A  large  family  of  orna- 
mental trailing  plants.  A  few  of  the  herbaceous  perennials 
are  hardy.  The  annuals  should  be  sown  from  seed  in 
spring  in  the  open  border. 

ANNUALS.  —  H,  ^Egyptiacum  (Egyptian) ;  9  inches;  flowers 
white,  in  June  ;  Egypt ;  1764.  H.  eriocaulon  (woolly-stemmed); 
9  inches  ;  flowers  yellow  ;  Spain  ;  1817.  H.  guttatum  (spotted); 
6  inches  ;  flowers  yellow,  in  June  ;  England.  H.  ledifoliuin 
(ledum-leaved) ;  6  inches  ;  flowers  yellow,  in  June  ;  England. 
H.  Niloticum  (Nile) ;  6  inches  ;  flowers  yellow,  in  June  ;  south 
of  Europe  51817.  H.  Niloticum  majus  (larger) ;  i  foot ;  flowers 
yellow;  Europe;  1817.  H.  plantagineum  (plantain-like);  6 
inches  ;  flowers  yellow,  in  June  ;  south  of  Europe  ;  1823.  H. 
punctatum  (dotted)  ;  6  inches,  flowers  yellow,  in  July ;  south  of 
France;  1816.  H,  salicifolium  (willow-leaved) ;  6  inches;  flow- 
ers yellow,  in  July  ;  south  of  Europe  ;  1759.  H.  sanguineum 
(bloody) ;  3  inches  ;  flowers  yellow,  in  July  ;  Spain  ;  1826.  H. 
•villosum  (shaggy) ;  6  inches  ;  flowers  yellow,  in  July  ;  Spain  ; 
1823. 

HERBACEOUS  PERENNIALS.  —  H.  Canadense  (Canadian) ;  i 
foot ;  flowers  yellow,  in  June  ;  North  America  ;  1799.  H.  Caro- 
liniamtm  (Carolina) ;  I  foot ;  flowers  yellow,  in  July  ;  Carolina ; 
1823.  H.  rosmarinifolium  (rosemary-leaved) ;  I  foot ;  flowers 
pale-yellow,  in  June  ;  Canada  ;  1823. 

HELJANTHUS.  Sun-flower.  [Composite.]  These  tall- 
growing,  coarse-flowered  perennials  are  well  adapted  for 
shrubberies.  The  annual  species  are  showy,  and  should  be 
cultivated  where  there  is  room. 

H.  antiuns  (annual) ;  hardy  annual ;  6  feet ;  flowers  yellow,  in 
August;  South  America;  1596.  H.  ludicus  (Indian);  hardy 
annual ;  6  feet ;  flowers  yellow,  in  July  ;  Egypt ;  1785.  H.  mul- 
tiflorus  (many-flowered) ;  hardy  perennial ;  5  feet ;  flowers  yel- 
low, single,  or  double,  in  August;  North  America ;  1597.  ff- 
titberosum  is  the  Jerusalem  Artichoke. 

There  are  some  thirty  other  species. 


GARDEN    FLOWERS.  189 

HELICHRYSUM.  [Composite.]  A  genus  comprising 
many  species,  including  the  well-known  annual  Everlast- 
ings, and  a  few  half-hardy  perennials.  The  common  an- 
nual Everlasting,  and  some  allied  plants,  though  introduced 
from  New  Holland,  are  treated  as  half-hardy  annuals,  being 
sown  in  the  open  borders  in  May,  or,  for  earlier  blooming, 
on  a  gentle  hot-bed  in  March,  and  transplanted  in  May. 
They  come  into  bloom  at  an  advanced  period  of  the  sum- 
mer, and  continue  a  succession  of  blossoms  until  destroyed 
by  the  frosts  of  autumn. 

H.  arenarium  (sand) ;  half-hardy  perennial ;  9  inches  ;  flow- 
ers yellow,  in  July  ;  Europe  ;  1739.  H.  bracteatum  (bracted) ; 
half-hardy  annual ;  2  feet ;  flowers  yellow  or  white,  in  July ; 
New  Holland;  1799.  //.  cattdidissimum  (whites?) ;  half-hardy 
perennial;  2  feet ;  flowers  pale-yellow,  in  June  ;  Caspian;  1823. 
H.  macranthum  (large-flowered) ;  half-hardy  annual ;  2  feet ; 
flowers  white,  with  rosy  tips,  in  July  ;  New  Holland  ;  1837.  H. 
robustum  (robust) ;  haL-hardy  annual ;  3  feet ;  flowers  white  and 
yellow,  in  July;  Swan  River;  1839.  H.  spectabile  (showy); 
half-hardy  annual ;  2  feet ;  flowers  cream-color,  in  July ;  Swan 
River ;  i 840. 

There  are  numerous  other  species  ;  and  fine  varieties 
with  various  colored  flowers  may  be  obtained  of  florists  and 
seedsmen.  FT.  incurvum  is  a  variety  of  bracteatum,  produ- 
cing flowers  of  every  shade  of  yellow,  sulphur,  cream,  white, 
pink,  rose,  red,  and  crimson. 

HELIOPHILA.  [Cruciferae.]  Hardy  annuals,  some  of 
which  are  pretty  flower  border  plants.  They  should  be 
sown  in  the  open  ground  in  May,  or,  for  earlier  blooming, 
in  April,  under  cover,  and  afterwards  planted  out.  Rather 
sandy  soil  is  preferable,  and  they  like  exposure  to  sun. 
Two  or  three  are  delicate  greenhouse  shrubs,  but  not  of 
much  importance. 

H.   araboides  (arabis-like) ;    hardy  annual ;    i   foot ;   flowers 


IQO  «         GARDEN   FLOWERS. 

blue,  in  June  ;  Cape  ;  1768.  H.  pilosa  (hairy) ;  hardy  annual  ; 
i  foot ;  flowers  blue,  in  July  ;  Cape  ;  1768.  H.  stricta  (erect) ; 
hardy  annual ;  i  foot ;  flowers  blue,  in  June  ;  Cape  ;  1823.  H. 
trifida  (three-cleft) ;  hardy  annual ;  I  foot ;  flowers  blue,  in 
June  ;  Cape  ;  1819. 

HELIOTROPE.     See  HELIOTROPIUM. 

HELIOTROPIUM.  Heliotrope.  [Boraginese.]  A  genus 
comprising  stove  and  hardy  annuals,  and  stove  and  green- 
house shrubs,  of  little  importance,  except  the  Peruvian 
Heliotrope  ( H.  Peruvianum ),  which  is  a  great  favorite  in 
flower-gardens,  and  bears  very  fragrant  blossoms,  prized 
chiefly  for  their  perfume.  This  species  is,  strictly  speaking, 
a  greenhouse  low  shrub.  The  young  shoots  will  strike  freely 
in  light  sandy  soil  during  summer,  under  a  frame  or  hand- 
glass, but  more  readily  with  slight  warmth.  When  well 
rooted,  they  may  be  potted  into  small  pots,  and  placed  in  a 
frame  or  in  the  greenhouse,  where  they  may  grow  till  their 
roots  show  through  the  bottom  of  the  pots,  and  then  be 
changed  into  those  of  the  next  larger  size.  Top  the  leading 
shoots  to  produce  laterals.  They  must  be  wintered  in  a 
dryish  part  of  the  greenhouse.  If  intended  for  beds  and 
borders,  they  must  be  hardened  in  cold  frames  in  the  spring, 
and  planted  out  in  May  after  danger  from  frost  is  over.  It 
is  sometimes  preferred  to  keep  an  old  plant  or  two  through 
the  winter,  and  to  put  them  into  a  hot-bed  or  warm  house 
about  February,  when  they  will  produce  plenty  of  young 
shoots,  the  tops  of  which  are  quickly  struck  in  a  hot-bed ; 
and,  if  potted  and  gradually  hardened,  make  good  plants  for 
turning  out  in  May.  Where  there  are  no  such  conveniences, 
the  plants  may  be  kept  in  a  wann  part  of  the  greenhouse  in 
spring,  and  the  young  shoots  taken  off  as  soon  as  they  grow, 
planted  in  sandy  soil,  and  covered  by  a  glass.  When 
rooted,  they  may  be  potted,  or  at  once  planted  out,  according 


GARDEN    FLOWERS.  IQI 

to  the  season.  There  are  now  several  varieties  of  the  Peru- 
vian Heliotrope ;  the  principal  variations  consisting  in  the 
larger  size  of  the  blossoms,  and  the  deepening  of  the  color, 
which,  in  the  variety  Voltaireanum,  is  of  a  deep  purple.  H. 
corymbosum,  and  many  other  varieties,  are  worth  growing. 
Both  for  flower-beds  and  for  bouquets,  the  Heliotrope  may 
be  considered  indispensable.  Seed  of  the  annual  kinds 
may  be  sown  in  March,  in  a  frame  or  greenhouse ;  the 
plants,  when  large  enough,  may  be  pricked  out  three  or  four 
in  a  pot,  and,  as  they  advance,  potted  singly,  or  planted  out 
where  they  are  to  remain. 

H.  corymbosum  (corymbose) ;  greenhouse  shrub ;  4  feet ; 
flowers  lilac,  in  July;  Peru;  1800.  H.  Peruvianum  (Peru- 
vian); greenhouse  shrub;  18  inches;  flowers  lilac  or  purple, 
in  July  ;  Peru;  1757. 

HELLEBORE.     See  HELLEBORUS. 

HELLEBORUS.  Hellebore.  [Ranunculacea;.]  Showy  hardy 
perennials,  of  easy  culture,  growing  in  good  garden  soil,  and 
a  rather  shady  situation,  and  increasing  by  dividing  the 
roots  in  the  dormant  season.  It  is  a  desirable  family.  H. 
niger,  called  the  Christmas  Rose,  is  a  favorite  dwarf  species, 
which  flowers  all  through  the  winter.  H.  Olympiats,  and 
some  others  of  the  Oriental  species,  are  the  better  for  slight 
protection  ;  their  early  blossoms  being  otherwise  disfigured. 
These,  and  H.  atrorttbens,  with  purple  flowers,  are  the  most 
desirable. 

H.  atrorubens  (dark-red) ;  hardy  perennial ;  i  foot ;  flowers 
purple,  in  May;  Hungary;  1820.  H.  foetidus  (bear's-foot)  ; 
hardy  perennial ;  18  inches;  flowers  green,  in  May;  England. 
H.  lividus  (livid) ;  hardy  perennial ;  i  foot ;  flowers  purplish,  in 
May;  Corsica;  1710.  H.niger  (Christmas  Rose);  hardy  per- 
ennial;  i  foot;  flowers  white,  in  January;  Austria;  1596.  H. 
odorus  (sweet-scented) ;  hardy  perennial ;  1 8  inches  ;  flowers 
green,  in  May;  Hungary;  1817.  H.  Olympicus  (Olympian); 


192  GARDEN    FLOWERS. 

hardy  perennial ;  ifoot;  flowers  pinkish-white,  in  May ;  India; 
1840.  H.  Orientalis  (Eastern) ;  hardy  perennial;  i  foot;  flow- 
ers -purplish,  in  May;  India;  1839.  H.  purpurascens  (pur- 
plish); hardy  perennial ;  18  inches;  flowers  purplish,  in  May  ; 
Hungary;  1817.  H.  vernalis  (spring);  hardy  perennial;  6 
inches  ;  flowers  white,  in  May  ;  Austria  ;  1596. 

HELONIAS.  [Melanthaceas.]  Hardy  herbaceous  peren- 
nials. Soil,  peat,  and  a  damp  shady  situation.  Increased 
by  division. 

H.  angustifolia  (narow-leaved) ;  hardy  perennial  ;  i  foot ; 
flowers  white,  in  May;  North  America;  1823.  H.  bullata 
(bossed) ;  hardy  perennial ;  I  foot ;  flowers  purple,  in  April ; 
North  America;  1758.  H.  erythrosperma  (red-seeded) ;  hardy 
perennial ;  6  inches  ;  flowers  white,  in  June  ;  North  America  ; 
1770. 

HEMEROCALLIS.  Day-lily.  [Liliaceae.]  Hardy,  coarse- 
looking,  but  gay,  herbaceous  perennials,  producing  showy 
flowers  that  last  but  one  day ;  hence  ihe  common  name. 
They  are  of  the  simplest  culture,  growing  readily  in  ordi- 
nary garden  soil,  and  are  propagated  by  dividing  the  plants. 
The  flowers  are  pretty,  and  freely  produced  from  June  to 
August. 

H.  disticha  (two-rowed)  ;  half-hardy  perennial ;  2  feet ;  flow- 
ers orange,  in  May;  China;  1798.  H.  flava  (yellow);  hardy 
perennial ;  2  feet ;  flowers  yellow,  in  summer. 

HEMLOCK.     See  ABIES. 

HEMP.     See  CANNABIS. 

HENBANE.     See  HYOSCYAMUS. 

HEPATICA.  [Ranunculaceae.]  Pretty  dwarf  hardy  herba- 
ceous perennials.  The  common  Hepatica  (H.  triloba)  is 
one  of  the  earliest  of  the  spring  flowers.  These  plants  require 
a  well-drained  border,  —  sandy  loam  with  one-third  peat  is 
preferable,  —  and  never  succeed  well  in  soil  where  there  is 


GARDEN   FLOWERS.  1 93 

stagnant  moisture.  They  deserve  a  place  in  every  choice 
garden  for  their  dwarf  habit,  bright  colors,  and  early  flowers. 
The  plants  increase  by  side-shoots,  which  spread  into  a 
moderate-sized  tuft  in  a  season  or  two  if  undisturbed ;  they 
are  increased  in  number  by  separating  these  tufts,  so  that 
each  heart,  or  side-shoot,  with  roots  attached,  may  become  a 
plant.  This  is  done  in  spring,  the  roots  being  separated  into 
pieces  not  too  small ;  for,  although  the  smallest  bit  would 
in  time  spread,  they  would  be  two  or  three  seasons  before 
they  were  fit  to  plant  in  the  borders :  these  should  be 
planted  in  nursery-beds,  about  six  inches  apart,  and,  after 
one  season's  growth,  they  will  be  large  enough  to  plant  out 
where  they  are  to  remain.  The  beds  must  be  kept  clear 
from  weeds.  These  plants  are  rather  impatient  of  extreme 
drought.  The  double  varieties  are  superior  to.  the  single, 
and  therefore  are  mostly  cultivated ;  but  the  double  white  is 
very  scarce,  if  not  altogether  lost,  and  therefore  the  single 
white  is  grown. 

The  single  varieties  are  natives  of  our  woods,  and  are 
among  the  first  flowers  of  spring.  The  double  varieties 
must  be  imported  from  England  or  Germany.  H.  acntiloba 
is  only  a  variety  of  H.  triloba. 

H.  acutiloba  (acute-lobed) ;  hardy  perennial ;  6  inches  ;  flow- 
ers blue,  in  March;  North  America;  1818.  H.  triloba  (three- 
lobed) ;  hardy  perennial ;  9  inches;  flowers  blue,  white,  or  pink, 
single  or  double,  in  April ;  Europe ;  1573.  H.  angulosa  is  a  fine 
species  from  Hungary,  with  blue  flowers  twice  as  large  as  the 
common  species,  on  tall  footstalks,  in  May  ;  1864. 

HERACLEUM.  Cow  Parsnip.  [Umbelliferae.]'  Large 
coarse-growing  hardy  perennials  and  biennials,  bearing  large 
umbels  of  white  flowers.  The  larger  sorts  are  admirable 
plants  for  rough  borders,  rock-work  on  a  large  scale,  wilder- 
ness scenery,  or  wherever  a  bold,  striking,  picturesque  effect 


194  GARDEN    FLOWERS. 

is  required.  Soil,  deep  rich  loam.  Increased  abundantly 
by  seeds.  H.  giganteum  and  Persicum  are  some  of  the  best 
for  these  purposes. 

HESPERIS.  Rocket.  [Cruciferas.]  A  genus  of  hardy 
plants,  annual,  biennial,  and  perennial.  Some  of  the  vari- 
eties of  the  common  Rocket  (  H.  matronalis ),  especially  the 
double  white  and  double  purple,  are  very  great  favorites  in 
the  flower-gardens.  They  are  rather  difficult  to  manage,  es- 
pecially in  old  gardens  or  in  confined  situations ;  for  they 
love  fresh  soil  and  an  open  situation.  A  light  rich  loam  is 
the  best  for  them  ;  but  if  an  artificial  compost  has  to  be 
made  up,  as  it  should  be  if  they  are  required  in  perfection, 
a  third  part  of  sandy  peat  mixed  with  two-thirds  of  mellow 
loam  will  grow  them  very  well.  Next  to  soil,  the  great  se- 
cret of  success  is,  not  to  let  them  stand  too  long  in  a  place, 
for  under  such  circumstances  they  are  sure  to  dwindle.  They 
ought  to  be  taken  up  and  divided  every  second  year,  soon 
after  they  have  done  flowering, —  that  is,  early  in  autumn,  — 
and  replanted  in  fresh  soil.  To  have  a  display  of  healthy 
plants  every  year,  they  should  be  divided  into  two  sets  : 
those  plants  respectively  which  have  bloomed  in  their  sec- 
ond year,  if  taken  up  in  each  successive  autumn  and  di- 
vided, will  furnish  a  constant  supply  of  young  plants,  the 
flowering  of  which  should  be  prevented  in  the  following 
summer,  and  they  will  then  bloom  vigorously  in  the  second 
year  from  their  transplantation.  One  reason  why  this  con- 
stant transplantation  is  necessary  is,  that  the  plant,  in  its 
original  state,  is  naturally  a  biennial,  perishing  after  it  has 
produced  flowers.  The  other  species,  most  of  which  are 
also  biennials,  are  unimportant  compared  with  the  varieties 
above  alluded  to. 

H.  grandiftora  (large-flowered)  ;  hardy  biennial  ;  3  feet ;  flow- 
.ers  white  and  purple,  in  July  ;  native  country  not  known;  1820. 


GARDEN    FLOWERS.     '  IQ5 

H.  matronalis  (matronly) ;  hardy  perennial ;  2  feet ;  flowers 
white  or  purple,  single  or  double,  in  June  ;  Europe  ;  1 597.  H. 
speciosa  (showy) ;  hardy  perennial ;  6  inches  ;  flowers  rose-pur- 
ple, in  April ;  Siberia;  1829. 

HEUCHERA.  [Saxifragaceae.]  Hardy  herbaceous  peren- 
nials, with  simple-looking  flowers.  Common  soil.  Increased 
by  division.  The  species  are  H.  Americana,  cylindracea, 
glabra,  hispida,  Menziesii,  pubescens,  Richardsonii,  and  villosa. 

HIBISCUS.  [Malvaceae.]  A  very  large  genus,  comprising 
hardy  and  stove  annuals,  hardy  herbaceous  perennials,  and 
hardy  greenhouse  and  stove  shrubs.  The  hardy  annuals 
may  be  sown  in  the  border  in  May.  They  do  well  in  any 
garden  soil,  and  only  require  to  be  thinned  properly  after 
they  are  up.  The  plants  taken  up  to  thin  the  others  may 
be  planted  out  carefully  in  other  places.  The  hardy  shrubs 
are  splendid  objects  toward  the  end  of  summer  when  planted 
in  dryish  soil.  They  are  increased  by  layers.  The  hardy 
perennials  requre  peaty  soil  and  a  moist,  sheltered  situation. 

H.  Africanus  (African) ;  hardy  annual ;  I  foot ;  flowers  cream- 
color  and  black,  in  June  ;  Africa  ;  1 826.  H.  grandiflorus  (large- 
flowered)  ;  half-hardy  perennial ;  3  feet ;  flowers  flame-color,  in 
July;  Georgia;  1816.  H.  incanus  (hoary);  half-hardy  peren- 
nial; 3  feet;  flowers  yellow,  in  September;  Carolina;  1806. 
H.  moschatus  (mallow-rose) ;  hardy  perennial ;  4  feet ;  flowers 
white  and  pink,  in  August ;  North  America ;  1759.  H'.palustris 
(marsh) ;  hardy  perennial ;  3  feet ;  flowers  pink,  in  July  ;  North 
America;  1759.  H.  roseus  (rosy);  hardy  perennial;  4  feet; 
flowers  pink,  in  July;  France;  1827.  H.  speciosus  (showy); 
hardy  perennial ;  2  feet ;  flowers  scarlet,  in  July  ;  North  Amer- 
ica; 1804.  H.  Syriacus  (Syrian);  hardy  deciduous  shrub;  8 
feet ;  flowers  white  or  purple  spotted,  single  or  double,  in  Au- 
gust;  Syria;  1596.  H.  Trionum  (bladder  ketmia) ;  hardy  an- 
nual ;  2  feet ;  flowers  cream-color  and  black,  in  July ;  Italy  ; 
1596.  H.  Virginicus  (Virginian)  ;  hardy  perennial ;  2  feet ; 
flowers  yellow,  in  July  ;  Virginia  ;  1798. 


IQ6  GARDEN   FLOWERS. 

HICKORY.     See  CARYA. 

HIERACEUM.  [Composite.]  A  large  genus  of  yellow- 
flowered  composite  plants,  none  of  which  are  of  much  hor- 
ticultural importance.  Common  soil.  Increased  by  divis- 
ion or  by  seeds. 

HIPPOPHAE.  Sea  Buckthorn.  [Elaeagnaceae.]  Hardy 
shrubs,  allied  to  Shepherdia,  doing  well  in  sandy  soil,  and 
propagated  by  layers  and  suckers.  The  species  is  If.  rham- 
noides,  with  the  varieties  angustifolia  and  Siberica. 

HOLLY.     See  ILEX. 

HOLLYHOCK.     See  ALTHAEA. 

HOLOGYMNE.     See  LASTHENIA. 

HONESTY.     See  LUNARIA. 

HONEY-LOCUST.     See  GLEDITSCHIA. 

HONEYSUCKLE.     See  LONICERA  and  CAPRIFOLJUM. 

HONEYWORT.     See  CERINTHE. 

HOOP-PETTICOAT.     See  CORBULARIA. 

HOP.     See  HUMULUS. 

HORMINUM.  [Labiatae.]  A  showy  dwarf  hardy  herba- 
ceous perennial,  requiring  a  dry  situation  and  a  sandy  soil, 
or  else  to  be  kept  in  a  dry  cool  frame  in  winter.  Increased 
by  seeds  or  division.  Not  hardy  in  the  Northern  States. 

H.  Pyrenaicum  (Pyrenean) ;  hardy  perennial ;  I  foot ;  flowers 
blue-purple,  in  June  ;  Pyrenees  ;  1820. 

HORNBEAM.     See  CARPINUS. 

HORN-POPPY.     See  GLAUCIUM. 

HORSE-CHESTNUT.     See  ^ESCULUS. 

HORSE-TAIL.     See  EQUISETUM. 

HOTEIA.  [Saxifragaceas.]  A  very  handsome  hardy  per- 
ennial, formerly  called  Spircea  Japonica.  Soil,  sandy  loam 
and  peat.  Increased  by  division. 

H.  Japonica  (Japan) ;  hardy  perennial ;  3  feet ;  flowers  white, 
in  May;  Japan  ;  1835. 


GARDEN    FLOWERS.  197 

HOUND'S -TONGUE.     See  CYNOGLOSSUM. 

HOUSE-LEEK.     See  SEMPERVIVUM. 

HOUSTONIA.  [Cinchonaceae.]  Pretty  little  tufted  peren- 
nial herbs.  Soil,  a  sandy  mixture  of  three  parts  peat  to  one 
of  loam.  Increased  by  division. 

H.  cosrulea  (blue) ;  hardy  perennial ;  3  inches  ;  flowers  bluish- 
lilac,  in  May;  North  America;  1785.  H.  purpurea  (purple); 
hardy  perennial ;  i  foot ;  flowers  purple,  in  May  ;  North  Amer- 
ica ;  1 800.  H.  serpyllifolia  (thyme-leaved) ;  tender  perennial ; 
6  inches  ;  flowers  white,  in  May ;  North  America  ;  1826. 

These  plants  are  now  called  Oldenlandia,  and  are  rather 
insignificant  singly,  but  in  the  mass  are  showy.  H.  ccerulea 
is  the  species  which  in  spring  almost  whitens  the  pastures. 
H.  serpyllifolia^  a  Southern  species,  is  tender  and  of  little 
value. 

HAGELIA.  [Polemoniaceae.]  Dwarf  hardy  annuals,  allied 
to  Gilea,  and  thriving  under  the  same  treatment.  Sow  in 
light  border  soil  in  May. 

H.  densiflora  (dense-flowered) ;  hardy  annual ;  I  foot ;  flow- 
ers blue,  in  July  ;  California  ;  1 833.  H.  elongata  (lengthened) ; 
hardy  annual ;  i  foot ;  flowers  deep-blue,  in  July ;  California ; 
1833.  H.  lanata  (woolly) ;  hardy  annual ;  i  foot ;  flowers  light- 
blue,  in  July;  California;  1847.  //.  hitea  (yellow);  hardy  an- 
nual; 6  inches  ;  flowers  yellow,  in  July;  California;  1833.  H. 
virgata  (twiggy) ;  hardy  annual ;  I  foot ;  flowers  deep-blue,  in 
July;  California;  1333. 

HUMEA.  [Compositae.]  A  greenhouse  biennial  of  sin- 
gular grace  and  beauty.  The  seeds  should  be  sown  in  May, 
and  for  a  year  potted  from  smaller  to  larger  pots,  win- 
tered in  a  cold  frame,  and  in  May  turned  into  the  border  in 
a  sheltered  situation.  They  will  grow  from  eight  to  ten  feet 
high.  Others  may  be  potted  in  twelve-inch  pots,  with  loam 
and  dung  in  equal  parts  for  the  compost.  Those  in  pots 
must  be  regularly  supplied  with  water,  because  they  will 


I9o  GARDEN    FLOWERS. 

grow  fast,  and  take  a  good  deal :  indeed,  if  weak  manure- 
water  is  given  twice,  a  week,  when  they  have  nearly  reached 
their  full  growth,  they  will  be  benefited.  The  plant  looks 
richer  when  not  overgrown. 

H.  elegans  (elegant) ;  greenhouse  biennial ;  8  feet ;  flowers 
reddish-brown,  in  June  ;  New  South  Wales  ;  1800. 

HUMULUS.  Hop.  [Cannabinaceae.]  Hardy  perennial 
twiner,  stem  herbaceous  ;  a  useful  plant  for  covering  unsight- 
ly objects,  as  it  grows  very  rapidly,  and  in  fruit  is  ornamen- 
tal. Propagated  by  divisions  of  the  root.  Soil  deep  loam. 

H.lupulus;  1 5  feet;  flowers  greenish-yellow,  in  July.  A  va- 
riety has  foliage  striped. 

HUNNEMANIA.  [Papaveraceas.]  A  half-hardy  herbaceous 
perennial,  with  the  habit  and  appearance  of  Eschscholtzia. 
Soil,  rich  sandy  loam.  Increased  by  seeds. 

H.  fumariafolia  (fumitory-leaved) ;  half-hardy  perennial ;  i 
foot ;  flowers  yellow,  in  July  ;  Mexico  ;  1827. 

HYACINTHUS.  Hyacinth.  [Liliaceae.]  Beautiful  and 
well-known  bulbs.  H.  amethystinus  is  a  charming  little 
hardy  species,  which  should  be  planted  in  sandy  loam.  The 
cultivated  varieties  of  Hyacinth  are  the  progeny  of  H.  Ori- 
entalis.  Immense  numbers  of  the  bulbs  of  these  odoriferous 
and  showy  plants  are  annually  imported  from  Holland,  and, 
after  having  been  once  bloomed,  are  thrown  by,  or  planted 
in  common  borders  to  degenerate  from  neglect.  To  grow 
the  Hyacinth  properly,  the  soil  should  be  composed  of  one- 
half  turfy  loam  of  mellow  texture,  one-fourth  old  cow-dung, 
or  cow-dung  mixed  with  leaf-mould,  and  one-fourth  clean  but 
coarse  sand.  For  beds,  loam,  sand,  and  dung,  rotted  to 
mould,  in  equal  quantities,  may  be  used.  In  soil  such  as> 
this,  the  offsets  of  the  Hyacinth  will  grow,  till,  in  two  or  three 
seasons,  they  come  to  full  size  and  perfection  ;  and  bulbs 
thus  grown  annually  will  not  degenerate.  They  must  be 


GARDEN    FLOWERS.  199 

planted  in  October,  and  be  taken  up  when  the  leaves  die 
down.  The  beds  must  be  protected  against  severe  frosts 
and  heavy  rains  in  winter,  and  against  all  that  may  damage 
the  foliage  in  spring.  Hyacinths  flower  beautifully  in  pots 
as  well  as  in  glasses  for  the  greenhouse  and  window.  Deep 
pots,  five  inches  in  diameter,  should  be  used,  the  soil  made 
very  firm  beneath  the  bulb,  and  the  top  of  the  bulb  about 
level  with  the  surface.  The  medium-sized,  plump-looking, 
full-crowned  bulbs  should  be  chosen,  and  potted  early  in 
October.  After  potting,  plunge  the  pots  in  old  tan  or  coal- 
ashes,  so  as  to  cover  them  two  or  thre'e  inches,  and  let  them 
remain  until  removed  in  succession  to  a  warm  room  or  house 
to  forward  the  blooms.  When  grown  in  glasses  of  water, 
the  dark-colored  glasses  should  be  preferred,  and  the  more 
opaque  the  better.  November  is  soon  enough  to  put  the 
bulbs  in  the  glasses.  First  keep  them  a  week  or  so  in  damp 
sand  or  moss,  then  put  them  in  the  hollowed  top  of  the 
glass,  and  at  first  allow  the  water  but  just  to  touch  their 
base.  Rain-water,  quite  clean,  should  be  used,  and  this 
changed  once  a  week.  The  glasses  should  be  set  in  the 
dark  until  the  roots  have  grown  an  inch  or  two  in  length. 
When  the  flower-stem  is  advancing,  two  drops  of  spirits  of 
hartshorn  may  be  put  into  the  water  each  time  it  is  changed, 
with  advantage.  Tye's  hyacinth-glasses  are  the  best,  and 
these  are  provided  with  an  elegant  support  for  the  stem. 
Bulbs  grown  in  water  should  be  put  in  the  ground  when 
their  flowers  have  decayed ;  for  they  derive  considerable 
strength  from  it,  and,  besides  that,  perfect  their  offsets,  if 
they  have  any.  Hyacinths  will  grow  well  in  wet  sand,  and 
when  it  is  covered  with  moss  the  plants  look  very  pretty. 

H.  amethystinus  (amethyst -colored)  ;  hardy  bulb ;  9  inches  ; 
flowers  bright-blue,  in  April ;  south  of  Europe  ;  1759.  H.  Orien- 
talis  (Oriental) ;  hardy  bulb  ;  I  foot ;  flowers  blue,  white,  red,  or 
yellowish;  single  or  double,  in  April ;  Levant;  1596. 


2OO  GARDEN    FLOWERS. 

FLORISTS'  VARIETIES.  —  The  following  are  superior  varie- 
ties: Double  Red — Acteur,  Prince  of  Wales,  Sans  Souci, 
Waterloo.  Double  Blush  —  Bouquet  Royale,  Comtesse  de  la 
Coste,  Grootvoorst.  Double  Blue  —  Bonaparte,  Bouquet  Pour- 
pre,  Grand  Sultan,  Laurens  Koster,  Lord  Wellington,  Oronda- 
tus.  Doiible  White  —  Anna  Maria,  Don  Gratuit,  La  Deesse, 
Nannette,  Ne  Plus  Ultra,  Prince  of  Waterloo.  Double  yellow 
—  Bouquet  Orange,  La  Grandeur,  Louis  d'Or,  Ophir.  Single 
Red —  Aimable  Rosette,  Appelius,  L'Ami  du  Cceur,  Mars,  Paix 
d' Amiens,  Panorama,  Temple  d'Apollon.  Single  Blue — Belle- 
rophon,  Grande  Vidette,  L'Ami  du  Cqeur,  Nimrod,  Orondatus, 
Othello,  Prince  Albert,  Vulcan.  Single  White  —  Grand  Vain-, 
queur,  Grande  Vidette,  La  Candeur,  Queen  Victoria,  Triomph 
Blandina,  Virgo.  Single  Yellow  —  Heroine,  La  Belle  Jaune, 
Ida,  Due  de  Malakoff,  San  Francisco. 

HYDRANGEA.  [Saxifragaceae.]  Hardy  or  half-hardy  de- 
ciduous shrubs,  most  of  them  showy  plants.  H.  hortensis, 
the  most  popular  of  this  family,  has  been  long  familiar  as 
one  of  the  commonest  of  market  plants.  Grown  in  the  or- 
dinary way  it  is  very  showy,  but  with  pains  it  may  be  made  a 
very  noble  object.  There  are  two  very  different  ways 
of  growing  it,  —  the  one  to  form  a  shrubby  plant ;  the  other  a 
single  stem,  and  a  large  flower-head.  The  latter  is  the  fa- 
vorite mode  of  growing  it  for  show,  the  aim  being  to  produce 
as  large  a  head  as  possible.  For  this  purpose,  take  cuttings 
in  July  of  the  strongest  shoots,  and  plant  them  in  sandy  soil 
under  a  hand-glass  ;  when  rooted,  pot  them  in  five-inch  pots, 
in  a  compost  of  one-third  loam,  one-third  dung,  and  one- 
third  peat,  well  mixed  together,  and  passed  through  a  very 
coarse  sieve.  Such  of  them  as  branch  out  will  make  pretty 
little  shrubby  plants  ;  whilst  those  whose  growth  is  confined 
to  a  single  stem,  will,  in  all  probability,  form  a  large  flower- 
head.  When  the  general  set  of  plants  drop  their  leaves, 
and  indicate  by  their  terminal  buds  the  strongest  heads, 
some  of  the  most  promising  cuttings  may  be  taken  off,  and 


GARDEN    FLOWERS.  2OI 

struck  in  slight  bottom-heat,  under  a  bell-glass,  and  grown 
in  the  stove  at  once.  This  will  give  a  change  of  season,  as 
well  as  a  difference  in  growth  ;  but  all  will  be  fine.  The 
plants  may  be  grown  into  good-sized  bushes  by  shifting 
every  season  into  large  pots  or  tubs,  which  may  be  wintered 
in  a  cold  house  free  from  frost.  When  growing  as  an  out- 
door shrub,  the  Hydrangea  must  be  protected  in  some  way, 
either  by  matting,  or  covering  with  litter ;  otherwise  the  points 
of  the  shoots  will  be  killed,  and  with  them  the  incipient 
bloom-buds.  It  is,  indeed,  sometimes,  in  severe  winters, 
killed  down  close  to  the  ground  ;  but  it  will  spring  up  from 
the  roots,  and  grow  vigorously  to  make  up  for  its  lost  wood. 
It  should  have  a  moist  sheltered  situation.  The  potted 
plants  struck  in  July  should  be  bloomed  in  the  greenhouse ; 
but  any  of  them  may  be  turned  out  into  the  borders  in  May. 
The  Hydrangea,  like  many  other  plants,  blooms  finer  when 
young  than  when  it  has  grown  three  or  four  years  ;  for 
though  the  plant  is  larger,  and  has  more  heads  of  flowers, 
the  heads  and  the  individual  flowers  also  are  smaller.  The 
plant  forces  well,  and  is  one  of  the  prettiest  forced  flowers 
in  spring.  The  H.  Japonica  is  very  distinct,  and,  though  it 
does  not  bloom  in  such  large  heads  as  the  other,  its  appear- 
ance is  more  picturesque,  especially  when  grown  as  a  bush. 
H.  hortensis  is  not  hardy  in  the  Northern  States. 

H.  Belzonii  (Belzoni's) ;  half-hardy  shrub;  3  feet;  flowers 
white  and  blue,  in  July;  Japan;  1848.  //.  hortensis  (garden); 
half-hardy  shrub;  3  feet;  flowers  pink,  in  July;  China;  1740. 
H.  Japonica  Qapan) ;  half-hardy  shrub  ;  3  feet ;  flowers  white 
and  blue,  in  July  ;  Japan  ;  1843.  H.  nivea  (snow-white-leaved) ; 
hardy  shrub  ;  4  feet ;  flowers  white,  in  August ;  Carolina  ;  1786. 

HYDRASTIS.  [Ranunculaceas.]  A  hardy  herbaceous  pe- 
rennial, not  very  showy.  Increased  by  division  of  the  root. 
Soil,  moist  peaty  loam. 


2O2  GARDEN    FLOWERS. 

H.  Canadensis  (Canadian) ;  hardy  perennial ;  6  inches  ;  flow- 
ers greenish,  in  May  ;  North  America  ;  1759. 

HYDROPELTIS.  [Podophylleae.]  A  very  pretty  hardy 
aquatic,  useful  for  the  edges  of  ponds.  Propagated  by  di- 
visions. 

H.  purpurea  (purple) ;  hardy  aquatic  perennial ;  flowers  dull- 
purple,  in  July  ;  North  America  ;  1798. 

Now  called  Brasenia  peltata. 

HYDROPHYLLUM.  [Hydrophyllaceae.]  Hardy  herbaceous 
perennials,  of  easy  culture  in  moist  peaty  loam.  Increased 
by  division. 

H.  appendicnlafum  (appendaged) ;  hardy  perennial ;  9  inches  ; 
flowers  blue,  in  May;  North  America;  1812.  H.  Canadense 
(Canadian)  ;  hardy  perennial ;  9  inches  ;  flowers  white,  in  May  ; 
North  America  ;  1759.  H.  Virginicum  (Virginian) ;  hardy  per- 
ennial;  9  inches  ;  flowers  blue,  in  June  ;  North  America  ;  1739. 

HYMENOXYS.  [Composite.]  A  simple  dwarf  yellow- 
flowered  annual.  Common  soil.  Increased  by  seeds. 

H.  Californica  (Californian) ;  hardy  annual ;  6  inches  ;  flow- 
ers yellow,  in  June  ;  California  ;  1838. 

HYOSCYAMUS.  Henbane.  [Solanaceae.]  Annuals  and 
sub-shrubby  plants,  not  very  showy.  Common  light  dry 
soil.  Increased  by  seeds. 

H.  Camerarii  (Camerarus's) ;  hardy  annual ;  i  foot ;  flowers 
yellow  and  purple,  in  July  ;  south  of  Europe.  H.  Canariensis 
(Canary) ;  half-hardy  evergreen  sub-shrub  ;  2  feet ;  flowers  yel- 
low and  brown,  in  September;  Canaries;  1816.  H.  niger 
(black) ;  hardy  annual ;  i  foot ;  flowers  yellow,  with  purple 
veins,  in  July  ;  Europe.  . 

HYPECOUM.  [Fumariaceae.]  Hardy  annuals,  increased 
by  seeds  sown  in  the  open  border  in  May. 

H.  erectum  (erect) ;  hardy  annual  ;  6  inches  ;  flowers  yellow, 
in  July  ;  Siberia;  1759.  H.  pendulum  (pendulous);  hardy  an- 


GARDEN    FLOWERS.  2O3 

nual  ;  6  inches;  flowers  yellow,  in  July;  France;  1640.  H. 
procumbens  (lying  down) ;  hardy  annual  ;  i  foot ;  flowers  yellow, 
in  July  ;  south  of  Europe  ;  1 596. 

HYPERICUM.  St.  John's  Wort.  [Hypericaceae.]  A  large 
genus,  containing  many  hardy  species,  both  perennial  herbs 
and  shrubs,  as  well  as  some  greenhouse  species.  The  hardy 
perennials  and  shrubs  all  grow  readily  in  common  sandy 
soil,  and  are  increased,  the  former  by  division,  the  latter  by 
layers.  Yellow  is  almost  universally  the  color  of  the  flowers 
in  this  genus. 

H.  Ascyron  (St.  Peter's  Wort) ;  hardy  perennial ;  2  feet ;  flow- 
ers yellow,  in  June  ;  Siberia ;  1774.  H.  calycinum  (large-calyxed); 
half-hardy  shrub  ;  i  foot ;  flowers  large,  yellow,  in  June  ;  Ireland. 
H.  elatum  (tall) ;  hardy  sub-evergreen  shrub  ;  5  feet ;  flowers 
yellow,  in  July,;  North  America  ;  1762.  H.  empetrifolium  (em- 
petrum-leaved) ;  half-hardy  evergreen  shrub  ;  2  feet ;  flowers  yel- 
low, in  June ;  south  of  Europe  ;  1820.  H.  Kalmianum  (Kalm's) ; 
hardy  deciduous  shrub  ;  2  feet ;  flowers  yellow,  in  June  ;  North 
America;  1759.  H.  macrocarpum  (long-seeded);  hardy  peren- 
nial;  2  feet;  nowers  yellow,  in  August;  North  America;  1828. 
H.  pulchrum  (pretty) ;  hardy  perennial ;  18  inches  ;  flowers  yel- 
low, in  July ;  England. 

There  are  many  other  species. 

HVSSOPUS.  [Lamiaceae.]  Hardy  perennials,  flourishing 
in  garden  soil,  and  increased  by  division  and  seeds. 

H.  discolor  (two-colored) ;  hardy  perennial ;  flowers  blue,  in 
June  ;  Siberia  ;  1818.  H.  officinalis  (officinal) ;  hardy  perennial ; 
2  feet ;  flowers  blue,  in  June  ;  south  of  Europe  ;  1 548. 

There  are  varieties  angustifolia^  canescens,  flore-rubro,  and 
variegatus ;  the  two  last  being  garden  hybrids. 


TBERIS.  Candytuft.  [Cruciferee.]  A  genus  containing 
-*-  some  well-known  hardy  annuals,  and  a  few  greenhouse 
and  hardy  sub-shrubs.  The  annuals  are  showy  and  useful 
border  plants,  perfectly  hardy,  growing  in  any  kind  of  soil,  and 
need  only  to  be  sown  where  they  are  to  flower.  They  will 
sometimes  shed  the  seed  in  the  borders ;  and  the  plants  come 
up  in  autumn,  and  stand  the  winter  if  it  be  not  too  severe. 
Candytuft  makes  a  good  clump-plant  for  a  geometrical  gar- 
den, because  it  does  not  grow  higher  than  six  or  nine  inches, 
and  forms  a  complete  mass  of  flowers  in  its  season,  being 
literally  covered  with  bloom.  The  natural  blooming  season 
may  be  prolonged  by  sowing  some  in  pots  as  early  as  Feb- 
ruary, thinning  them  as  they  come  up,  and  nursing  them  in 
the  greenhouse  or  frames  till  May,  when  they  will  be  almost 
in  flower.  The  seed  sown  in  the  borders  will  be  a  month 
or  six  weeks  later  before  it  flowers ;  and  a  later  sowing 
toward  the  end  of  May  will  carry  on  the  succession.  The 
sub-shrubby  evergreen  species  thrive  in  light  soil,  and  the 
hardy  ones  are  very  beautiful  for  rock-work,  or,  for  early 
blooming  small  groups  in  the  flower-garden.  They  are 
propagated  freely  by  cuttings  in  sandy  soil  under  hand- 
glasses, in  a  shady  place,  early  in  the  summer. 

/.  corifolia  (coris-leaved) ;  hardy  evergreen  sub-shrub ;  6 
inches  ;  flowers  white,  in  May  ;  south  of  Europe  ;  1739.  /.  cor- 
onaria  (garland) ;  hardy  annual ;  I  foot ;  flowers  white,  in  June  ; 
gardens.  /.  Gibr altar ica  (Gibraltar) ;  frame  evergreen  sub- 
shrub  ;  i  foot;  flowers  whitish-pink,  in  June;  Gibraltar;  1732. 
204 


GARDEN    FLOWERS.  2O$ 

/.  odorata  (sweet-scented) ;  hardy  annual ;  i  foot ;  flowers  white, 
in  June;  Crete;  1806.  /.  saxatilis  (rock);  hardy  evergreen 
sub-shrub  ;  6  inches  ;  flowers  white,  in  May ;  south  of  Europe  ; 
1739.  /.  sempervirens  (evergreen) ;  hardy  evergreen  sub-shrub ; 
9  inches  ;  flowers  white,  in  April ;  Candia  ;  1731.  /.  Tenoreana 
(Tenore's) ;  hardy  perennial ;  6  inches  ;  flowers  pale  purple,  in 
June;  Naples;  1802.  /.  umbellata  (common);  hardy  annual; 
i  foot ;  flowers  purple,  rose,  crimson,  or  white,  in  June ;  south 
of  Europe;  1596. 

There  are  several  other  species. 

ILEX.  Holly.  [Aquifoliaceae.]  Beautiful  evergreen  trees, 
with  prickly  foliage  and  red  berries.  The  English  Holly  in 
its  many  beautiful  varieties  is  not  hardy  in  the  Northern 
States.  The  American  Holly,  although  found  native  as  far 
north  as  Maine,  is  often  winter-killed  in  the  New  England 
States  :  to  the  southward,  it  forms  a  splendid  tree.  Soil, 
moist  loam,  sandy.  Propagated  by  berries,  which  do  not 
vegetate  for  two  years. 

/.  opaca  (dark);  American  Holly;  hardy  trees;  10  to  30 
feet ;  flowers  greenish,  in  June. 

I.  Cassine,  myrtifolia,  Dahoon,  are  Southern  species.  / 
•vertirillata  arid  Iczvigata  (Black  Alder),  and  L  glabra  (Ink 
Berry),  are  fine  ornamental  shrubs,  perfectly  hardy,  which 
are  worthy  of  general  cultivation.  The  latter  is  evergreen. 
These  latter  are  often  called  Prinos. 

ILLICIUM.  Aniseed-tree.  [Magnoliacese.]  Half-hardy 
evergreen  shrubs,  with  good  foliage  and  curious  flowers. 
Soil,  peat  and  loamy.  Increased  by  cuttings  of  young 
ripened  shoots  in  sand,  or  by  layers,  which  take  two  years  to 
get  well  established. 

/.  anisatum  (Star  Anise) ;  half-hardy  evergreen  shrub  ;  6  feet ; 
flowers  red,  in  May;  Japan;  1790.  /.  Floridanum  (Florida) ; 
half-hardy  evergreen  shrub  ;  8  feet ;  flowers  red,  in  May  ;  Flor- 


2O6  GARDEN    FLOWERS. 

ida;  1766.     /.  religiosum  (holy) ;  half-hardy  evergreen  shrub ;  4 
feet ;  flowers  green,  in  May  ;  Japan  ;  1 842. 

IMPATIENS.  Touch-me-not.  [Balsaminaceae.]  Annual  or 
perennial  fleshy-stemmed  plants,  mostly  requiring  the  assist- 
ance of  artificial  heat,  and  a  moist  sheltered  climate.  The 
tender  annuals  should  be  raised  in  hot-frames,  from  seeds,  in 
February  or  March,  and  grown  on  until  summer,  near  the 
glass,  in  hot-frames  or  hot-houses,  and  may  then  be  bloomed 
in  a  greenhouse  after  its  usual  occupants  are  placed  out 
doors.  Most  of  these  may  be  raised  from  cuttings,  or  made 
biennial  by  removing  all  flower-buds  the  first  year.  Some 
of  them,  if  reared  in  a  mild  heat,  and  carefully  inured  to 
exposure,  will  flower  out  doors  in  a  moderately  sheltered 
situation  ;  but  they  require  a  moist  atmosphere,  and  moisture 
at  the  roots,  as  well  as  a  warm  exposure.  /  glanduligera, 
macrochila^  and  Candida  are  the  best  for  this  treatment  : 
these  have  a  fine  pyramidal  habit,  and  bloom  abundantly. 
The  hardy  annuals  may  be  sown  in  the  open  border,  in  a 
dampish  sheltered  place  ;  and  there  they  will  spring  up  abun- 
dantly from  scattered  seeds.  See  BALSAMINA  for  culture  of 
the  annual  kinds. 

/.  Candida  (white) ;  half-hardy  (or  tender)  annual ;  6  feet ;  flow- 
ers white,  in  July ;  Himalayas  ;  1839.  -^  fulva  (tawny,  spotted) ; 
hardy  sub-aquatic  annual  ;  4  feet ;  flowers  yellow,  in  July  ;  North 
America.  /.  glanduligera  (gland-bearing)  ;  half-hardy  (or  ten- 
der) annual;  6  feet;  flowers  rose-color,  in  July;  Himalayas; 
1839.  /.  macrochila  (large-lipped) ;  half-hardy  (or  tender)  an- 
nual ;  flowers  pale-purple,  in  August ;  India  ;  1839. 

INDIAN-CRESS.     See  TROP^OLUM. 

iNDIAN-PlNK.       See    DlANTHUS. 

INDIAN-SHOT.     See  CANNA. 

INK-BERRY.     See  ILEX. 

INULA.     [Composite.]     A  genus  containing  many  hardy 


GARDEN    FLOWERS.  2O/ 

perennials  and  annuals  :  the  latter  are  not  worth  cultivating ; 
the  former  are  of  coarse  habit,  and  of  little  horticultural  im- 
portance. The  flowers  are  yellow.  Common  soil.  In- 
creased by  division. 

IONOPSIDUM.  Violet  Cress.  [Cruciferas.]  A  pretty 
dwarf,  half-hardy  annual,  forming  a  beautiful  plant  for  rock- 
work  in  a  shady  situation,  or  an  undergrowth  for  a  peat  bor- 
der, or  for  pot-culture.  It  forms  close  to  the  soil  a  compact 
tuft,  studded  with  numerous  lilac,  cross-shaped  flowers. 

/.  acaule  (stemless) ;  half-hardy  annual ;  i£  inches  ;  flowers 
lilac,  at  various  seasons  ;  Portugal  ;  1845. 

IPOMCEA.  [Convolvulaceae.]  A  large  genus  of  showy 
convolvulus-like  plants,  consisting  mostly  of  climbing  spe- 
cies, of  which  the  greater  number  require  a  stove  tempera- 
ture. The  sub-shrubby  and  perennial  kinds  are  increased 
by  cuttings  of  the  short  lateral  shoots  in  sandy  soil,  under 
glasses.  Those  which  have  fleshy  roots  are  more  difficult 
to  propagate,  unless  cuttings  of  the  young  shoots,  which 
break  from  the  crown  of  the  tuber  are  taken  :  they  require 
brisk  bottom-heat.  The  tuberous,  fleshy-rooted  sorts  may 
sometimes  be  increased  by  division,  but  not  readily  :  por- 
tions of  the  roots,  however,  of  the  commoner  sorts  serve  as 
stocks  on  which  the  rarer  and  more  difficult  may  be  grafted 
with  success  by  what  is  called  herbaceous  grafting  ;  a  good 
heat  and  a  close  frame  being  indispensable.  The  annuals 
are  raised  by  seeds  sown  in  a  hot-bed  in  early  spring.  The 
soil  for  them  should  be  turfy  peat  and  sandy  loam,  with 
plenty  of  gritty  sand  added,  and  the  roots  well  drained. 
The  fleshy-rooted  kinds  require  to  be  kept  moderately  dry  in 
winter.  Their  habit  is  various.  Some  bloom  in  the  axils 
along  the  branches  ;  and  others,  including  I.  Horsfallioe^ 
which  is  one  of  the  best,  bloom  only  at  the  end  of  the 
shoots.  With  these  latter,  it  is  a  practice  to  top  the  shoots 


2O8  GARDEN    FLOWERS. 

when  five  or  six  feet  long,  to  cause  several  laterals  to  branch 
out ;  and  the  result  is,  that,  though  the  blossoming  is  re- 
tarded, there  are  many  more  flowers  produced  in  the  end. 
Stopped  in  this  way,  and  trained  over  the  roof,  or  the  wall  of 
a  stove,  this  is  one  of  the  finest  of  all  creepers.  Many  of 
the  tender  species  do  well  in  a  warm  sunny  exposure  in  the 
garden. 

I.  fid  folia  (fig-leaved);  twining  perennial;  15  feet;  flowers 
rosy-purple,  in  August;  Buenos  Ayres ;  1840.  /.  lacunosa 
(starry);  hardy  twining  perennial ;  10  feet ;  flowers  white,  in  June  ; 
North  America  ;  1640.  /.  Michauxii  (Michaux's) ;  greenhouse 
twining  tuberous  perennial ;  1 5  feet ;  flowers  white,  in  August ; 
Georgia;  1815.  /.  pandurata  (Virginian);  hardy  twining  per- 
ennial; 12  feet;  flowers  white  and  purple;  North  America; 
1732.  /.  rubra-caerulea  (reddish-blue);  half-hardy  twining  an- 
nual ;  lofeet ;  flowers  blue,  fading  red,  in  September  ;  Mexico  ; 
1833.  /.  Tweedici  (Tweedie's);  stove  twining  perennial;  10 
feet;  flowers  reddish-purple,  in  July  ;  Parana;  1838. 

There  are  numerous  other  species  in  cultivation. 

IPOMOPSIS.  [Polemoniaceae.]  Splendid-flowered  bien- 
nials, of  rather  difficult  culture.  The  seeds  should  be  sown 
in  July,  thinly,  in  small  pots  set  into  a  cold  dry  frame  ;  the 
plants  are  to  be  thinned  to  three  or  four,  and  removed  to  a 
shelf  in  the  greenhouse,  near  the  glass,  where  they  remain 
during  winter,  being  very  moderately  and  carefully  watered. 
In  spring,  they  are  shifted  into  five-inch  pots  with  as  little 
disturbance  to  their  roots  as  possible  ;  but  one  or  two  of  the 
plants  should  be  cut  away,  leaving  the  strongest.  They  re- 
quire throughout  very  careful  watering,  being  very  impatient 
of  moisture.  A  compost  of  equal  proportions  of  sandy  peat 
and  sandy  loam,  mixed  with  lumps  of  charcoal  to  keep  it 
open  and  porous,  suits  them  ;  and  they  are  multiplied  by 
seeds  only. 

/.  elegans  (elegant) ;  half-hardy  biennial ;  3  feet ;  flowers  scar- 


GARDEN    FLOWERS.  2CK) 

let,  in  July;  North  America;  1826.  /.  picta  (painted);  half- 
hardy  biennial ;  3  feet ;  flowers  scarlet,  blotched  white,  in  July ; 
Carolina;  1726. 

IRESINE.  [Amarantaceae.]  A  very  fine  dark-foliaged 
plant,  more  hardy  than  Coleus  and  brighter  than  Perilla, 
very  useful  for  summer  bedding,  and  easily  propagated  by 
cuttings.  As  a  decorative  plant  it  has  no  rival.  Achyran- 
thes  of  French  florists. 

/.  Herbstii  (Herbst's) ;  soft-wooded  shrub  ;  I  foot ;  not  yet 
flowered  in  cultivation  ;  Peru  and  La  Plata ;  1863. 

IRIS.  Flower  de  Luce.  [Iridaceae.]  Beautiful  hardy  pe- 
rennials, of  very  simple  culture.  They  prefer  a  loamy  soil 
somewhat  moist,  and  thrive  best  when  not  too  frequently 
disturbed,  as  they  then  spread  into  good-sized  patches,  and 
produce  a  greater '  abundance  of  flowers.  They  are  propa- 
gated without  the  least  difficulty  by  dividing  the  plants. 
There  are  one  or  two  bulbous-rooted  species,  /.  Xiphium  and 
Xiphioides,  the  latter  commonly  called  English,  and  the  for- 
mer Spanish  Iris,  the  varieties  of  which  are  extensively  cul- 
tivated as  florists'  flowers.  The  varieties  of  color  among 
these  bulbous  kinds  is  very  great,  including  white,  yellow, 
blue,  purple,  and  many  indescribable  tints.  These  should  be 
planted  a  foot  apart,  in  a  rich  bed  of  loam,  dung,  and  sand, 
and  should  be  removed  only  once  in  two  years ;  the  trans- 
planting taking  place  in  September.  They  are  increased  by 
offsets. 

/.  amosna  (pleasing)  ;  hardy  perennial ;  I  foot ;  flowers  white 
and  purple,  in  June  ;  Europe;  1821.  /.  cristata  (crested) ;  har- 
dy perennial ;  3  inches  ;  flowers  pale-blue,  in  May  ;  North  Amer- 
ica ;  1756.  /.  Florentina  (Florentine) ;  hardy  perennial ;  2  feet ; 
flowers  white,  in  May;  south  of  Europe  ;  1596.  /.  Germanica 
(German) ;  hardy  perennial ;  2  feet ;  flowers  dark-blue,  in  May ; 
Germany;  1573.  /.  lutescens  (yellowish);  hardy  perennial;  6 
inches;  flowers  yellow,  in  May;  Germany;  1748.  /.  notha 


2IO  GARDEN   FLOWERS. 

(hybrid);  hardy  perennial;  18  inches;  flowers  blue,  in  June; 
Italy;  1820.  /.  ochroleuca  (yellowish) ;  hardy  perennial ;  2  feet ; 
flowers  pale-yellow,  in  July;  Levant;  1757.  /.  pallida  (pale) ; 
hardy  perennial ;  3  feet ;  flowers  pale-blue,  in  June  ;  Turkey  ; 
1596.  /.  Persica  (Persian) ;  hardy  bulb  ;  6  inches  ;  flowers  pale- 
blue,  orange  and  black,  in  May  ;  Persia  ;  1629.  I.pumila  (dwarf) ; 
hardy  perennial ;  3  inches  ;  flowers  purple,  yellow,  or  white,  in 
May  ;  Austria  ;  1 596.  I.  Ruthenica  (Russian) ;  hardy  peren- 
nial ;  I  foot ;  flowers  blue,  in  May ;  Siberia ;  1804.  /.  sainbu- 
cina  (elder-scented) ;  hardy  perennial  ;  2^  feet  ;  flowers  purple 
and  white,  in  June  ;  south  of  Europe  ;  1658.  /.  Sibirica  (Sibe- 
rian) ;  hardy  perennial  ;  3  feet ;  flowers  blue  or  white,  in  June  ; 
Siberia;  1596.  /.  sub-biflora  (sub-two-flowered);  hardy  peren- 
nial; I  foot;  flowers  blue,  in  May;  Portugal;  1596.  /.  Susi- 
ana  (Susian)  ;  hardy  perennial ;  2  feet ;  flowers  striped,  in  May  ; 
Levant;  1596.  /.  Swertii  (Swert's) ;  hardy  perennial;  18 
inches  ;  flowers  white,  in  May  ;  Hungary;  1819.  /.  Xipkioides 
(groat  bulbous);  hardy  bulb;  18  inches;  flowers  various,  in 
June;  Spain;  1571.  /.  Xiphium  (small  bulbous) ;  hardy  bulb  ; 
1 8  inches  ;  flowers  various,  in  June  ;  Spain  ;  1596. 

Many  other  species  are  in  cultivation,  and  many  very  fine 
named  varieties  may  be  obtained  of  florists.  The  last  few 
years  have  witnessed  a  great  improvement  in  this  plant.  /. 
Persica  is  one  of  the  most  beautiful  early-flowering  spring 
bulbs.  The  flowers  are  of  a  most  delicate  texture,  bright 
purple  and  yellow,  with  pearl-colored  ground.  They  only 
require  to  be  planted  in  a  rich  soil  in  the  autumn,  and  may 
remain  for  years  undisturbed. 

ISANTHUS.  [Lamiaceae.]  Hardy  annual.  Propagated 
by  seeds  sown  in  the  border  in  May,  or  earlier  in  a  frame, 
and  transplanted. 

/.  cozrulcus  (blue) ;  hardy  annual ;  i  foot ;  flowers  blue,  in 
July;  North  America  ;  1818. 

ISOTOMA.  [Lobeliaceas.]  A  pretty  dwarf  blue  flowering 
plant,  resembling  a  Lobelia,  requiring  greenhouse  pro  tec- 


GARDEN   FLOWERS. 


211 


tion  in  winter,  but  blossoming  freely  as  a  bedding-plant  in 
summer.  Soil,  sandy  loam,  in  a  warm  exposure.  The 
plants  should  be  raised  from  seed  in  summer,  and  wintered 
in  the  greenhouse  ready  to  plant  out  the  following  May. 

/.  axillarisj  I  foot ;  flowers  blue,  in  July  ;  New  South  Wales  ; 
1824. 

ITKA.  [Escalloniacea::.]  A  pretty  white-flowering  native 
shrub,  not  hardy  in  the  Northern  States.  Soil,  moist  sandy 
peat.  Propagated  by  suckers  and  layers. 

I.  Virginica  (Virginian) ;  hardy  shrub  ;  6  feet ;  flowers  white, 
in  July. 

IVY.     See  HEDERA. 


JACOBEA.      See  SENICIO. 
JACOBEAN  LILY.     See  SPREKELIA. 

JACOB'S  LADDER.     See  POLEMONIUM. 

JAPAN  ALLSPICE.     See  CHIMONANTHUS. 

JAPAN  CEDAR.     See  CRYPTOMEREA. 

JAPAN  YEW.     See  CEPHALOTAXUS. 

JASIONE.  Sheens-scabious.  [Campanulaceae.]  Pretty 
dwarf  herbs,  bearing  blue  flowers  collected  in  heads.  The 
annuals  may  be  sown  in  the  borders  in  May,  and  require  no 
other  care  than  thinning  if  the  plants  come  up  too  thick. 
The  perennials  are  increased  by  seeds,  or  by  division,  and 
require  but  to  be  planted  in  a  warm  border,  in  sandy  soil, 
and  winter  protection  in  the  Northern  States. 

J.  montana  (mountain) ;  hardy  annual ;  i  foot ;  flowers  pale- 
blue,  in  June  ;  England.  J.  perennis  (perennial) ;  half-hardy  per- 
ennial;  i  foot;  flowers  blue,  in  June  ;  France;  1787. 

JEFFERSONIA.  [Podophyllacese.]  A  neat  hardy  herba- 
ceous perennial.  Soil,  sandy  loam.  Increased  by  division 
of  the  plant,  which  should  be  done  in  spring,  or  by  seeds. 

J.  diphylla  (two-leaved)  ;  hardy  perennial ;  6  inches ;  flowers 
white,  in  May  ;  North  America  ;  1792. 

JOB'S  TEARS.     See  Coix. 

JONQUIL.     See  NARCISSUS. 

JUDAS-TRJEE.     See  CIRCIS. 

JUGLANS.  [Juglandaceae.]  Hardy  or  half-hardy  decidu- 
ous ornamental  trees.  Soil,  deep  loam.  Propagated  by 
seed ;  the  rarer  sorts  by  grafting  and  budding. 


GARDEN    FLOWERS.        (  21$ 

y.  cinerea  (gray  ;  Butternut) ;  30  feet ;  North  America ;  1656. 
y,fraxinifolia  (ash-leaved) ;  40  feet ;  North  America,  y.  nigra 
(black) ;  30  feet ;  North  America ;  1629.  y.  pterocarpa  (winged- 
fruited)  ;  40  feet ;  North  America,  y.  regia  (common  ;  royal) ; 
50  feet ;  Persia  ;  1562.  y.  regia  laciniata  (cut-leaved) ;  50  feet ; 
Persia,  y.  regia  maxima  (largest-fruited) ;  50  feet ;  Persia. 
y.  regia  pendula  (weeping),  y.  regia  serotina  (late- vegetating) ; 
50  feet ;  Persia,  y.  regia  tenera  (thin-shelled) ;  50  feet ;  Persia. 

JUNIPERUS.  Juniper.  [Pinaceae.]  Evergreens,  many 
of  which  are  remarkably  ornamental  in  habit,  forming  light, 
spreading,  more  or  less  pendulous,  bushes  or  low  trees.  The 
Junipers  prefer  a  light,  loamy  soil,  but  are  not  difficult  of 
culture  in  any  that  is  moderately  good,  and  not  wet  or  heavy. 
Increased  with  most  facility  by  seeds ;  but  the  rarer  kinds 
may  be  propagated  by  grafting,  or  by  cuttings  of  the  firm 
young  shoots,  planted  in  sandy  soil,  on  a  shady  border,  and 
covered  by  a  hand-glass.  Most  of  the  species  are  hardy  as 
far  north  as  Massachusetts,  though  often  requiring  protec- 
tion from  the  winter's  sun  and  cutting  winds. 

y.  Chinensis  (Chinese) ;  10  feet ;  flowers  in  May;  China  ;  1804. 
y.  cominunis  (common) ;  5  feet ;  flowers  in  May ;  Britain,  y. 
communis  Canadensis  (Canadian) ;  20  feet ;  flowers  in  May ; 
Canada;  1820.  J.  communis  nana  (dwarf);  2  feet;  flowers  in 
May;  Siberia,  .y,  communis  oblonga  (oblong-fruited);  flowers 
in  June.  y.  communis  oblonga  pendula  (oblong-weeping) ;  5 
feet;  flowers  in  May;  Britain,  y.  Suecica  (Swedish);  12  feet; 
flowers  in  May ;  North  of  Europe,  y.  Cracovia  (Cracovian) ;  4 
feet ;  flowers  in  May  ;  Poland  ;  1820.  y.  Daurica  (Dahurian) ; 
8  feet;  flowers  in  July;  Dahuria ;  1791.  y.  drupacea  (drupe- 
fruited)  ;  4  feet ;  flowers  in  May  ;  Syria  ;  1820.  y.  excelsa  (tall) ; 
20  feet ;  Siberia ;  1806.  y.  glauca  (milky-green) ;  flowers  in 
May  ;  China  ;  1814.  J.  hemisph&rica  (half-globe-headed) ;  flow- 
ers in  May;  Mount  Etna;  1844.  y.  Hermanni  (Hermann's); 
flowers  in  May.  y.  Lycia  (Lycian) ;  10  feet;  flowers  in  May; 
south  of  Europe;  1759.  y.  macrocarpa  (large-fruited);  flowers 


214  GARDEN    FLOWERS. 

in  May;  Greece.  J.oblonga  (oblong);  flowers  in  May;  Ameri- 
ca ;  1829.  J.  oxycedrus  (sharp-cedar) ;  15  feet ;  flowers  in  May  ; 
Spain;  1739.  J.  Phcenicea  (Phoenician) ;  20  feet ;  flowers  in  May; 
south  of  Europe  ;  1683.  J.  recurva  (curved) ;  4  feet ;  flowers 
in  May;  Nepaul;  1817.  J.  religiosa  (religious);  flowers  in 
May.  J.  sabina  (common  savin) ;  4  feet ;  flowers  in  May  ;  south 
of  Europe  ;  1548.  J.  sabina  /•Ipina  (Alpine) ;  18  inches  ;  flow- 
ers in  May  ;  Britain.  J.  sabina  cupressifolia  (cypress-leaved) ; 
4  feet;  flowers  in  May;  south  of  Europe;  1548.  J.  sabina 
foliis  variegatis  (variegated-leaved) ;  4  feet ;  flowers  in  May ; 
Europe.  J.  prostrata  (prostrate) ;  9  inches  ;  flowers  in  May ; 
North  America.  J.  tamariscifolia  (tamarisk-leaved) ;'  4  feet ; 
flowers  in  May  ;  south  of  Europe  ;  1 562.  J.  tamariscifolia  va- 
riegata  (variegated) ;  5  feet ;  flowers  in  May  ;  south  of  Europe. 
y.  Smithii  (Smith's) ;  flowers  in  May  ;  Nepaul.  J.  squamata 
(scaly);  4  feet ;  flowers  in  May;  Nepaul;  1824.  J.  thurifera 
(incense-bearing);  10  feet;  flowers  in  May;  Spain;  1572.  J. 
uvifera  (grape-bearing) ;  Cape  Horn.  J.  Virginiana  (Virginian); 
Red  Cedar ;  30  feet ;  flowers  in  May ;  North  America ;  1664. 
J.  Virginiana  Caroliniana  (Carolinian) ;  flowers  in  May  ;  Caro- 
lina. J.  Virginiana  humilis  (humble) ;  12  feet ;  flowers  in  May; 
North  America;  1800. 

JURINEA.  [Composite.]  Hardy  herbaceous  perennials. 
Common  soil.  Increased  by  division  of  the  root. 

J.  spectabilis  (showy) ;  hardy  perennial ;  2  feet ;  flowers  pur- 
ple, in  June;  Europe;  1837.  y.  subacaulis  (short-stemmed); 
hardy  perennial ;  i  foot ;  flowers  purple,  in  June  ;  Caucasus  ; 
1837- 


KALMIA.  [Ericaceae.]  Beautiful  evergreen  shrubs, 
readily  forced  into  early  blossom  by  the  stimulus  of 
artificial  heat.  The  proper  soil  for  them  is  sandy  peat 
earth.  It  is,  in  fact,  the  usual  and  the  best  practice  to 
plant  Kalmias,  together  with  Rhododendrons,  Azaleas,  and 
other  plants  of  like  nature,  in  separate  beds  or  patches, 
prepared  with  peat-soil.  They  are  usually  increased  by 
layers  made  at  the  end  of  summer,  but  may  also  be  raised 
from  seeds,  in  which  case  the  seeds  require  to  be  sown  in 
shallow  pans  of  sandy  peat,  and  kept  close  in  a  frame  :  the 
seedlings  are  transplanted  to  other  pans  as  soon  as  large 
enough  to  be  handled,  and  again  kept  close  for  a  time  until 
established,  when  they  are  gradually  inured  to  exposure. 

K.  angustifolia  (narrow-leaved) ;  hardy  evergreen  shrub  ;  2 
feet;  flowers  red,  in  June  ;  North  America  ;  1736.  K.  glauca 
(glaucous) ;  hardy  evergreen  shrub  ;  3  feet ;  flowers  red,  in 
May;  North  America;  1767.  K.  hirsuta  (hairy) ;  hardy  ever- 
green shrub  ;  18  inches  ;  flowers  red,  in  August ;  North  Amer- 
ica ;  1 786.  K.  latifolia  (broad-leaved) ;  hardy  evergreen  shrub  ; 
6  feet ;  flowers  pink,  in  June  ;  North  America  ;  1734. 

There  are  many  garden  varieties  of  angustifolia.  K.  ros- 
marinifolia  is  a  variety  of  K.  glauca,  and  K.  myrtifolia  of 
K.  latifolia. 

KAULFUSSIA.  [Compositas.]  A  pretty  dwarf  hardy  an- 
nual. Sow  the  seeds  in  May  on  finely  pulverized  soil,  or  in 
a  frame  in  April,  and  transplant  If  late-flowering  plants 
are  required,  the  seed  may  be  sown  during  the  summer. 

215 


2l6  GARDEN    FLOWERS. 

K.  amelloides  (amellus-like) ;  hardy  annual  ;  i  foot ;  flowers 
blue,  in  July;  Cape  of  Good  Hope;  1819.  K.  <zsculifolia 
(horse-chestnut-leaved) ;  hardy  annual ;  I  foot ;  flowers  brown 
and  yellow,  in  July. 

KENTROPHYLLUM.  [Compositae.]  Hardy  annuals  of  lit- 
tle importance.  Common  soil.  Increased  by  seeds,  or,  in 
the  case  of  a  half-hardy  evergreen  shrubby  species,  by  cut- 
tings. The  species  are  K.  arborescens  (half-hardy,  shrubby), 
Cretica,  lanata,  and  Taurica. 

KENTUCKY  COFFEE-TREE.     See  GYMNOCLADUS. 

KERRIA.  [Rosaceae.]  A  hardy  deciduous  shrub,  with 
green  stems  and  yellow  flowers,  often  seen  against  walls  and 
fences  in  old  gardens.  It  is  a  free-growing  plant,  adapted 
for  such  situations  ;  growing  best  in  light  soils.'  Readily  in- 
creased by  suckers,  or  by  cuttings,  under  a  hand-light.  The 
double-flowered  variety  is  the  most  ornamental.  There  is  a 
fine  variety  with  beautifully  white  variegated  foliage. 

K.  Japonica  (Japan) ;  hardy  shrub  ;  3  feet ;  flowers  yellow,  in 
May  ;  Japan  ;  1 700. 

KIDNEY-BEAN.     See  PHASEOLUS. 

KCELREUTERIA.  [Sapindaceae.]  A  small  hardy  deciduous 
tree,  with  elegant  pinnate  foliage,  and  upright  panicles  of 
yellow  blossoms.  It  is  suitable  for  a  pleasure-ground  or 
shrubbery.  Will  grow  in  ordinary  garden  soil,  and  is  in- 
creased by  seeds,  or  by  cuttings  of  the  roots  or  branches. 

K.paniculata  (panicled) ;  hardy  tree  ;  12  feet ;  flowers  yellow, 
in  August;  China;  1763. 

KONIGA.  [Cruciferae.]  A  simple,  but  useful  dwarf  hardy 
annual.  Sow  the  seeds  in  spring  in  the  borders  where  the 
plants  are  to  bloom.  The  flowers  have  a  rather  peculiar, 
strong,  but  not  disagreeable  scent,  resembling  that  of  honey. 

K.  maritima  (sea-side,  or  Sweet  Alyssum) ;  hardy  annual ;  I 
foot ;  flowers  white,  in  May  ;  England. 


LABRADOR-TEA.     See  LEDUM. 
LABURNUM.     See  CYTISUS. 

LADY'S  MANTLE.     See  ALCHIMILLA. 

LADY'S  SLIPPER.     See  CYPRIPEDIUM. 

LADY'S  SMOCK.     See  CARDAMINE. 

LAGENARIA.  Bottle  Gourd.  [Cucurbitaceae.]  Annual 
trailing  plants,  requiring  to  be  raised  in  heat  in  spring,  and 
hardened  off  previously  to  their  being  planted  out  about  the 
end  of  May  in  sheltered  places,  such  as  against  walls  and 
palings,  or  on  a  raised  beds  in  a  warm  corner  of  the  garden. 
Rich  light  soil.  Increased  by  seeds.  The  curious  bottle- 
shaped  fruits  are  the  objects  for  which  they  are  cultivated ; 
but  the  white  flowers  are  also  very  pretty. 

L.  idolatrica  (idol-like,  pear-fruited)  ;  flowers  white,  in  June. 
L.  vittata  (banded) ;  flowers  white,  in  June.  L.  vulgaris  (com- 
mon);  10  feet;  flowers  in  August;  1597.  L.  vulgaris  clavata 
(club-shaped);  10  feet;  flowers  in  August;  1597.  L.  vulga- 
ris  depressa  (depressed) ;  10  feet ;  flowers  in  August ;  1597. 
L.  vulgarts  courgourda  (courgourde) ;  10  feet ;  flowers  in  Au- 
gust; 1597.  L.  vulgaris  turbinata  (top-shaped) ;  10  feet ;  flow- 
ers in  August ;  1597. 

LAGERSTRCEMIA.  [Lythraceaa.]  A  genus  of  handsome 
shrubs,  containing  some  greenhouse  species.  Soil,  peat  and 
loam.  Propagated  by  cuttings  of  the  small  half-ripened 
lateral  shoots  in  sand,  under  bell-glasses  in  heat.  These 
plants  bloom  finely,  planted  out  in  the  flower  border  in  sum- 
mer, and  wintered  in  a  cool  frost-proof  cellar. 

217 


2l8  GARDEN    FLOWERS. 

L.  Indica  (Indian);  warm  greenhouse  evergreen  shrub;  12 
feet;  flowers  white  or  rose-colored,  in  August;  China;  1816. 
L.  speciosa  (showy) ;  warm  greenhouse  evergreen  shrub  ;  6  feet ; 
flowers  rose-colored,  in  August ;  China;  1826. 

LAGURUS.  [Gramir.eae.]  A  hardy  annual  ornamental 
grass,  growing  in  any  garden  soil. 

L.  ovatus  (ovate) ;  hardy  annual ;  I  foot ;  apetalous,  August ; 
Guernsey. 

LAMIUM.  [Labiaceae.]  Hardy  plants,  of  which  some  of 
the  dwarf  perennial  varieties,  and  L.  maculatum,  with  varie- 
gated foliage  and  white  or  red  blossoms,  are  pretty  subjects 
for  rock-work.  Common  soil.  Increased  by  division. 

LANTANA.  [Verbenaceae.]  Stove  shrubs,  many  of  the 
more  showy  of  which,  however,  may  be  considered  as  green- 
house plants,  if  they  can  be  started  in  spring,  in  a  frame  or 
warmer  house.  The  larger  species  should  be  kept  rather 
dry  in  winter,  when  they  will  be  induced  to  rest,  and  will  lose 
their  foliage  ;  but,  if  they  are  excited  at  that  season,  they  con- 
tinue growing,  and  remain  evergreen.  In  spring,  or  in  Febru- 
ary, they  are  to  be  pruned  close  back,  and  started  to  grow  in 
a  stove  or  warm  pit.  They  are  free  growers,  and  require  to 
be  shifted  into  larger  pots  as  their  roots  become  numerous. 
They  should  have  a  free  rich  loamy  soil,  consisting  of  loam, 
peat,  and  leaf-mould,  equal  parts,  with  sand  added  if  neces- 
sary. The  young  shoots  in  spring  should  be  freely  stopped, 
to  produce  bushy  growth.  L.  Sellounana  should  have  three 
parts  sandy  peat-earth  in  the  compost,  and,  though  rested  by 
comparative  dryness  and  coolness  in  winter,  ought  not  to  be 
dried  so  much  as  the  larger  sorts.  They  do  not  require  the 
temperature  of  the  stove  :  that  of  an  intermediate  house 
suits  them  best.  In  warm  and  dry  sitations,  where  the  soil 
is  rather  sandy,  L.  Selltnviana  forms  good  beds  in  the  flower- 
garden,  looking  like  a  purple  verbena  ;  and  most  of  the  lar- 


GARDEN    FLOWERS.  2IQ 

ger  species  succeed  under  the  same  treatment.  Cuttings 
root  very  readily  in  sand,  planted  in  the  usual  way,  and  set 
in  a  hot-bed.  Young  plants  should  be  raised  from  cuttings 
during  summer,  to  be  shifted  on  for  'flowering  the  following 
spring.  The  following  are  selected  from  the  numerous 
kinds  as  being  the  most  useful. 

L.  aculeata  (prickly) ;  stove  shrub  ;  3  feet ;  flowers  yellow, 
changing  to  deep  orange-red,  in  May;  West  Indies;  1692.  L. 
Camara  (Camara) ;  stove  shrub ;  5  feet ;  flowers  golden,  chan- 
ging to  deep-orange  or  vermilion;  South  America;  1691.  L. 
crocea  (saffron) ;  stove  shrub ;  3  feet ;  flowers  yellow,  changing 
to  saffron,  in  May;  West  Indies  ;  1691.  L.  mutabilis  (change- 
able) ;  stove  shrub  ;  3  feet ;  flowers  lilac,  changing  to  rose,  in 
May ;  East  Indies.  L.  nivea  (white) ;  stove  shrub  ;  3  feet ; 
flowers  white,  in  May;  East  Indies;  1732.  L.  purpurea  (pur- 
ple) ;  stove  shrub  ;  2  feet ;  flowers  pale-rose,  changing  to  rosy 
lilac;  South  America;  1820.  L.  Sellowiana  (Sellow's) ;  cool 
stove  shrub  ;  2  feet ;  flowers  purple,  all  summer  ;  Monte  Video  ; 
1828. 

LARIX.  Larch.  [Pinaceae.]  A  family  of  hardy  well- 
known  trees,  flourishing  in  any  soil.  Propagated  by  seeds. 

L.  Gmelini  (Gmelin's) ;  Northern  Siberia.  L.  Griffithi  (Grif- 
fith's);  50  feet;  Nepaul ;  1854.  L.  Kamtschatika  (Kamtschat- 
ka).  L.  larix  (larch) ;  100  feet ;  Alps.  L.  larix  rcpens  (creep- 
ing). L.  larix  pendula  (drooping).  L.  Ledebonrii  (Ledebour's). 
L.  leptolepis  (slender-scaled) ;  north  of  Japan.  L.  microcarpa 
(small-coned) ;  190  feet ;  North  America.  L.  pendula  (droop- 
ing) ;  North  America.  L.  Sibirica  (Siberian) ;  Siberia. 

LARKSPUR.     See  DELPHINEUM. 

LASTHENIA.  [Composite.]  Hardy  annuals  ;  thriving  in 
poor  soil,  and  increased  by  seed. 

L.  Californica  (Californian) ;  hardy  annual ;  i  foot ;  flowers 
yellow,  in  July  ;  California  p  1834.  L.  glabrata  (smooth) ;  hardy 
annual ;  i  foot ;  flowers  yellow,  in  July  ;  California  ;  1 834.  Z.. 


22O  GARDEN    FLOWERS. 

obtusifolia  (blunt-leaved) ;  hardy  annual ;  i  foot ;  flowers  yellow, 
in  July;  Chili;  1833. 

LATHYRUS.  [Leguminosae.]  A  genus  of  showy  hardy 
plants,  annual  and  perennial,  mostly  climbers.  The  best  of 
them  is  the  Sweet-pea  (  L.  odoratus)  ;  and  there  is  not  among 
the  annuals  a  better  nosegay  flower  than  this,  nor,  now  that 
there* are  many  varieties,  is  there  a  more  lively  garden  orna- 
ment. It  has  been  attempted  to  grow  the  different  colored 
varieties  separate,  and  a  majority  will  sometimes  prove  like 
the  parent,  but  they  do  not  look  so  well  any  way  as  mixed. 
They  maybe  sown  in  pots,  in  a  warmish  frame,  in  March,  for 
early  bloom  ;  and  two  months  afterwards  they  may  be  sown 
in  the  borders  of  the  open  ground  :  others  may  be  sown  in 
May  and  June  if  a  succession  is  desired.  They  grow  in  any 
good  light  soil,  and  all  the  attention  they  require  is  to  be 
furnished  with  a  few  bushy  branches  stuck  in  the  ground 
for  them  to  cling  to.  If  they  are  not  allowed  to  seed,  and 
the  decayed  blooms  are  removed  as  fast  as  they  decline,  the 
bloom  will  continue  some  time  ;  but,  if  they  are  allowed  to 
swell  their  pods,  the  bloom  goes  off  much  sooner.  The  per- 
ennials may  be  raised  by  seeds  or  by  division,  and  merely 
require  to  be  planted  in  the  position  they  are  to  occupy  per- 
manently, and  to  have  pea-stakes  put  to  them  annually  for 
their  branches  to  climb  over. 

L.  Altaicus  (Altaic) ;  hardy  perennial ;  2  feet*,  flowers  violet, 
in  June;  Altai;  1832.  L.  Armitageanus  (Armitage's)  ;  hardy 
climbing  perennial ;  8  feet ;  flowers  purple-blue,  in  May  ;  Bra- 
zil;  1824.  L.  decaphyllns  (ten-leaved);  hardy  climbing  peren- 
nial ;  4  feet ;  flowers  red  and  lilac,  in  June  ;  North  America  ; 
1827.  L. grandiflorns  (large-flowered);  hardy  climbing  peren- 
nial ;  4  feet ;  flowers  pale  and  deep  rose,  in  July  ;  south  of  Eu- 
rope ;  1814.  L.  latifolius  (broad-leaved);  hardy  perennial;  5 
feet ;  flowers  pink,  in  August  ;  England.  L.  Macrcei  (McRae's) ; 
hardy  climbing  perennial ;  3  feet ;  flowers  purple  and  white,  in 


GARDEN   FLOWERS.  221 

October;  Chili;  1824.  L.  Magellanicus  (Magellan);  hardy 
climbing  perennial ;  6  feet ;  flowers  blue,  in  July  ;  Cape  Horn  ; 
1 744.  L.  odoratrts  (sweet-pea) ;  hardy  annual ;  4  feet ;  flowers 
various,  in  July ;  Sicily;  1700.  L.  Tingitanus  (Tangier) ;  hardy 
annual ;  4  feet ;  flowers  dark  rose-purple,  in  July  ;  Barbary ; 
1680. 

LAVANDULA.  Lavender.  [Labiaceae.]  Evergreen  shrubs, 
well  known  from  the  fragrance  of  their  flowers.  Some  of 
the  species  require  greenhouse  protection.  Sandy  loam  for 
the  hardy  kinds,  and  light  loamy  soil  for  the  tender  ones. 
Increased  by  cuttings. 

L.  dentata  (tooth-leaved);  greenhouse  evergreen  shrub;  18 
inches;  flowers  lilac,  in  August ;  south  of  Europe ;  1597.  L.  spica 
(common  spike) ;  hardy  evergreen  shrub  ;  2  feet ;  flowers  lilac, 
in  July  ;  south  of  Europe  ;  1568.  L.  Stadias  (Staechas)  ;  hardy 
evergreen  shrub;  18  inches;  flowers  lilac,  in  June;  south  of 
Europe  ;  1568.  L.  vera  (true) ;  hardy  evergreen  shrub  ;  2  feet ; 
flowers  gray-blue,  in  July;  south  of  Europe  ;  1568.  L.viridis 
(green);  greenhouse  evergreen  shrub ;  18  inches;  flowers  pur- 
ple, in  June  ;  Madeira  ;  1777. 

LAVATERA.  [Malvaceas.]  Hardy  and  half-hardy  plants 
of  the  Mallow  tribe.  The  annuals  should  be  sown  in  the 
borders  in  March,  and  are  increased  by  seeds.  The  others 
are  increased  by  seeds,  and  require  to  be  planted  in  a  shel- 
tered situation,  in  which  they  are  sometimes  destroyed,  some- 
times uninjured  by  the  winter.  The  shrubby  kinds  may 
also  be  propagated  by 'cuttings.  A  light  dry  soil  suits  all  of 
them.  There  are  several  species,  but,  excepting  those  named 
below,  they  are  not  of  much  interest,  being  coarse. 

L.  arborea  (tree) ;  hardy  biennial ;  6  feet ;  flowers  pale  rose- 
purple,  in  August ;  Britain.  L.  Neapolitana  (Neapolitan) ;  har- 
dy perennial ;  6  feet ;  flowers  purple,  in  July;  Italy;  1818.  L. 
phccnicea  (red);  half-hardy  shrub  ;  5  feet ;  flowers  pink,  in  July ; 
Canaries  ;  1816.  L.  Thuringiaca  (Thuringian) ;  hardy  peren- 


222  GARDEN   FLOWERS. 

nial;  4  feet;  flowers  pale-blue,  in  July;  Germany;  1731.  L. 
trimestris  (three-month) ;  hardy  annual ;  2  feet ;  flowers  flesh- 
color,  in  June  ;  Spain;  1633. 

LAVENDER.     See  LAVANDULA. 

LAUREL  MOUNTAIN.     See  KALMIA. 

LEADWORT.     See  PLUMBAGO. 

LEATHERWOOD.     See  DIRCA. 

LEDUM.     See  AMMYRSINE. 

LEDUM.  Labrador  Tea.  [Ericaceae.]  Pretty  hardy  ever- 
green American  plants.  Soil,  a  rather  sandy  peat.  In- 
creased by  layers.  They  are  well  suited  for  the  margins  of 
peat-beds. 

L.  Canadense  (Canadian) ;  hardy  evergreen  shrub  ;  18  inches; 
flowers  white,  in  April  ;  Canada  ;  1 763.  L,  latifolium  (broad- 
leaved)  ;  hardy  evergreen  shrub  ;  3  feet ;  flowers  white,  in  April ; 
North  America;  1763.'  L.  palustre  (marsh);  hardy  evergreen 
shrub  ;  2  feet ;  flowers  white,  in  April ;  Europe  ;  1762. 

LEMON  VERBENA.     See  ALOYSIA. 

LEONOTIS.  Liorfs-Ear.  [Labiacea.]  A  genus  contain- 
ing some  annual  species,  and  some  soft-wooded  greenhouse 
shrubs.  L.  Iconurus,  one  of  the  latter,  and  the  most  com- 
mon is,  when  grown  vigorously,  very  ornamental ;  rich  or- 
ange-colored flowers  being  produced  in  profusion  in  the  axils 
of  the  leaves.  Cuttings  may  be  planted  early  in  spring,  and 
root  readily  in  bottom-heat.  When  rooted,  they  should  be 
potted  into  a  light,  rich,  loamy,  soil,  hardened  off  as  soon  as 
possible  to  the  greenhouse  temperature  ;  continually  stopped 
to  induce  bushiness  of  growth,  and  shifted,  as  fast  as  the 
pots  fill  with  roots,  to  give  strength  to  the  plants.  By  the 
beginning  of  May,  they  may  be  transferred  to  cold  frames ; 
and  during  the  summer  they  are  quite  as  well  grown  exposed 
in  the  open  air,  so  that  care  be  taken  that  they  do  not  be- 
come parched,  which  destroys  their  foliage.  After  the  be- 


GARDEN    FLOWERS.  223 

ginning  of  August,  the  shoots  should  not  be  topped,  but  al- 
lowed to  grow  tall  for  blooming  ;  or,  if  stronger  spikes  of 
bloom  are  required,  the  stopping  may  be  discontinued  earlier. 
The  object  of  stopping  is,  however,  to  produce  a  very  bushy 
plant,  that  may  yield  a  large  number  of  flowering  shoots. 
There  is  no  difficulty  in  cultivating  the  plant,  which,  when 
established,  should  be  grown  in  rich  loam.  With  this,  and 
other  similar  free-growing  plants,  it  is  better  to  raise  young 
ones  annually  than  to  attempt  to  prune  back  or  otherwise 
renovate  the  old  specimens,  which  are  chiefly  to  be  pre- 
served to  furnish  cuttings  in  the  spring. 

L.  leonurus  (lion's-tail) ;  greenhouse  sub-shrub  ;  2  feet ;  flow- 
ers deep-orange,  in  October  ;  Cape  ;  1812. 

LEOXURUS.  Motherwort.  [Labiacese.]  Hardy  peren- 
nials and  biennials.  Common  soil.  Increased  by  seeds. 

L.  cardiaca  (common) ;  hardy  perennial ;  3  feet ;  flowers  red, 
in  July ;  England.  There  are  varieties  crispus  and  villosus. 
L.  lanatus  (woolly) ;  hardy  perennial ;  2  feet ;  flowers  yellow,  in 
June  ;  Siberia  ;  1752.  L.  Sibericiis  (Siberian) ;  hardy  biennial ; 
2  feet ;  flowers  red,  in  June  ;  Siberia  ;  1759. 

LEOPARD'S  BANE.     See  DORONICUM. 

LEPECHINIA.  [Lamiaceae.]  Hardy  herbaceous  peren- 
nial, comprising  one  Siberian  and  one  Mexican  species,  of 
which  the  latter  is  not  hardy.  Common  soil.  Increased  by 
division. 

L.  chenopodifolia  (chenopodium-leaved) ;  hardy  perennial ;  6 
inches;  flowers  red,  in  July;  Siberia;  1818.  L.  spicata,  the 
Mexican  species,  has  pale-yellow  flowers. 

LEPTANTHUS.  [Pontedereae.]  A  hardy  aquatic  plant, 
with  grassy  leaves,  useful  in  a  small  pond.  Called  also 
Schollera. 

L.gramineus  (grassy) ;  hardy  perennial ;  i  foot ;  flowers  yel- 
low, in  July  ;  North  America  ;  1823. 


224  GARDEN   FLOWERS. 

LEPTANDRA.     See  VERONICA. 

LEPTOSIPHON.  [Polemoniaceae.]  Beautiful  dwarf  annu- 
als, forming  very  pretty  objects  in  clumps  and  beds,  but  not 
very  long  lived ;  and,  moreover,  the  blooms  look  untidy  as 
soon  as  they  begin  to  decline.  The  seeds  may  be  sown  in 
the  open  air  in  May,  and  should  be  sown  thinly,  because 
they  then  grow  much  more  vigorously.  They  will  grow  in 
poor  soil,  and  do  as  well  as  any  of  the  annuals  in  the  com- 
mon borders ;  but,  to  have  them  in  perfection,  they  should 
be  grown  in  a  very  light  rich  soil,  such  as  one-half  very  rot- 
ten cow-dung  mixed  with  good  garden  earth.  In  the  beds 
of  geometrical  gardens,  where  they  have  to  show  a  mass  of 
flowers,  they  should  be  thinned  very  evenly  to  about  two 
inches  apart  all  over  the  space,  because  in  beds  which  form 
parts  of  a  connected  figure,  there  must  not  be  vacancies,  nor 
must  the  plants  be  too  much  drawn  by  being  close  together. 
In  patches,  the  least  quantity  is  about  what  could  be  sown 
in  a  pot.  Many  adopt  the  very  good  plan  of  sowing  annu- 
als in  pots,  and  bedding  them  out  afterwards  for  the  sake 
of  having  the  patches  uniform. 

L.  androsaceus  (androsace-like) ;  hardy  annual ;  i  foot ;  flowers 
bluish-lilac,  or  white,  in  June  ;  California;  1833.  L.  densiflorus 
(cluster-flowered);  hardy  annual  ; 'i  foot;  flowers  rosy-lilac,  or 
white,  in  June;  California;  1833.  L. grandtflorus  (large-flow- 
ered) ;  hardy  annual ;  I  foot ;  flowers  blue  and  gold,  in  July ; 
California;  1833.  L.  luteus  (yellow);  hardy  annual;  I  foot; 
flowers  deep-yellow,  in  July;  California;  1833.  L.  pallidus 
(pale-yellow) ;  hardy  annual ;  i  foot ;  flowers  pale-yellow,  in  Ju- 
ly ;  California  ;  1833.  L.  parviflorus  (small-flowered) ;  hardy 
annual ;  I  foot ;  flowers  yellow,  in  July  ;  California  ;  1833. 

LEUCOJUM.  Snow-flake.  [Amaryllidaceae.]  Pretty  hardy 
bulbs,  in  foliage  much  like  a  Narcissus,  in  the  flowers  like  a 
Snow-drop,  as  the  name  Snow-flake  suggests.  They  multi- 
ply by  offsets  in  spring,  and  prefer  sandy  loam,  though  they 


GARDEN   FLOWERS.  22$ 

may  be  planted  in  ordinary  garden  soil,  like  common  Nar- 
cissus and  Hyacinths. 

L.  (zstivum  (summer);  hardy  bulb  ;  1 8  inches  ;  flowers  white, 
in  May;  Europe.  L.  pulchelhim  (pretty);  hardy  bulb;  18 
inches  ;  flowers  white,  in  April ;  England. 

LEUCOTHOE.  [Ericaceae.]  Hardy  evergreen  shrubs,  form- 
ing part  of  the  old  genus  Andromeda,  which  see. 

LEUZEA.  [Compositae.]  Hardy  herbaceous  purple-flow-' 
ered  perennials,  allied  to  Serratula.  Common  soil.  In- 
creased by  division  or  by  seeds. 

LEWISIA.  [Crassulaceae.]  Hardy  perennial.  Sandy  loam. 
Propagated  by  seeds  and  division. 

L.  rediviva  (revived) ;  hardy  perennial ;  6  inches ;  flowers 
white,  in  July  ;  North  America  ;  1827. 

LEYCESTERIA.  [Caprifoliaceas.]  Half-hardy  sub-ever- 
green shrub.  Sandy  loam.  Increased  by  cuttings  of  the 
young  shoots  in  spring  under  a  hand-glass,  or  by  seeds. 
Tender  in  the  Northern  States.  The  bark  being  bright 
green,  forms  a  good  winter  contrast  to  Cornus  sanguineus. 

L.  formosa  (handsome),  half-hardy  shrub  ;  4  feet ;  flowers 
white,  with  purple  bracts,  in  August ;  Nepaul;  1824. 

LIATRIS.  [Compositae.]  Elegant  hardy  or  half-hardy  her- 
baceous perennials,  of  easy  culture.  Soil,  sandy  loam  and 
peat.  Increased  by  division.  The  half-hardy  kinds  require 
slight  protection  against  wet  in  winter. 

L.  bellidifolia  (daisy-leaved) ;  hardy  perennial ;  2  feet ;  flow- 
ers pink,  in  August ;  North  America.  L.  corymbosa  (corym- 
bose) ;  half-hardy  perennial ;  3  feet ;  flowers  purple,  in  August ; 
Carolina;  1825.  L.  elegans  (elegant) ;  hardy  perennial ;  4  feet ; 
flowers  purple,  in  September  ;  North  America  ;  1787.  L.graci- 
lis  (slender) ;  half-hardy  perennial;  18  inches;  flowers  purple, 
in  August ;  Carolina  ;  1818.  L.  intermedia  (intermediate) ;  har- 
dy perennial ;  2  feet ;  flowers  purple,  in  August ;  North  Amer- 
15 


226  GARDEN    FLOWERS. 

ica;  1823.  L.  paniculata  (panicled) ;  half-hardy  perennial;  3 
feet;  flowers  purple,  in  August;  Carolina;  1826.  L.  spicata 
(spiked) ;  hardy  perennial ;  5  feet ;  flowers  purple,  in  August ; 
North  America;  1732.  L.  squarrosa  (rough-cupped) ;  hardy  per- 
ennial;  3  feet;  flowers  purple,  in  July ;  North  America;  1732. 
L.  tenuifolia  (fine-leaved);  half-hardy  perennial;  18  inches; 
flowers  purple  in  August ;  Carolina;  1820.  L.  turbinata  (turbi- 
nate) ;  hardy  perennial ;  2  feet ;  flowers  purple,  in  August ; 
North  America  ;  1823. 

There  are  several  other  species. 

LIBOCEDRUS.     See  THUYA. 

LIGULARIA.  [Compositae.]  Hardy  herbaceous  perennials, 
allied  to  Cineraria.  Common  soil.  Increased  by  division. 

L.  Caucasia  (Caucasian);  hardy  perennial  ;  18  inches;  flow- 
ers yellow,  in  June;  Caucasus;  1816.  L.  Sibirica  (Siberian); 
hardy  perennial ;  4  feet ;  flowers  yellow,  in  June  ;  Siberia  ;  1784. 
L.  speciosa  (showy) ;  hardy  perennial  ;  6  feet  ;  flowers  yellow,  in 
June;  Siberia;  1815.  L.  thyrsoidea  (thyrsoid) ;  hardy  peren- 
nial ;  4  feet ;  flowers  yellow,  in  July  ;  Russia  ;  1832. 

LIGUSTRUM.  Privet.  [Oleaceae.]  Hardy  evergreen  or 
sub-evergreen  shrubs.  The  common  sort,  L.  vulgare,  is  a 
valuable  hedge-plant ;  the  rarer  sorts  require  a  sheltered 
situation,  and  are  very  handsome  plants  for,  conservatory 
walls.  Privet-hedges  should  be  kept  cut  back  very  closely 
while  young,  and  require  to  be  clipped  at  least  twice  a  year. 
Soil,  sandy  or  chalky  loam.  Increased  abundantly  by  seeds 
or  cuttings  ;  the  rarer  sorts,  by  grafting  on  the  common. 

L.  Japonicum  (Japan) ;  hardy  sub-evergreen  shrub  ;  6  feet ; 
flowers  white,  in  July;  Japan;  1845.  L.  htcidiim  (shining); 
hardy  evergreen  shrub;  12  feet;  flowers  white,  in  August; 
China;  1794.  L.  spicatum  (spiked) ;  hardy  evergreen  shrub: 
8  feet ;  flowers  white,  in  July  ;  Nepaul ;  1823.  L.  vulgare  (com- 
mon) ;  hardy  sub-evergreen  shrub  ;  8  feet  ;  flowers  white,  in 
June ;  Britain. 

The  variety  sempervirens  is  the  best. 


GARDEN    FLOWERS.  22/ 

LILAC.     See  SYRINGA. 

LILIUM.  Lily.  [Liliaceae.]  Beautiful  hardy  or  half-hardy 
bulbous-rooted  perennials,  containing  many  distinct  species, 
nearly,  perhaps  quite,  all  of  which  are  sufficiently  hardy  to 
admit  of  their  being  cultivated  in  the  open  garden.  The 
most  beautiful  of  all  is  the  Lilium  spectosum,  and  its  superb 
varieties,  punctatum,  roseum,  rubrum,  and  album,  some  of 
which  are  variegated  as  if  rubies  were  strewn  all  over  their 
petals.  To  cultivate  these  in  pots,  a  compost  of  one-half 
turfy  peat,  one-third  turfy  loam,  and  one-third  decayed  cow- 
dung,  with  sand,  one-sixth  of  the  whole,  added,  is  suitable. 
Pot  them  in  February  ;  use  large  pots  ;  and  choose  very 
strong  double-crowned  bulbs,  two  or  three  of  which  may  go 
in  a  pot  a  foot  in  diameter  :  drain  them  well,  and  plant  the 
bulbs  three  or  four  inches  below  the  rims ;  place  them  in  a 
cold  frame,  and  cover  them  from  frost  and  heavy  rains,  but 
otherwise  give  all  the  air  possible.  When  the  stems  are  five  or 
six  inches  long,  fill  up  the  pots  with  the  compost,  which  will 
cause  them  to  root  up  the  covered  part  of  their  stems.  As 
they  rise  too  high  for  the  frame,  remove  them  to  the  green- 
house, where  they  will  flower  in  great  perfection,  and  retain 
their  beauty  a  long  time  if  shaded  from  the  heat  of  the  sun. 
Plants  are  easily  raised  from  seeds  sown  an  inch  apart  in 
pans,  and  placed  in  heat ;  when  up,  let  them  be  removed  to 
the  greenhouse,  and  be  undisturbed  two  seasons  :  they  may 
then  be  placed  in  three-inch  pots,  and  removed  to  larger,  as 
they  grow,  until  they  flower.  They  are  more  generally  mul- 
tiplied by  offsets,  which  form  round  the  old  roots,  and  such 
plants  sooner  reach  a  flowering  size.  These  Japan  lilies  are, 
however,  sufficiently  hardy  to  be  grown  in  prepared  beds  in 
the  open  air  if  the  beds  are  covered  with  some  light  com- 
post in  winter ;  and,  grown  thus,  they  form  fine  autumn- 
blooming  subjects.  The  hardy  European  and  North-Asian 


228  GARDEN    FLOWERS. 

kinds  grow  generally  well  in  a  rich  sandy  loam  ;  but  the 
American,  like  the  Japanese  kinds,  prefer  a  compost  con- 
taining a  considerable  proportion  of  peat.  They  are  all  in- 
creased from  offsets,  which  are  generally  produced  abundant- 
ly, or  by  separating  the  scales  of  the  bulbs,  and  planting 
them  as  offsets.  Some  propagate  from  little  bulb-buds  which 
are  formed  in  the  axils  of  their  leaves  ;  and  most  of  them 
may  be  multiplied  from  seeds,  when  it  is  worth  while  to  raise 
them  by  this  more  tedious  process.  The  seeds  should  be 
sown  as  soon  as  ripe.  The  bulbs  of  lilies  should  not  be  suf- 
fered to  dry  when  they  are  taken  out  of  the  ground  for 
transplanting.  One  of  the  most  striking  modern  additions 
to  this  family  is  the  Indian  L.giganteum,  a  stately  plant  eight 
to  ten  feet  high,  with  large  heart-shaped  leaves.  It  may  be 
grown  as  directed  for  L.  spedosum,  requiring  that  each  bulb, 
if  of  flowering  size,  should  have  a  separate  pot  of  from 
twelve  to  eighteen  inches  diameter. 

L.  atrosanguineum  (dark-red) ;  hardy  bulb ;  2  feet ;  flowers 
dark-red,  in  July  ;  Japan  ;  1835.  L.  aurantium  (orange) ;  hardy 
bulb ;  3  feet ;  flowers  dark-orange,  in  July  ;  Italy  ;  1596.  This  spe- 
cies readily  produces  varieties  from  seed.  L.  Canadense  (Cana- 
dian) ;  hardy  bulb  ;  4  feet ;  flowers  light-orange,  in  July  ;  North 
America  ;  1629.  L.  candidum  (white) ;  hardy  bulb  ;  3  feet ;  flowers 
white,  in  June  ;  Levant;  1596.  L.  Carolinianum  (Carolinian) ; 
hardy  bulb  ;  2  feet ;  flowers  orange,  in  July  ;  North  America ; 
1819.  L.  Catesbcei  (Catesby's) ;  hardy  bulb;  r  foot;  flowers 
scarlet-spotted,  in  July;  Carolina;  1787.  L.  Chalcedonicum 
(Chalcedonian)  ;  hardy  bulb  ;  3  feet ;  flowers  scarlet,  in  July  ; 
Levant;  1596.  L.  concolor  (one-colored);  hardy  bulb ;  2  feet; 
flowers  red,  in  July  ;  China  ;  1806.  L.  croceum  (saffron) ;  hardy 
bulb;  3  feet ;  flowers  saffron  ;  in  July;  Italy;  1596.  L,  exim- 
inm  (splendid) ;  hardy  bulb  ;  4  feet ;  flowers  white,  in  July  ;  Ne- 
paul ;  1824.  L.  giganteum  (gigantic) ;  half-hardy  bulb  ;  8  to  10 
feet ;  flowers  red  and  white,  in  June  ;  Nepaul ;  1851.  L.  Japon- 
icum  (Japanese)  ;  hardy  bulb  ;  2  feet ;  flowers  white,  in  July ; 


GARDEN    FLOWERS.  229 

Japan  ;  1804.  L.  longifolium  (long-leaved) ;  hardy  bulb  ;  2  feet ; 
flowers  white,  in  June;  China;  1820.  L.  Martagon  (Turk's- 
cap) ;  hardy  bulb  ;  3  feet ;  flowers  lilac  or  white,  in  July  ;  Ger- 
many ;  1596.  L.  monadelphum  (monadelphous) ;  hardy  bulb;  2 
feet;  flowers  yellow,  in  July  ;  Caucasus;  1820.  L.Pomponium 
(Pompone) ;  hardy  bulb  ;  3  feet ;  flowers  scarlet,  in  May  ;  Sibe- 
ria ;  1659.  L.piunilum  (dwarf)  ;  hardy  bulb  ;  I  foot  ;  flowers  scar- 
let, in  July ;  Russia  ;  1816.  L.  Sibiricum  (Siberian) ;  hardy  bulb  ; 
2  feet;  flowers  yellow,  in  July;  Siberia;  1829.  L.  speciosum 
(showy) ;  hardy  bulb  ;  3  to  4  feet ;  flowers  crimson,  in  August ; 
Japan ;  1833.  The  varieties  punctatum,  rubrum,  and  Kcempferi 
are  rose,  spotted  with  crimson  ;  album  is  white.  L.  spectabile 
(showy) ;  hardy  bulb  ;  2  feet ;  flowers  light-orange,  in  June ; 
Dahuria;  1754.  L.  tenuifolium  (fine-leaved);  hardy  bulb;  2 
feet;  flowers  scarlet,  in  June-;  Siberia;  1820.  L.  testaceum 
(testaceous) ;  half-hardy  bulb  ;  3  feet ;  flowers  pale  yellow,  in 
June;  Japan;  1841.  L.  Thunbergianum  (Thunberg's) ;  hardy 
bulb  ;  3  feet ;  flowers  orange-scarlet,  in  July  ;  Japan  ;  1835.  L. 
tigrinum  (tiger) ;  hardy  bulb ;  3  feet ;  flowers  red,  with  black 
spots,  in  July  ;  China;  1804.  L.  auratumj  this  superb  lily  is 
doubtless  the  finest  of  the  family ;  the  flowers  are  white,  banded 
with  orange,  and  often  a  foot  in  diameter.  In  England,  it  has 
been  grown  with  twenty-seven  flowers  on  a  plant.  It  requires 
the  same  treatment  as  the  Japan  Lilies,  and  is  probably  as  hardy. 
Introduced  from  Japan  in  1864. 

LILY  OF  THE  VALLEY.     See  CONVALLARIA. 

LIMNANTHES.  [Tropaeolaceae.]  Hardy  annuals,  of  trail- 
ing habit,  with  neat  but  not  showy  flowers.  They  may  be 
sown  in  the  open  borders  in  May,  and  again  in  June,  for 
succession.  They  are  not  very  particular  as  to  soil,  but  pre- 
fer a  moist  situation.  They  flower  in  about  six  weeks  from 
the  time  of  sowing. 

L.  alba  (white) ;  hardy  annual,  9  inches  ;  flowers  white,  in 
June;  California;  1848.  L.  Douglasii  (Douglas's);  hardy  an- 
nual, 9  inches  ;  flowers  white  and  yellow,  in  June  ;  California ; 


23O  GARDEN    FLOWERS. 

1833  ;  L.  rosea  (rosy) ;  hardy  annual,  9  inches  ;  flowers  pale  rose, 
in  June;  California;  1848. 

LIMNOCHARIS.  [Butomaceae.]  Stove  aquatics,  one  of 
which,  L.  Humboldtii,  succeeds  in  the  open  air,  in  ponds  or 
tanks.  It  bears  beautiful  yellow  flowers  all  the  summer. 
Propagated  by  its  runners,  which  strike  root  in  the  muddy 
soil. 

LINANTHUS.  [Polemoniaceae.]  A  hardy  annual,  growing 
in  garden  soil  from  spring-sown  seeds. 

L.  dichotomus  (forked) ;  hardy  annual ;  1 8  inches  ;  flowers  pink, 
in  July  ;  California;  1838. 

LINARIA.  Toad-flax.  [Scrophulariaceae.  j  Hardy  annual 
and  perennial  herbs,  the  numerous  species  of  which  display 
considerable  diversity  of  character  and  habit :  about  half 
are  annuals,  and  a  few  require  protection.  L.  Alpina  and 
tristis  are  pretty  minute  plants  for  pot-culture;  L.  cymba- 
laria  and  pilosa  are  suitable  for  rock-work.  They  all  grow 
best  in  a  dryish  sandy  loam,  and  are  propagated,  the  per- 
ennials by  cuttings  in  summer,  or  division  of  the  plants  in 
spring,  and  the  annuals  by  seeds.  Most  of  them  are  suita- 
ble for  rock -work,  especially  the  smaller  growers.  The  half- 
hardy  sorts  should  be  grown  in  pots,  and  protected  in  cold 
frames  in  winter. 

L,  cequitriloba  (equal  three-lobed);  hardy  perennial  ;  3  inches  ; 
flowers  purple,  in  June  ;  Sardinia  ;  1829.  L  Alpina  (Alpine) ; 
half-hardy  perennial  ;  6  inches  ;  flowers  blue,  in  July ;  Austria  ; 
1750.  L.  bipartita (two-parted) ;  hardy  annual ;  i  foot;  flowers 
purple,  in  June;  north  of  Africa;  1815;  sometimes  known  as 
L.  speciosa.  L.  cymbalaria  (ivy-leaved) ;  hardy  perennial  ;  3 
inches  ;  flowers  lilac,  in  May ;  England.  L.  Dalmatica  (Dal- 
matian) ;  half-hardy  perennial ;  2  feet ;  flowers  yellow,  in  June  ; 
Levant ;  1731.  L.  delphinioides  (larkspur-like) ;  hardy  biennial ; 
1 8  inches;  flowers  blue,  in  August;  Russia;  1838.  L.  genis- 
tcefolia  (genista-leaved) ;  hardy  perennial ;  2  feet ;  flowers  yel- 


GARDEN    FLOWERS.  23! 

low,  in  July;  Austria;  1704.  L.  Monspessulana  (Montpelier) ; 
hardy  perennial  ;  2  feet ;  flowers  purple,  in  July  ;  France.  L. 
Pelisseriana  (Pelisser's);  hardy  annual  ;  I  foot ;  flowers  purple, 
in  June;  south  of  Europe  ;  1640.  L.  Perezii  (Perez's) ;  hardy 
annual ;  i  foot ;  flowers  yellow,  in  June  ;  Italy.  L.pilosa  (hairy); 
hardy  perennial ;  3  inches  ;  flowers  lilac,  in  June  ;  Pyrenees  ; 
1 800.  L.  purpurea  (purple) ;  hardy  perennial  ;  2  feet ;  flowers 
purple,  in  July;  south  of  Europe ;  1648.  L.  reticulata  (net- 
veined)  ;  half-hardy  biennial ;  18  inches  ;  flowers  brown  and 
purple,  in  July  ;  Portugal  and  Algiers ;  1788.  L.  spartea  (broom); 
hardy  annual;  i  foot ;  flowers  yellow,  in  June ;  Spain;  1772.  L. 
triornithophora  (three-birds);  half-hardy  perennial;  18  inches; 
flowers  purple,  in  July ;  Portugal  51710.  L.  tristis  (sad) ;  half- 
hardy  perennial  ;  6  inches  ;  flowers  brown,  in  July ;  Spain ; 
1727.  L.  villosa  (shaggy);  half-hardy  perennial;  I  foot;  flow- 
ers blue,  in  July ;  Spain;  1786.  L.  -vulgaris  Peloria  (Peloria) ; 
hardy  perennial ;  18  inches  ;  flowers  yellow,  in  June  ;  England. 
The  other  species  are  numerous. 

LINN^A.  [Caprifoliaceae.]  A  hardy  trailing  sub-shrubby 
plant,  commemorating  the  name  of  Linnaeus.  Soil  moist 
peat,  in  a  shady  sheltered  situation.  Increased  by  separat- 
ing portions  of  its  rooting  trailing  stems. 

L.  borealis  (northern) ;  hardy  sub-shrub,  trailing  ;  flowers  flesh- 
color,  in  June  ;  North  America  and  Europe. 

LINUM.  Flax.  [Linacea?.]  A  showy  genus,  consisting 
principally  of  annual  or  perennial  herbs,  which  grow  freely 
in  ordinary  garden  soil,  preferring  sandy  loam,  and  are  prop- 
agated by  seeds,  which  are  readily  perfected.  There  are 
some  shrubby  greenhouse  kinds,  which  should  be  grown  in 
a  compost  of  two  parts  peat  and  one  of  loam,  with  enough 
sand  added  to  make  it  open  ;  and  are  propagated  by  cut- 
tings put  in  a  hot-bed.  The  common  cultivated  flax  is  L. 
usitatissimum. 

L.  Alpinum  (Alpine);  hardy  perennial ;  6  inches  ;  flowers  blue, 


232  GARDEN    FLOWERS. 

in  July ;  Austria ;  1739.  L.  Altaicum  (Altaic);  hardy  perennial ; 
I  foot;  flowers  blue,  in  July;  Altai;  1829.  L.  angustfolium  (nar- 
row-leaved); hardy  perennial ;  I  foot ;  flowers  pale  blue,  in  July  ; 
England.  L.  A ustriacum  (Austrian);  hardy  perennial;  i  foot; 
flowers  blue,  in  June;  Austria;  1775.  L.  Berendieri  (Beren- 
dier's) ;  half-hardy  annual  ;  2  feet ;  flowers  yellow  and  orange, 
in  September;  Texas;  1835.  I"  fo'^^  (two-colored) ;  hardy 
annual ;  18  inches ;  flowers  yellow  and  blue,  in  June ;  Morocco  ; 
1820.  L.  flavum  (yellow);  half-hardy  sub-shrub;  3  inches; 
flowers  yellow,  in  June  ;  Austria  ;  1793.  L.  grandiflorum  (large- 
flowered)  ;  hardy  annual ;  18  inches  ;  flowers  crimson,  in  July  ; 
Algiers;  1852.  L.  monogynum  (one-styled) ;  half-hardy  peren- 
nial; 1 8  inches;  flowers  white,  in  July;  New  Zealand;  1832. 
L.  montanum  (mountain) ;  hardy  perennial ;  I  foot ;  flowers 
blue,  in  June  ;  Switzerland  51817.  L.  Narbonense  (Narbonne); 
half-hardy  perennial ;  2  feet ;  flowers  blue,  in  May ;  south  of 
France;  1759.  L.  nervosum  (nerved);  hardy  perennial;  18 
inches;  flowers  blue,  in  June;  Hungary;  1822.  L.  Sibiricum 
(Siberian) ;  hardy  perennial ;  2  feet ;  flowers  blue,  in  June  ;  Si- 
beria ;  1775.  L.  suffruticosum  (sub-shrubby) ;  greenhouse  sub- 
shrub  ;  I  foot ;  flowers  pink,  in  August ;  Spain;  1759.  L.  Taur- 
icum  (Taurian) ;  hardy  sub-shrub ;  I  foot  ;  flowers  yellow,  in 
June;  Tauria;  1818.  L.  tenuifolium  (slender-leaved);  hardy 
perennial ;  18  inches ;  flowers  pink,  in  June  ;  Europe  ;  1789.  Z. 
trigynum  (three-styled) ;  greenhouse  shrub  ;  2  feet ;  flowers  yel- 
low, in  June  ;  India;  1799.  L.  usitatissimum  (common);  hardy 
annual  ;  18  inches  ;  flowers  blue,  in  June  ;  England. 

There  are  several  other  species  in  cultivation.    . 

LION'S  EAR.     See  LEONOTIS. 

LISIANTHUS.     See  EUSTOMA. 

LIQUIDAMBER.  Gum-tree.  [Hamamelaceae.]  A  hardy 
well-known  deciduous  tree,  very  ornamental  and  desirable. 
Rich  loamy  soil.  Propagated  by  seeds.  Hardy  as  far 
north  as  Massachusetts. 

L.  styracifera  (styrax-flowing) ;  hardy  tree  ;  50  feet ;  North 
America  ;  1863.  L.  imberbe  is  a  species  from  the  Levant. 


GARDEN    FLOWERS.  233 

LIRIODE?TORON.  Tulip-tree.  [Magnoliaceae.]  A  fine 
hardy  ornamental  tree.  Flowers  yellow  and  red,  in  May. 
Propagated  by  seed,  layers,  grafting,  or  budding.  Deep, 
moist,  loamy  soil. 

L.  tulip/era  (tulip-bearing) ;  hardy  tree ;  60  feet ;  North 
America  ;  1663.  Variety  obtusifolia  has  blunt  leaves. 

LITHOSPERMUM.  Gromwett.  [Boraginaceae.]  Hardy  an- 
nuals and  perennials.  Dryish  sandy  loam.  Increased  by 
division,  cuttings,  or  seeds. 

L.  Orientale  (Eastern) ;  hardy  perennial ;  2  feet ;  flowers  yel- 
low, in  June  ;  Levant;  1713.  L. purpureo-coeruleum  (purplish- 
blue)  ;  hardy  perennial ;  I  foot ;  flowers  purple-blue,  in  May  ; 
England.  L.  rosmarinifolium  (rosemary-leaved) ;  half-hardy 
sub-shrub ;  2  feet ;  flowers  bright  blue,  in  September  ;  Italy ; 
1833.  L.  villosa  (shaggy);  hardy  perennial ;  i  foot ;  flowers  blue, 
in  July  ;  south  of  France  ;  1817. 

LLOYDIA.  [Liliaceae.]  Hardy  perennial.  Dry  sandy 
loam.  Division. 

L.  striata  (streaked) ;  hardy  biennial ;  9  inches  ;  flowers  white  * 
striped,  in  May  ;  Siberia  ;  1789. 

LOASA.  [Loasaceag.]  Hardy  annuals,  with  pretty  flowers, 
the  stems  and  leaves  invested  with  poisonous  stinging  hairs. 
They  may  be  sown  in  the  borders  about  the  middle  of  April, 
and  again,  if  necessary,  at  the  end  of  May.  Increased  by 
seeds. 

L,  alba  (white) ;  hardy  annual ;  2  feet ;  flowers  white,  in  July  ; 
Chili;  1831.  L.  grandiflora  (large-flowered) ;  hardy  annual;  2 
feet;  flowers  yellow,  in  July;  Peru;  1825.  L.  lucida  (clear); 
greenhouse  perennial ;  3  feet ;  flowers  white  and  red,  in  June. 
L.  nitida  (shining) ;  hardy  annual ;  2  feet  ;  flowers  yellow  and 
red,  in  June  ;  Chili;  1822.  L.  picta  (painted);  half-hardy  an- 
nual ;  2  feet ;  flowers  white,  yellow  and  red,  in  June  ;  South 
America;  1848.  L.  Placet  (Place's) ;  hardy  annual;  3  feet; 
flowers  yellow,  in  June  ;  Chili ;  1822. 


234  GARDEN    FLOWERS. 

LOBELIA.  [Lobeliaceae.]  An  extensive  genus  of  very 
showy  plants,  comprising  stove,  greenhouse,  and  hardy  spe- 
cies, and  consisting  principally  of  perennial  herbs,  with  a 
few  annuals  and  biennials.  Peat  and  loam  in  equal  quan- 
tities, with  a  sixth  part  sand,  form  a  good  compost  for  the 
smaller  and  more  delicate  species.  The  strong-growing 
perennial  kinds  flourish  best  in  rich  moist  loam  ;  but  they 
must  be  wintered  in  a  dry  cold  frame.  The  annuals  should 
be  raised  in  a  slight  heat  in  March,  and  pricked  off  into 
small  pots,  hardened,  and  planted  out  in  May  :  they  are 
better  for  a  liberal  mixture  of  peat-earth.  The  shrubby  and 
sub-shrubby  kinds  are  increased  by  cuttings,  planted  in 
sand,  and  put  in  a  hot-bed  ;  the  perennials  by  division  in  early 
spring,  the  shoots  being  first  excited  into  growth  in  a  mild 
heat,  and  then  separated  into  single  pots  of  the  smallest 
size,  and  put  in  a  warm  frame  until  they  are  well  established, 
when  they  may  be  hardened  to  bear  the  open  air.  For 
blooming  in  pots,  the  herbaceous  kinds  must  be  shifted  into 
larger  pots  progressively  :  a  very  rich  loamy  compost  should 
be  used,  with  abundance  of  moisture.  The  more  tender  of 
these  are  best  kept  nearly  dry,  under  a  greenhouse  stage, 
during  winter,  being  very  liable  to  rot  from  exposure  to 
damp.  L.  gracilis  is  a  dwarf  kind,  bearing  a  profusion  of 
small  blue  flowers  throughout  the  summer,  if  treated  like  a 
half-hardy  annual,  and  planted  in  the  open  ground  in  May. 
Of  the  same  habit  are  L.  erinus  and  its  varieties,  grandtflora^ 
compacta,  and  L.  decumbcns,  perennials  employed  for  the 
summer  decoration  of  flower-gardens,  all  bearing  blue  flow- 
ers in  profusion,  and  suitable  from  their  dwarf  habit  for 
planting  close  by  the  edges  of  flower-beds  and  borders.  The 
perennial  kinds  are  annually  augmented  by  cross-bred  varie- 
ties, which  are  constantly  giving  place  to  new  variations. 
The  New-Holland  perennial  species  enumerated  below  are 


GARDEN    FLOWERS.  235 

beautiful  plants,  most  conveniently  grown  as  annuals,  and 
suitable  either  for  pots  or  beds ;  raised  in  autumn,  and  win- 
tered near  the  glass  in  a  cool  greenhouse,  they  make  beauti- 
ful pot-plants. 

L.  amcena  (pleasing) ;  hardy  perennial ;  3  feet ;  flowers  blue, 
in  July;  North  America;  1812.  L.  bellidifolia  (daisy-leaved); 
half-hardy  perennial ;  6  inches  ;  flowers  blue,  in  August ;  Cape  ; 
1790.  L.  cardinalis  (cardinal-flower) ;  hardy  perennial ;  3  feet ; 
flowers  scarlet,  in  July  ;  Virginia;  1629.  L.  ccelestis  (heavenly); 
hardy  perennial ;  9  inches  ;  flowers  pale  blue,  in  May ;  North 
America  ;  1831.  L.  coronopif<y/ta(coronopus-leaved) ;  half-hardy 
perennial;  6  inches;  flowers  pale  blue,  in  July;  Cape;  1752. 
L.  decumbens  (decumbent) ;  half-hardy  perennial ;  6  inches  ; 
flowers  blue,  in  August ;  Cape  ;  1820.  L.  densiflora  (dense- 
flowered)  ;  half-hardy  perennial  ;  I  foot ;  flowers  blue,  in  June. 
L.  crimes  (ascending) ;  half-hardy  perennial ;  6  inches  ;  flowers 
blue,  in  June;  Cape;  1752.  L.  fulgens  (shining);  half-hardy 
perennial ;  3  feet  ;  flowers  vivid  scarlet,  in  June ;  Mexico  ; 
1 809.  L.  gradlis  (slender) ;  half-hardy  annual ;  I  foot ;  flowers 
blue,  in  June  ;  New  South  Wales  ;  1801.  L.  heterophylla  (va- 
rious-leaved) ;  half-hardy  perennial ;  18  inches  ;  flowers  blue,  in 
May  ;  New  Holland  ;  1837.  L.  ignea  (fiery) ;  half-hardy  peren- 
nial;  3  feet;  flowers  orange-scarlet,  in  June;  Mexico;  1838. 
L.  tliapsoidea  (mullein-like) ;  half-hardy  perennial ;  6  feet ;  flow- 
ers rosy-purple,  in  July  ;  Organ  Mountains  ;  1843.  L,  ramo- 
sa  (branched) ;  half-hardy  perennial ;  18  inches  ;  flowers  blue, 
in  May;  New  Holland;  1838.  L.  syphilitica  (syphilitic) ;  half- 
hardy  perennial ;  2  feet ;  flowers  blue,  in  September  ;  Virginia  ; 
1665.  L.  speciosa  (showy) ;  half-hardy  perennial;  3  feet ;  flow- 
ers purple,  in  June  ;  gardens.  L.  splendens  (shining)  ;  half-hardy 
perennial;  3  feet ;  flowers  scarlet,  in  June  ;  Mexico;  1814. 

There  are  many  others  in  gardens.  The  tall-growing 
perennials  are  generally  showy  plants ;  but  many  of  the 
dwarf  kinds  are  unimportant,  and  the  annuals  are  often  in- 
significant. 

LOCUST.     See  ROBINIA. 


236  GARDEN    FLOWERS. 

LONDON  PRIDE.     See  LYCHNIS. 

LONICERA.  [Caprifoliaceae.]  Hardy  deciduous  shrubs, 
usually  known  as  Tartarian  Honeysuckle.  Good  garden 
soil.  Increased  by  cuttings,  layers,  or  seeds. 

L.  Alpigena  (Alpine) ;  6  feet ;  flowers  yellow,  in  May  ;  south 
of  Europe;  1596.  L.  Alpigena  Sibirica  (Siberian);  5  feet; 
flowers  yellow,  in  May;  Siberia;  1810.  L.  angustifolia  (nar- 
row-leaved) ;  5  feet ;  flowers  pale-yellow,  in  May  ;  North  India  ; 
1847.  L.  ccerulea  (blue-berried) ;  4  feet  ;  flowers  yellow,  in 
May;  Switzerland;  1629.  L.  Canadensis  (Canadian);  flowers 
yellow,  in  May  ;  Canada;  1812.  L.  canescens  (hoary) ;  10  feet ; 
May  ;  Europe.  L.  ciliata  (hair-fringed) ;  4  feet ;  flowers  white 
and  red,  in  May  ;  North  America  ;  1824.  L.  ciliata  alba  (white- 
berried)  ;  4  feet ;  flowers  white  and  red,  in  May  ;  North  Amer- 
ica ;  1 824;  L.  discolor  (two-colored) ;  4  feet ;  flowers  yellow  and 
crimson,  in  June  ;  East  Indies  ;  1844.  L.  diver sifolia  (various- 
leaved) ;  4  feet ;  flowers  yellow,  in  May  ;  Himalaya;  1843.  L. 
flexuosa  (curved);  15  feet;  flowers  orange,  in  July;  Japan;  1806. 
L.  Iberica  (Iberian) ;  6  feet ;  flowers  orange,  in  May  ;  Iberia ; 
1824.  L.  involucrata  (involucred) ;  3  feet ;  flowers  yellow,  in 
May;  Hudson's  Bay;  1824.  L.  Ledebourii  (Ledebour's) ;  3 
feet;  flowers  yellow  and  red,  in  June;  California;  1833.  L. 
microphylla  (small-leaved);  4  feet;  Siberia;  18,18.  L.  nigra 
(black) ;  4  feet ;  flowers  pale-yellow,  in  May ;  Switzerland  ; 
1597.  L.  nigra  campaniflora  (bell-flowered);  4  feet;  flowers 
yellow,  in  May ;  North  America.  L.  oblongifolia  (oblong- 
leaved)  ;  3  feet ;  flowers  white,  in  May  ;  North  America  ;  1823. 
L.  Orientalis  (Eastern)  ;  6  feet ;  flowers  yellow,  in  June  ;  Ibe- 
ria; 1825.  L.  Orientalis  puniceus  (crimson) ;  flowers  crimson, 
in  May;  North  America;  1822.  L.  Pyrenaica  (Pyrenean);  4 
feet;  flowers  white  ;  Pyrenees;  1739.  •£•  Tartarica  (Tartarian) ; 
10  feet;  flowers  pink,  in  May;  Russia;  1752.  L.  Tartarica 
albijlora  (white-flowered)  ;  10  feet ;  flowers  white,  in  May  ;  Py- 
renees ;  1739.  L.  Tartarica  latifolia  (broad-leaved) ;  10  feet; 
flowers  pink,  in  May.  L.  Tartarica  lutea  (yellow-flowered) ;  10 
feet ;  flowers  yellow,  in  May.  L.  Tartarica  rubriflora  (red-flow- 


GARDEN    FLOWERS.  237 

ered) ;  10  feet ;  flowers  red,  in  May  ;  Russia  ;  1752.  L.  villosa' 
(shaggy);  4  feet;  flowers  yellow,  in  May;  Canada;  1820.  L- 
xylosteum  (fly) ;  8  feet ;  flowers  yelloAv,  in  June  ;  England.  L. 
xylosteum  leucocarpum  (white-berried) ;  8  feet ;  flowers  yellow, 
in  June ;  Britain.  L.  xylosteum  melanocarpum  (black-berried) ; 
8  feet ;  flowers  yellow,  in  June  ;  Britain.  L.  xylosteitm  xantho- 
carpum  (yellow-berried) ;  8  feet ;  flowers  yellow,  in  June  ;  Bri- 
tain. A  fine  new  climber,  with  golden  netted  foliage,  is  known 
as  L.  brachypoda  fol.  aureo  reticulata.  It  is  a  very  striking  plant, 
but  needs  to  be  laid  down  in  winter ;  Japan  ;  1860. 

LOOSE-STRIFE.     See  LYSIMACHIA. 

LOPEZIA.  [Onagraceae.]  Hardy  annuals  of  straggling 
growth,  forming  a  pretty  mass  when  in  flower.  They  are 
increased  by  seeds,  which  may  be  sown  in  March,  with  the 
half-hardy  annuals,  for  transplanting,  and  again  in  May 
where  they  are  intended  to  bloom.  The  perennials  are 
propagated  by  cuttings  in  summer.  Common  soil. 

L.  cordata  (heart-leaved) ;  hardy  annual;  18  inches;  flowers 
purplish,  in  July  ;  Mexico;  1821.  L.  coronata  (crowned);  har- 
dy annual ;  18  inches  ;  flowers  rose-red,  in  July  ;  Mexico  ;  1805. 
L.  hispida  (hairy) ;  hardy  annual ;  6  inches  ;  flowers  red,  in 
August;  Mexico;  1826.  L.  lineata  (lined);  half-hardy  peren- 
nial; 2  feet ;  flowers  red,  in  May  ;  Mexico  ;  1839.  L.  racemosa 
(racemed) ;  hardy  annual ;  18  inches  ;  flowers  rose-red,  in  July  ; 
Mexico;  1792. 

LOPHOSPERMUM.  [Scrophulariaceae.]  Showy  evergreen 
greenhouse  climbers,  adapted  also  for  planting  in  the  flower- 
garden  during  the  summer  season,  and  for  covering  trellis- 
work.  These  plants  all  bloom  pretty  freely  throughout  the 
summer,  and  ripen  seeds  freely  in  fine  seasons,  from  which 
they  are  best  propagated  :  they  also  strike  readily  from  cut- 
tings. Planted  out  for  the  summer,  they  flourish  in  ordin- 
ary good  garden  soil ;  but  if  kept  in  pots,  being  large-grow- 
ing plants,  they  must  have  tolerably  large  pots  of  good 


238  GARDEN    FLOWERS. 

rich  loamy  soil,  which,  as  the  plants  become  large,  and  begin 
blooming,  may  be  enriched  by  applications  of  dilute  liquid 
manure,  or  by  spreading  a  layer  of  dung  on  the  surface,  to  be 
washed  in  by  the  ordinary  waterings.  The  old  plants  may 
be  kept  through  the  winter  in  a  greenhouse  or  frost-proof 
frame,  if  their  fleshy  roots  are  kept  tolerably  dry.  L.  scan- 
dens  is  a  pretty  plant  for  planting  around  the  edges  of  raised 
rustic  or  other  flower  baskets,  balconies,  or  similar  places. 

L.  erubescens  (blushing) ;  greenhouse  climbing  perennial ;  1 2 
feet ;  flowers  rose,  in  June  ;  Jalapa  ;  1830.  Of  this  species 
there  are  some  improved  garden  varieties,  of  which  the  best  are 
Cliftoni,  deep  bright  rose  ;  Hendersoni,  with  the  flowers  rich 
deep  rose  ;  and  spectabilts,  in  which  the  rosy  flowers  are  usually 
spotted  with  white.  L.  scandens  (climbing) ;  greenhouse  climb- 
ing perennial  ;  6  feet ;  flowers  purplish-rose,  in  June  ;  Mexico  ; 
1834. 

LOTUS.  Birtfs-foot  Trefoil.  [Leguminosas.]  A  family 
containing  many  hardy  annuals  and  perennials,  none  of 
which  are  of  great  horticultural  importance.  They  flourish 
in  good  garden  soil,  and  are  propagated  by  seed.  There  are 
some  fine  greenhouse  and  half-hardy  species. 

LOUSEWORT.     See  PEDICULARIS. 

LOVE  LIES  BLEEDING.     See  AMARANTHUS. 

LUNARIA.  Honesty.  [Brassicaceae.]  Hardy  border  plants, 
of  easy  culture,  very  showy  in  blossom  in  May,  and  in  seed 
in  August.  Propagated  by  seeds. 

L.  biennis  (biennial) ;  hardy  biennial ;  i  foot ;  flowers  light- 
purple,  in  May  ;  1570.  A  variety  has  white  flowers.  L.  redivi- 
•va  (revived) ;  hardy  perennial ;  2  feet ;  flowers  light-purple,  in 
May;  1796. 

LUNGWORT.     See  PULMONARIA. 

LUPINUS.  Lupine.  [Leguminosae.]  An  extensive  genus, 
comprising  annuals,  perennial  herbs,  and  some  few  sub- 


GARDEN    FLOWERS.  239 

shrubby  species,  nearly  all  hardy,  easily  cultivated,  and  pos- 
sessing considerable  general  resemblance ;  so  that,  in  a  lim- 
ited garden,  but  a  few  of  the  kinds  are  required.  The  per- 
ennials, L.  polyphyllus  and  grandifolius,  throw  up  long  pyra- 
midal closely  set  spikes  of  flowers,  from  two  to  four  feet  in 
height,  according  to  the  strength  of  the  plant.  The  Lupines 
will  all  grow  freely  in  good  garden  soil,  which  they  very  much 
impoverish.  The  annuals  should  be  sown  in  March  and 
April  where  they  are  to  flower.  The  perennials  are  increased 
by  parting  the  roots,  but  much  more  freely  by  seeds,  which 
ripen  abundantly,  and  may  be  sown  in  June  ;  in  which  case 
the  strongest  of  the  plants  will  blossom  the  following  year. 
The  half-hardy  sub-shrubby  species  are  also  best  raised  from 
seeds,  and  require  to  be  wintered  in  a  dry  protected  frame, 
and  planted  out  about  May.  L.  mutabilis,  and  its  variety 
Cruikshanksii)  form  beautiful  objects  if  raised  in  August,  win- 
tered singly  in  small  pots  in  a  frame  or  airy  greenhouse 
shelf,  shifted  about  March,  and  kept  in  a  cold  frame  till  the 
end  of  May,  and  then  planted  out  in  good  soil  in  the  flower- 
garden.  All  the  biennials  may  be  treated  as  annuals. 

L.  arboreus  (tree)  ;  half-hardy  shrub  ;  8  feet ;  flowers  yellow, 
in  July  ;  California;  1793.  L.  argenteus  (silver}')  ;  hardy  peren- 
nial;  3  feet;  flowers  white,  in  June  ;  North  America;  1826.  L. 
arvensis  (field);  half-hardy  biennial;  1 8  inches  ;  flowers  lilac, 
purple,  and  white,  in  July  ;  Peru;  1842.  L.  Barkeri  (Barker's) ; 
half-hardy  annual  or  biennial ;  3  feet ;  flowers  blue  and  piuk, 
in  July;  Mexico;  1839.  L. grandifolius  (large-leaved);  hardy 
perennial ;  4  feet ;  flowers  purple,  in  May ;  North  America ; 
1834.  L.  Hartivegii  (Hartweg's) ;  hardy  annual;  2  feet;  flow- 
ers blue,  in  June;  Mexico;  1838.  L.  hirsutus  (hairy);  hardy 
annual ;  2  feet ;  flowers  blue,  in  July  ;  south  of  Europe  ;  1629. 
L.  insignis  (remarkable) ;  a  fine  hybrid,  with  bright-rosy  pink  and 
yellow  flowers;  1857.  L.  luteus  (yellow);  hardy  annual;  2 
feet  ;  flowers  yellow,  in  June  ;  south  of  Europe  ;  1 596.  L.  mu- 
tabilis (changeable) ;  half-hardy  shrub ;  5  feet ;  flowers  white, 


240  GARDEN   FLOWERS. 

tinged  with  blush,  changing  to  blue,  with  a  yellow  centre,  in 
July;  Bogota  51819.  Best  treated  as  a  biennial.  A  very  beauti- 
ful variety  named  Cruikshanksii  has  the  flowers  deep-blue  with 
yellow,  changing  to  red.  L.  nanus  (dwarf) ;  hardy  annual ;  I 
foot  ;  flowers  blue,  in  June  ;  California  ;  1833.  L.  ornatus  (or- 
nate) ;  hardy  perennial ;  2  feet ;  flowers  purple-lilac,  in  May  ; 
Columbia  ;  1826.  L.  perennis  (perennial) ;  hardy  perennial ;  2 
feet ;  flowers  blue,  in  June  ;  North  America  ;  1658.  L.  pilosus 
(shaggy) ;  hardy  annual  ;  2  feet ;  flowers  pink,  in  July  ;  south 
of  Europe  ;  1710.  L.  polyphyllus  (many-leaved);  hardy  peren- 
nial;  3  feet ;  flowers  blue  or  white,  in  May;  Colombia;  1826. 
L.  pubescens  (downy)  ;  half-hardy  biennial ;  3  feet ;  flowers  vio- 
let blue,  in  June  ;  Quito  ;  1844.  L.  tomentosus  (thick  downy) ; 
half-hardy  sub-shrub  ;  4  feet ;  flowers  pink  and  white,  in  July  ; 
Peru ;  1825.  L.  versicolor  (party-colored) ;  half-hardy  sub-shrub ; 
3  feet ;  flowers  pink  and  blue,  in  July  ;  Mexico  ;  1825. 

LYCHNIS.  [Caryophyllaceae.]  Hardy  herbaceous  peren- 
nials, some  of  which  are  very  ornamental.  This  may  be 
said  of  L.  Chalcedonica,  commonly  called  Scarlet  Lychnis,  of 
which  both  double  and  single  have  been  known  in  gar- 
dens for  many  years,  and  are  as  common  as  the  Stock  or  the 
Sunflower.  They  require  to  be  frequently  transplanted  and 
divided,  giving  them  fresh  good  compost,  rich  sandy  loam 
at  each  planting,  or  they  soon  run  out;  and  this  is  more 
particularly  the  case  with  the  double  than  single-flowered  va- 
rieties ;  it  should  be  done  in  spring.  They  develop  a  dense 
head  of  brilliant  scarlet  blooms  at  the  top  of  the  stem.  L. 
fulgens  and  L.  coronata  are  smaller,  but  very  showy  plants  ; 
their  roots  require  to  be  protected  from  wet  in  winter,  by 
taking  them  up  in  autumn,  potting  them,  and  placing  them 
in  a  dry  frame.  The  dwarf  hardy  kinds  are  proper  for  dry 
rock-work.  They  are  propagated  by  parting  the  roots,  and 
also  from  seeds,  which  should  be  sown  in  pans,  or  on  pre- 
pared beds,  about  May,  merely  thinning  out  the  young  plants 
until  they  are  large  enough  to  transplant,  when  they  may  be 


GARDEN    FLOWERS.  24! 

placed  in  nursery-beds,  nine  inches  apart,  where  they  should 
remain  till  they  are  strong  enough  to  produce  blossoms.  See 
also  AGROSTEMMA  and  VISCARIA. 

L.  Alpina  (Alpine) ;  hardy  perennial ;  6  inches  ;  flowers  pink, 
in  April  ;  Scotland  ;  suitable  for  rock-work.  L.  Chalcedonica 
(Chalcedonian) ;  hardy  perennial ;  2  feet ;  flowers  scarlet,  in 
July  ;  Russia  ;  1 596.  Of  the  varieties  of  this  plant,  the  double- 
flowered  scarlet  and  white  are  the  best.  L.  Corsica  (Corsican) ; 
hardy  perennial ;  6  inches  ;  flowers  red,  in  June  ;  Corsica  ;  1818. 
L.fulgens  (shining) ;  hardy  perennial ;  18  inches  ;  flowers  scarlet, 
in  July  ;  Siberia;  1822.  L.  grandiflora  (large-flowered) ;  half- 
hardy  perennial ;  18  inches  ;  flowers  orange-red,  in  July  ;  China  ; 
1774.  L.  Haagena  is  a  fine  hybrid  between  L.fulgens  and  L.  Sie- 
boldii,  with  brilliant  crimson-red  flowers  ;  hardy  and  desirable. 
Seedlings  are,  however,  very  apt  to  revert  to  L.  Sieboldii,  which, 
is  a  pretty  white-flowered  species  ;  1860.  L.  Icsta  (lively) ;  hardy 
perennial ;  6  inches ;  flowers  flesh-color,  in  May ;  Portugal ; 
1778.  L.  viscaria  (clammy);  hardy  perennial;  I  foot;  flowers 
red,  single,  or  double,  in  May  ;  Britain. 

LYCIUM.  Box-thorn.  [Solanaceas.]  Hardy  rambling 
shrubby  plants,  requiring  to  be  trained  against  a  wall  or  pil- 
lar, or  supported  by  poles.  They  are  free-flowering,  but  not 
showy,  and,  from  their  free  growth,  rather  adapted  for  cover- 
ing arbors  and  unsightly  buildings,  than  desirable  for  their 
ornamental  properties.  -L.  Europceum  is  especially  useful 
for  this  purpose,  rapidly  covering  walls  or  buildings,  and 
growing  to  a  considerable  height,  producing  long,  rambling 
shoots,  and  an  abundance  of  suckers  :  these  long  shoots,  if 
produced  from  the  higher  parts  of  the  plant,  will  assume  a 
drooping  position,  and  in  the  second  year  will  bear  a  pro- 
fusion of  changeable  veined  purple-lilac  flowers ;  so  that  a 
succession  of  such  branches  should  be  annually  maintained. 
Root-suckers  ought  to  be  destroyed  continually.  They  are 
all  indifferent  as  to  soil,  provided  it  is  moderately  well-drained 
16 


242  GARDEN    FLOWERS. 

and  porous  ;  and  are  increased  without  difficulty  either  by 
cuttings,  by  layers,  or  by  suckers. 

L.  Afrum  (African) ;  half-hardy  trailing  shrub  ;  10  feet ;  flow- 
ers dull- violet,  in  June  ;  North  Africa  and  Syria  51712.  L.  Bar- 
barttm  (Barbary) ;  hardy  trailing  shrub ;  20  feet ;  flowers  livid, 
in  May;  south  of  Europe, and  Africa;  1696.  L.  Europceiim 
(European) ;  hardy  trailing  shrub  ;  20  feet ;  flowers  purple-lilac, 
in  May;  south  of  Europe;  1730.  L.  Ruthenicum  (Russian); 
hardy  climbing  shrub  ;  20  feet ;  flowers  white,  in  July  ;  Siberia  ; 
1804. 

LYONIA.  [Ericacese.]  Hardy  ornamental  shrubs  allied  to 
Andromeda.  Soil,  sandy  peat.  Propagated  by  seeds  and 
layers.  There  is  much  confusion  in  the  divisions  on  the 
Andromeda  family.  See  ANDROMEDA. 

LYSIMACHIA.  Loose-strife.  [Primulacese.]  Hardy  peren- 
nials, of  the  easiest  culture,  of  little  importance  in  a  flow- 
er-garden. The  genus  contains  a  few  half-hardy  sub-shrubby 
species,  which  are  increased  by  cuttings  in  a  gentle  hot-bed, 
in  sand.  L.  nummularia,  Moneywort,  is  a  pretty  trailing 
plant,  adapted  for  damp  rock-work,  or  for  planting  in  a  pot 
for  the  side  of  a  shady  window.  Sandy  soil.  All  multiplied 
by  division. 

L.  Azorica  (Azorian) ;  hardy  perennial ;  6  inches  ;  flowers  yel- 
low, in  June  ;  Azores  ;  1831.  L.  ciliata  (fringed) ;  hardy  peren- 
nial ;  1 8  inches  ;  flowers  yellow,  in  July  ;  England.  L.  Candida 
(white);  half-hardy  sub-shrub;  18  inches;  flowers  white,  in 
June;  China;  1846.  L.  ephemerum  (transient);  hardy  peren- 
nial; 2  feet ;  flowers  white,  in  August;  Spain;  1730.  Z.  Les- 
chenaultii  (Leschenault's) ;  half-hardy  sub-shrub;  1 8  inches  ; 
flowers  rose-colored,  in  June  ;  Neilgherries  ;  1852.  L.  lobelioides 
(lobelia-like) ;  hardy  perennial  ;  I  foot ;  flowers  white,  in  July  ; 
North  India  ;  1840.  L.  nummularia  (Moneywort) ;  hardy  trail- 
ing perennial ;  6  inches  ;  flowers  yellow,  in  June  ;  England.  Z. 
verticillata  (whorled) ;  hardy  perennial ;  18  inches  ;  flowers  yel- 
low, in  July  ;  Crimea  ;  1820. 


GARDEN    FLOWERS.  243 

LYTHRUM.  [Lythraceae.]  Hardy  annuals  or  perennials ; 
the  former  of  little  interest,  the  latter  ornamental ;  often 
thriving  in  damp  and  even  wet  situations.  L.  alatum  is  a 
showy  half-hardy  plant,  with  long  slender  scarcely  branched 
stems,  bearing  purple  flowers  throughout  the  summer,  and 
not  unsuited  for  a  good-sized  bed.  The  hardy  perennials 
grow  in  ordinary  soil,  and  are  increased  by  division ;  the 
half-hardy  ones  grow  from  cuttings,  and  should  be  potted  in 
a  soil  of  three  parts  peat  to  one  of  loam.  The  annuals  may 
be  sown  in  the  open  border  in  May. 

L.  alatiun  (winged) ;  half-hardy  perennial ;  3  feet ;  flowers 
purple,  in  July  ;  Georgia;  1812.  L.  lineare  (linear) ;  hardy  per- 
ennial ;  1 8  inches  ;  flowers  white,  in  July  ;  North  America  ;  1812. 
L.  myrtifolium  (myrtle-leaved) ;  hardy  perennial ;  2  feet ;  flow- 
ers purple,  in  July;  North  America;  1820.  L.  Purshianum 
(Pursh's) ;  hardy  perennial ;  18  inches  ;  flowers  purple,  in  July  ; 
North  America  ;  1800.  L.  salicaria  (willow-like) ;  hardy  peren- 
nial ;  4  feet ;  flowers  purple,  in  July  ;  England.  L.  tomentosum 
(woolly) ;  hardy  perennial ;  3  feet  ;  flowers  purple,  in  July  ;  Cau- 
casus ;  1828.  L.  virgatum  (twiggy);  hardy  perennial;  3  feet; 
flowers  purple,  in  June  ;  Austria  ;  1776. 


"JV/TACH^ERANTHERA.  [Composite.]  A  very  pretty 
-*-»-•-  tender  biennial,  but  which  succeeds  in  the  border  in 
summer.  Soil,  sandy  loam.  Propagated  by  cuttings. 

M.  tanacetifolia  (tansy-leaved) ;  i  foot ;  flowers  purple,  in 
July  ;  Mexico  ;  1851. 

MACLEAYA.  [Papaveraceee.]  Half-hardy  herbaceous  per- 
ennials. Good  garden  soil.  Increased  by  division,  in 
spring. 

M.  cordata  (heart-leaved) ;  hardy  perennial  ;  6  feet ;  flowers 
yellowish-pink,  in  June  ;  Chili ;  1795. 

MACLURA.  [Moraceae.j  This  small  genus  contains  one 
hardy  species,  M.  aurantiaca,  which,  under  the  name  of  the 
Osage-orange,  is  much  used  for  hedges.  Propagated  by 
seeds.  This  tree  is  barely  hardy  in  Massachusetts. 

M.  aiirantiacaj  20  feet ;  North  America ;  1828. 

MADIA.     See  MADARIA. 

MADARIA.  [Compositae.]  A  family  of  showy  hardy  an- 
nuals ;  the  flowers  golden,  with  a  brownish  rim  round  the 
disk.  May  be  sown  in  frames,  and  transplanted,  or  in  the 
open  border  in  May.  Increased  by  seeds.  Common  soil. 

M.  corymbosa  (corymbed) ;  hardy  annual ;  2  feet  ;  flowers 
white,  in  July;  California;  1847.  M.  elegans  (elegant);  hardy 
annual ;  2  feet ;  flowers  yellow,  in  July  ;  California  ;  1831.  M. 
sativa;  flowers  yellow,  in  July  ;  Chili ;  1794. 

MAGNOLIA.  [Magnoliaceae.]  Noble  and  beautiful  hardy 
and  half-hardy  shrubs  and  trees,  some  among  the  handsomest 
244 


GARDEN    FLOWERS.  245 

of  evergreens,  others  deciduous,  and  all  beautiful  as  flower- 
ing plants.  The  soil  for  these  plants  should  be  deep  and 
good,  of  open  texture,  neither  subject  to  parching,  nor  liable 
to  excessive  wet  at  any  season.  The  Magnolias  all  grow 
finely  in  peat  earth  ;  but  this  is  not  essential  to  them.  They 
are  greatly  benefited,  however,  when  planted  in  a  young 
state,  by  having  a  bushel  or  so  of  good  compost  placed 
about  their  roots  :  this  compost  may  be  of  equal  parts  light 
turfy  loam  and  peat.  Layering*  is  the  most  usual  mode  of 
propagating  the  Magnolia,  the  layers  being  put  down  in  au- 
tumn, and  requiring  a  couple  of  seasons  to  get  well  estab- 
lished. Many  of  the  species  do  not  transplant  well,  except 
when  quite  young,  unless  they  are  kept  in  pots  :  on  this  ac- 
count, it  is  usual  to  keep  them  in  pots ;  but  when  this  has 
been  the  case,  the  roots  must  be  carefully  uncoiled,  and 
spread  out  in  straight  lines,  when  they  are  permanently 
planted.  Seeds  may  be  often  obtained  ;  and  the  plants 
raised  from  them  are  the  most  vigorous,  but  do  not  blossom 
so  early.  They  should  be  sown  in  sandy  loam,  placed  in  a 
warm  frame,  potted  as  they  appear,  and  kept  for  several 
years  in  a  cold  pit  during  winter  until  they  get  well  estab- 
lished. The  arboreous  species  are  only  suited  for  large  gar- 
dens. M.  gfandiflora,  and  its  varieties,  are  evergreen  trees, 
which  should  find  a  place  in  every  garden.  Wherever  there 
is  a  shrubbery,  or  a  clump  of  peat-earth  shrubs,  one  or  two 
of  the  hardy  deciduous  species  should  also  be  grown  for 
their  large  fragrant  blossoms  in  the  early  spring  months. 
M.  fuscata,  a  small  evergreen,  something  like  a  camellia  in 
its  foliage,  is  a  greenhouse  plant,  and  in  May  bears  blossoms 
exquisitely  fragrant,  though  not  very  conspicuous.  This 
should  be  potted  in  turfy  loam  and  peat,  and  is  increased 
by  grafting,  or  inarching  on  the  commoner  kinds,  as  M. 
obovata,  which  mode  of  propagation  is  also  resorted  to  with 
the  other  weaker  and  more  tender  kinds. 


246  GARDEN    FLOWERS. 

M.  acuminata  (pointed-leaved) ;  hardy  deciduous  tree  ;  40 
feet  ;  flowers  creamy,  in  June  ;  North  America  ;  1736.  M.  au- 
riculata  (ear-leaved)  ;  hardy  deciduous  tree  ;  20  feet ;  flowers 
white,  in  May;  North  America;  1786.  M.  conspicua  (showy); 
hardy  deciduous  tree  ;  20  feet  ;  flowers  white,  in  April  ;  China  ; 
1789.  Soulangeana  is  a  very  beautiful  variety  of  this,  with  the 
flowers  tinged  with  purple.  M.  fuscata  (brown) ;  greenhouse 
evergreen  shrub  ;  3  feet ;  flowers  brown,  in  April ;  China  ;  1789. 
M.  glauca  (glaucous) ;  hardy  deciduous  tree  ;  1 5  feet  ;  flowers 
whitish,  in  June  ;  North  America  ;  1688.  M.  grandiflora  (large- 
flowered)  ;  hardy  evergreen  tree  ;  15  feet ;  flowers  white,  in  July  ; 
North  Carolina;  1737.  Of  this  there  are  several  varieties, 
among  which  that  known  as  Exoniensis  is  the  most  desirable,  on 
account  of  its  early  arfd  free  blooming  habit.  M.  macropJiylla 
(large-leaved) ;  hardy  deciduous  tree  ;  20  feet ;  flowers  white 
and  purple,  in  June  ;  North  America  ;  1800.-  M.  purpurea 
(purple) ;  hardy  deciduous  shrub  ;  6  feet ;  flowers  purple,  in 
April ;  Japan  ;  1 790.  M.  tripetala  (three-petalled) ;  hardy  de- 
ciduous tree  ;  20  feet  ;  flowers  white,  in  May  ;  North  America  ; 
1752.  M.  Tlioinpsoniana  (Thompson's) ;  hardy  tree  ;  20  feet  ; 
flowers  white,  in  June  ;  hybrid  between  M.  glauca  and  tripetala. 

There  are  many  varieties  of  M.  conspicua,  but  they  are  not 
very  distinct.  M.  Norbetiana  is  a  very  deep-colored  variety. 
M.  grandiJJora  and  its  varieties  are  not  hardy  north  of  Phila- 
delphia. M.  Lcnne  is  a  fine  hybrid  between  M.  conspicua 
and  purpurea  ;  color,  deep  reddish-purple  ;  April,  1860. 

MAHONIA.     See  BERBERIS. 

MAIDEN  HAIR  TREE.     See  SALISBURIA. 

MALCOLMIA.  [Cruciferae.]  Hardy  annuals,  of  which  one 
species  —  M.  marittma,  the  Virginian  stock  —  is  a  favorite 
dwarf  ornament  for  the  flower-border,  very  easily  grown,  but 
not  durable  :  in  good-sized  patches,  it  forms  a  showy  mass 
of  simple  flowers.  If  sown  by  the  middle  of  May,  it  will, 
in  favorable  seasons,  be  in  bloom  early  in  June  ;  but,  to  have 
a  good  succession  of  flowers,  it  ought  to  be  sown  monthly, 


GARDEN    FLOWERS.  247 

from  May  to  August.  It  is  quite  hardy,  and  forms  a  pretty 
edging-plant  for  large  borders.  The  other  species  may  be 
similarly  cultivated.  The  best  are  M.  maritima,  littorca, 
incrassata,  and  arenaria. 

M.  arenaria  (sand)  ;  hardy  annual ;  I  foot ;  flowers  violet,  in 
Jui^e  ,  Algiers  ;  1804.  M.  Chia  (Chian) ;  hardy  annual ;  I  foot ; 
flowers  purple,  in  June:  Greece;  1732.  M.  incrassata  (thick- 
ened) ;  hardy  annual;  6  inches  ;  flowers  purplish,  in  June  ;  is- 
lands of  the  ^Egean  Sea  ;  1820.  M.  littorea  (shore) ;  hardy  an- 
nual, or  half-hardy  biennial;  i  foot;  flowers  purple,  in  June; 
south  of  Europe  5  1683.  M.  maritima  (sea-side) ;  hardy  annu- 
al ;  I  foot ;  flowers  rosy-lilac  or  white,  all  summer  ;  south  of 
Europe;  1713.  M.  triloba  (three-lobed)  ;  hardy  annual;  6 
inches  ;  flowers  yellowish,  in  June  ;  south  of  Europe  ;  1780. 

MALLOW.     See  MALVA. 

MALOPE.  [Malvaceae.]  Showy  mallow-like  annuals,  of 
very  simple  culture.  The  seeds  may  be  sown  in  March,  and 
again  in  April,  in  the  open  border ;  the  plants  to  be  thinned 
out  when  large  enough,  leaving  about  three  of  the  strongest 
in  a  patch.  To  get  plants  to  bloom  earlier  than  usual,  they 
may  be  sown  in  pots  along  with  half-hardy  annuals,  and 
planted  out  as  early  jn  May  as  the  season  will  admit. 

M.  malacoides  (mallow-like) ;  hardy  annual  ;  2  feet ;  flowers 
purple,  in  June  ;  south  of  Europe  ;  1710.  M.  trifida  (three- 
cleft)  ;  hardy  annual  ;  2  feet ;  flowers  crimson,  in  July ;  Barba- 
ry;  1808.  Of  this  there  is  a  variety  with  white  flowers  called 
alba,  and  another  with  larger  flowers  called  grandiflora. 

MALVA.  Mallow.  [Malvaceae.]  A  large  genus,  of  which 
the  majority  are  weedy  :  a  few,  however,  of  which  a  selection 
is  enumerated  below,  are  ornamental.  The  half-hardy  sorts 
will  grow  during  summer  in  the  borders  in  good  garden  soil, 
or  in  a  mixture  of  loam,  leaf-mould,  and  sand,  and  are  in- 
creased by  cuttings  in  sand,  in  a  frame,  during  summer. 
The  greenhouse  kinds  also  propagate  by  cuttings,  and  grow 


248  GARDEN    FLOWERS. 

in  similar  soil.  The  hardy  annuals  maybe  sown  in  patches, 
in  the  open  border,  in  May. 

M.  amana  (pleasing) ;  greenhouse  shrub ;  3  feet ;  flowers 
purplish,  in  May;  Cape;  1796.  M.  Capensis  (Cape);  green- 
house shrub  ;  3  feet ;  flowers  pink,  in  June;  Cape;  1713.  M. 
crispa  (curled) ;  hardy  annual ;  3  feet ;  flowers  white,  in  June  ; 
Syria;  1573.  M.  fragrans  (fragrant);  greenhouse  shrub;  3 
feet;  flowers  red,  in  June;  Cape;  1759.  M-  lateritia  (brick- 
red)  ;  half-hardy  perennial ;  I  foot ;  flowers  red,  in  September  ; 
Buenos  Ayres  ;  1840.  M.  Mauritiana  (Mauritanian)  ;  hardy- 
annual  ;  4  feet ;  flowers  rose-color  or  white,  and  purple  striped, 
in  July  ;  south  of  Europe  and  North  Africa  ;  1768.  M.  tniniata 
(vermilion) ;  half-hardy  shrub  ;  3  feet ;  flowers  vermilion-red,  in 
May;  Mexico;  1798.  In  the  borders,  it  blooms  through  the 
autumn.  M.  Monroana  (Monro's) ;  half-hardy  perennial ;  2 
feet;  flowers  scarlet,  in  August ;  Colombia;  1828.  M.Morenii 
(Moreni's) ;  half-hardy  perennial ;  3  feet ;  flowers  red,  in  July  ; 
Italy;  1820.  M.  mbschata  (musk);  hardy  perennial;  2  feet; 
flowers  flesh-color  or  white,  in  June  ;  Britain.  M.  purpurata 
(purple) ;  half-hardy  perennial  ;  2  feet :  flowers  dull-red,  in  July; 
Chili  ;  1825. 

MAPLE.     See  ACER. 

MARIGOLD.     See  CALENDULA. 

MARJORAM.     See  ORIGANUM. 

MARSH-MALLOW.     See  ALTHAEA. 

MARSH-MARIGOLD.     See  CALTHA. 

MARTAGON.     See  LILIUM. 

MARTYNIA.  [Sesameae.]  Greenhouse  or  half-hardy  an- 
nuals, with  a  somewhat  coarse  habit  and  showy  flowers.  The 
seeds  should  be  sown  in  a  hot-bed  in  March,  and  the  young 
plants  potted  singly,  and  kept  growing  in  heat  near  the  glass, 
in  the  way  balsams  are  managed.  As  they  grow  they  must 
be  shifted,  and  hardened  off  to  bloom  in  a  cool  stove  or 
greenhouse  or  frame.  M.  fragrans,  the  best  of  the  species, 
will  also  succeed  in  a  sheltered  place,  planted  out  for  the 
summer.  They  require  rich  light  soil. 


GARDEN    FLOWERS.  249 

M.  Craniolaria  (white-flowered) ;  greenhouse  annual ;  18 
inches;  flowers  white  spotted,  in  July;  South  America;  1733. 
M.  diandra  (two-stamened) ;  greenhouse  annual;  18  inches; 
flowers  red,  in  July;  Mexico;  1731.  M.  fragrans  (fragrant); 
greenhouse,  or  half-hardy  annual ;  2  feet ;  flowers  rose-purple,  in 
July;  Mexico;  1840.  M.  lutea  (yellow);  greenhouse  annual; 
18  inches;  flowers  yellowish,  in  July  ;  Brazil;  1824.  M.probo- 
scidea  (proboscis-like) ;  greenhouse  annual ;  i  foot ;  flowers 
pale-violet,  with  saffron  dots,  in  July  ;  Mexico  ;  1738. 

MARVEL  OF  PERU.     See  MIRABILIS. 

MATHIOLA.  Stock.  [Cruciferae.]  A  favorite  genus  of 
hardy  plants,  among  the  sweetest  and  gayest  of  garden  flow- 
ers, of  which  one  familiar  species,  M.  annua,  the  Ten-weeks 
Stock,  is  an  annual ;  another,  M.  simplicicaulis,  the  Brompton, 
or  Giant  Stock,  is  a  biennial  ;  and  M.  incana,  the  Queen 
Stock,  is  a  sub-shrubby  kind,  though  best  treated  as  a  bien- 
nial. The  varieties  of  these,  especially  of  the  first,  are  very 
numerous,  and,  as  imported  from  Germany,  very  fine.  Of 
the  ordinary  hoary-leaved  Ten-weeks,  or  Annual  Stock,  there 
are  a  score  or  more  different  colors,  which  the  German  seed- 
growers  save  distinct.  Of  the  Ten-weeks  Stock  having  smooth 
green,  or  wallflower-like  leaves,  there  are  also  many  varieties 
of  color ;  and,  besides  these,  there  are  variations  of  habit 
which  have -become  perpetuated  by  careful  seed-saving.  The 
biennial  Stock,  that  is,  those  sown  one  year  to  bloom  the 
next,  varies  as  much  as  the  annual,  in  regard  to  habit,  but 
not  in  respect  to  color.  The  Brompton  and  the  Queen  Stock 
are  well-known  distinctions  in  this  class.  When  once  pos- 
session is  obtained  of  a  good  strain  of  Stock,  which  produces 
but  few  single-flowered  ones  out  of  a  great  number,  there  is 
not  much  difficulty  in  keeping  it,  for  the  Stock  has  a  strong 
disposition  to  go  double  ;  and,  when  a  few  single  ones  only 
escape  this  tendency,  they  may  be  expected  to  yield  seed 
equally  disposed  to  produce  double  flowers.  On  the  other 


2  SO  GARDEN   FLOWERS. 

hand,  if  we  remove  a  single  Stock  from  among  hundreds 
of  others  equally  single,  and  of  a  strain  which  has  no  dis- 
position to  go  double,  that  single  one  would  not  yield  in  its 
progeny  one  more  double  variety  for  being  planted  among 
a  thousand  double  ones  ;  so  that  the  common  advice  to  save 
seed  from  such  single-flowered  plants  as  grow  near  many 
double  ones  is  good  for  nothing,  unless  the  single  ones 
come  from  the  same  "  strain,"  and  have  the  same  disposi- 
tion, as  the  double  ones  themselves ;  that  is  to  say,  are  of 
the  same  progeny.  In  other  words,  the  planting  of  a  thou- 
sand double  stocks  around  a  single  one  does  not  change 
the  nature  of  its  seed  :  but  the  tendency  to  produce  double 
flowers  is  an  inherent  property  brought  about  in  certain 
plants  by  careful  culture  and  seed-saving,  as  all  other  floral 
improvements  have  been ;  and  is  not  shared  by  other  plants 
though  of  the  very  same  kind,  which  have  not  been  influ- 
enced in  this  manner.  The  single-flowered  plants  only  bear 
seed.  The  tendency  to  produce  double  flowers  is  sometimes 
indicated  by  the  production  of  flowers  with  more  than  the 
usual  number  of  petals  (four) :  and,  when  this  is  observed,  it 
may  be  taken  as  a  favorable  indication  ;  and  such  blossoms 
should  be  marked,  and  their  seed  kept  separate.  The  Ten- 
weeks  Stocks  should  be  sown  in  March,  April,  and  May,  for 
summer  and  autumn  blooming  plants  :  they  may  be  sown  in 
boxes,  in  a  frame,  or  on  prepared  sheltered  beds  ;  when  up, 
give  plenty  of  air,  and  no  more  water  than  is  just  enough  to 
keep  them  from  flagging ;  when  they  have  formed  six  good 
leaves,  plant  them  out  in  a  bed  of  rich  soil,  or  pot  them  off 
in  rich  soil,  and  give  plenty  of  water  until  they  bloom.  For 
earlier  spring-bloom,  they,  as  well  as  what  is  called  the  In- 
termediate Stock,  should  be  sown  in  August  and  September, 
and  wintered  in  pots  in  dry  cold  frames.  The  Brompton 
and  Queen  Stocks  may  be  sown  in  the  open  border,  thinly,  in 


GARDEN    FLOWERS.  251 

June,  and  the  plants,  when  large  enough,  planted  out  in 
sheltered  places  where  they  are  to  bloom,  or  some  of  them 
may  be  potted  and  kept  in  frames  during  winter,  to  be 
planted  out  in  spring.  They  will  bloom  the  following  May 
and  June.  Cuttings  may  be  struck  from  these  two-year 
stocks,  when  they  are  fine  enough  to  be  worth  it,  under  a 
glass  in  the  common  borders,  like  Wallflowers.  M.  tristis, 
the  night-smelling  stock,  is  a  greenhouse  shrub ;  and  though 
not  showy,  the  flowers  being  of  a  dull  livid  color,  yet  it  is 
desirable  on  account  of  its  powerful  evening  fragrance  :  this 
grows  in  a  light  sandy  loamy  compost,  and  is  propagated  by 
cuttings. 

M.  annua  (annual,  or  ten-weeks) ;  hardy  annual ;  I  foot ;  flow- 
ers scarlet,  purple,  white,  yellow,  and  pink,  all  summer  ;  south  of 
Europe;  1731.  M.  glabrata  (wall-flowered-leaved) ;  hardy  sub- 
shrub  ;  2  feet ;  flowers  purple,  scarlet,  or  white,  in  June  ;  native 
country  unknown.  M.  Grceca  (smooth-leaved  annual) ;  hardy  an- 
nual ;  I  foot ;  flowers  purple,  white,  and  pink,  all  summer;  Greece. 
M.  incana  (hoary,  or  queen's) ;  hardy  sub-shrub  ;  2  feet ;  flow- 
ers scarlet,  purple,  and  white,  in  June  ;  south  of  Europe.  M. 
odoratissima  (sweetest) ;  greenhouse  sub-shrub  ;  2  feet ;  flowers 
cream-colored,  changing  to  purplish-brown,  sweet  in  the  evening, 
in  June  ;  Tauria ;  1 795.  M.  simplicicaulis  (single-stemmed  or 
Brompton  or  Giant) ;  half-hardy  biennial ;  3  feet ;  flowers  pur- 
ple, scarlet,  or  white,  in  July  ;  native  country  unknown.  M.  tris- 
tis (sad);  greenhouse  sub-shrub;  18  inches;  flowers  livid,  in 
June  ;  south  of  Europe  ;  1768. 

MATRICARIA.  [Compositae.]  Weedy  hardy  annuals  for 
the  most  part,  with  single  white  daisy-like  flowers.  The  only 
exception  worth  cultivating  is  a  double-flowered  variety  of 
M.  chamomilla,  called  grandiftora>  which,  as  it  does  not  bear 
seed,  may,  if  frequently  renewed,  be  continued  as  a  peren- 
nial ;  its  double  white  blossoms  render  it  deserving  of  being 
grown  in  a  mixed  border.  The  young  shoots  should  be  taken 


252  GARDEN   FLOWERS. 

off  from  near  the  root,  and  treated  like  cuttings.     Common 
garden  soil. 

M.  chamomilla  grandiflora  (double-flowered) ;  hardy  peren- 
nial ;  I  foot ;  flowers  white,  in  July  ;  gardens. 

MAURANDIA.  [Scrophularinae.]  Ornamental  greenhouse 
climbers  of  slender  habit,  and  also  suitable  for  planting  in 
the  open  air  during  the  summer,  for  the  purpose  of  covering 
wire-fences,  and  pillars.  They  are  best  raised  from  seeds, 
which,  to  insure  strong-blooming  plants,  should  be  sown 
about  June,  and  the  young  plants  potted  singly,  and  kept  in 
small  pots  during  winter  in  a  greenhouse.  These,  if  shifted 
into  larger  pots  in  February  or  March,  will  be  strong  and 
vigorous  by  the  planting-out  time,  —  May.  For  the  green- 
house, they  require  shifting  into  large  pots  of  rich  soil,  of 
which  the  basis  is  sandy  loam,  and  training  about  pillars, 
short  rafters,  or  suitable  trellises.  They  grow  to  a  consider- 
able size  when  their  roots  have  free  scope.  They  may  be 
increased  from  cuttings,  which  root  readily  in  sand,  in  a  hot- 

bod. 

M.  antirrhiniflora  (snapdragon-flowered) ;  greenhouse  climb- 
ing perennial ;  10  feet ;  flowers  purple,  all  summer ;  Mexico  ; 
1814.  M.  Barclayana  (Barclay's)  ;  greenhouse  climbing  peren- 
nial;  1 2  feet;  flowers  purple,  rose-color,  or  white,  all  summer; 
Mexico  ;  1825,  M.  semperflorens  (ever-flowering) ;  greenhouse 
climbing  perennial;  12  feet;  flowers  pale  rose-color,  air-  sum- 
mer; Mexico;  1796. 

MAZUS.  [Scrophularinas.]  Small-flowered  half-hardy  an- 
nuals. Light  sandy  soil.  Increased  by  seeds. 

M.  pumilus  (dwarf) ; .  half-hardy  annual ;  6  inches  ;  flowers 
pale-purplish,  in  June;  Van  Diemen's  Land;  1823.  M.  ru- 
gosus  (wrinkled) ;  half-hardy  annual ;  6  inches  ;  flowers  white 
and  yellow,  in  July  ;  China  ;  1780. 

MEADOW-RUE.     See  THALICTRUM. 


GARDEN    FLOWERS.  253 

MEADOW-SAFFRON.     See  COLCHICUM. 

MECONOPSIS.  [Papaveraceae.]  Hardy  poppy-like  her- 
baceous perennials.  Soil,  sandy  loam.  Increased  by  seeds, 
sown  in  May,  or  by  division. 

M.  Cambrica  (Welsh) ;  hardy  perennial ;  I  foot ;  flowers  buff- 
yellow,  in  June  ;  England.  M.  crassifolia  (thick-leaved) ;  hardy 
perennial ;  i  foot ;  flowers  orange-red,  in  June  ;  California  ; 
1833.  M.  heterophylla  (various-leaved) ;  hardy  perennial ;  I 
foot;  flowers  orange-red,  in  June  ;  California;  1833.  M.  Wal- 
lichii  (Wallich's) ;  half-hardy  perennial  ;  2  feet ;  flowers  pale- 
blue,  in  June  ;  Sikkim;  1851. 

MEDEOLA.  [Trilliaceae.]  Hardy  herbaceous  perennial. 
Soil,  free  turfy  peat.  Increased  by  division,  in  spring. 

M.  Virginica  (Virginian) ;  hardy  perennial ;  9  inches ;  flowers 
yellow,  in  June  ;  Virginia;  1759. 

MEDICAGO.  Medick.  [Leguminosae.]  A  large  genus  of 
hardy  plants,  of  no  horticultural  importance. 

MEDLAR.     See  MESPILUS. 

MELIA.  [Meliaceae.]  A  genus  of  showy  small  trees,  one 
of  which  succeeds  well  in  the  Southern  States. 

M.  Azedarach;  flowers  lilac,  in  June  ;  Syria  ;   1656. 

MELILOTUS.  Mdilot.  [Leguminosag.]  A  genus  of  hardy 
plants,  of  little  importance  as  objects  of  ornament.  They 
are,  however,  useful  as  food  for  bees.  M.  arborea,  a  shrubby 
kind,  with  white  flowers ;  M.  leucantha,  a  biennial,  also  with 
white  flowers ;  and  M.  suaveolens,  a  perennial,  with  yellow 
blossoms,  —  are  the  most  desirable. 

MELISSA.  Balm.  [Lamiaceas.]  Hardy  herbaceous  per- 
ennials. Common  soil.  Increased  by  division. 

M.  polyanthos  (many-flowered) ;  hardy  perennial ;  I  foot ; 
flowers  white,  in  July ;  native  country  unknown.  M.  Pyrenaica 
(Pyrenaean) ;  hardy  perennial ;  I  foot ;  flowers  purple,  in  July  ; 
Pyrenees  ;  1800. 


254  GARDEN    FLOWERS. 

MELITTIS.  Bastard  Balm.  [Lamiaceae.]  Hardy  herba- 
ceous perennials,  of  easy  culture,  propagated  by  division, 
and  growing  in  ordinary  garden  soil.  They  are  rather  pretty. 

M.  grandiflora  (large-flowered)  ;  hardy  perennial  ;  I  foot  ; 
flowers  creamy-white  and  red,  in  May  ;  England.  M.  melisso- 
phyllum  (balm-leaved)  ;  hardy  perennial  ;  i  foot  ;  flowers  pale 
reddish-purple,  in  June  ;  England. 

MENIOCUS.  [Cruciferae.]  Hardy  annual.  Common  soil. 
Increased  by  seeds. 

M.  linifolius  (flax-leaved)  ;  hardy  annual  ;  6  inches  ;  flowers 
yellow,  in  July  ;  Caucasus;  1717. 

MENISPERMUM.  Moon-seed.  [Menispermacese.]  The  genus 
contains  one  or  two  hardy  deciduous  climbers,  with  orna- 
mental foliage. 

M.  Canadense  (Canadian)  ;  hardy  climber  ;  20  feet  ;  flowers 
white,  in  June  ;  North  America  ;  1691.  M.  Carolinum  (Caroli- 
nian), otherwise  called  Cocculus  Caroltnus,  is  not  hardy  in  the 
Northern  States.  M.  lobatum  is  a  variety  of  Canadense. 

MENTHA.  Mint.  [Lamiaceae.]  A  genus  of  hardy  her- 
baceous perennials,  thriving  in  any  soil,  and  increased  by 
division.  There  are  some  twenty  species,  of  little  horticul- 
tural importance. 

MENTZELIA.  [Loasaceae.]  Half-hardy  herbaceous  per- 
ennials and  annuals.  Soil,  sandy  loam  and  peat.  Increased 
by  cuttings  in  sand,  in  a  hot-bed,  or  by  seeds  in  a  slight 
heat. 

M.  azpera  (rough)  ;  hardy  annual  ;  18  inches  ;  flowers  yellow, 
in  July  ;  America  ;  1733.  M.  stipitata  (stalked-flowered)  ;  half- 
hardy  perennial  ;  2  feet  ;  flowers  yellow,  in  September  ;  Mexico  ; 


MENYANTHES.  Buck-bean.  [Gentianaceae.]  Hardy  aqua- 
tic perennial.  Moist  boggy  soil,  or  in  shallow  water.  In- 
creased by  division. 


GARDEN    FLOWERS.  '25$ 

M.  trifoliata  (three-leaved) ;  hardy  aquatic  ;  I  foot ;  flowers 
white  and  pink,  in  June  ;  Britain. 

M.  var.  Americana,  our  native  variety,  seems  to  differ  but 
little  from  the  European  species. 

MENZIESIA.  [Ericaceae.]  Pretty  dwarf  hardy  deciduous 
shrubs.  Sandy  peat  soil.  Increased  by  layers,  or  by  cut- 
tings under  a  hand-glass. 

M.ferruginea  (rusty) ;  hardy  deciduous  shrub  ;  3  feet ;  flow- 
ers rust-color,  in  June  ;  North  America;  1811.  M.  globularis 
(globular) ;  hardy  deciduous  shrub  ;  3  feet ;  flowers  yellowish- 
brown,  in  June  ;  North  America  ;  1806. 

MERENDERA.  [Melanthaceae.]  Hardy  crocus-like  bulb. 
Soil,  peat  and  loam.  Increased  by  offsets. 

M.  Caucasica  (Caucasian) ;  hardy  bulb  ;  3  inches  ;  flowers 
purple,  in  August  ;  Caucasus  ;  1823. 

MESPILUS.  Medlar.  [Pomaceae.]  Hardy  deciduous 
trees,  with  white  flowers  and  worthless  fruit.  In  bloom,  the 
tree  is  ornamental,  and  deserves  a  place  in  the  shrubbery. 
Propagated  by  grafting  on  thorn,  by  seeds,  and  layers.  M. 
Gcrmanica  is  the  chief  species,  of  which  there  are  many 
varieties. 

MEZEREON.     See  DAPHNE. 

MIGNONETTE.     See  RESEDA. 

MIKANIA.  [Composite.]  A  very  neat  climbing  plant, 
with  Eupatorium-like  flowers,  flourishing  in  rather  clamp, 
deep  loam.  This  plant  is  very  beautiful,  and  is  covered 
with  white  blossoms  in  August,  a  season  when  few  climbers 
bloom.  It  is  a  native  of  river  banks. 

M.  scandens  (climbing);  hardy  climbing  herbaceous  perennial ; 
10  feet ;  flowers  white,  in  August. 

There  are  other  stove  species. 
MILFOIL.     See  ACHILLEA. 


256  GARDEN    FLOWERS. 

MILK-VETCH.     See  ASTRAGALUS. 

MILKWORT.     See  POLYGALA. 

MIMOSA.  This  large  family  contains  the  sensitive  plants, 
M.  sensitiva  and  M.  pudica,  two  stove  shrubs,  the  foliage  of 
which  is  endowed  with  a  very  remarkable  and  interesting 
sensibility,  for  the  sake  of  which  they  are  cultivated.  The 
flowers  of  both  are  purplish,  —  little  globular  balls  of  col- 
ored threads,  —  not  at  all  showy ;  but  the  leaves  are  very 
elegant.  The  peculiarity  which  obtains  for  them  both  their 
name  and  popularity  is  the  shrinking  of  the  branches,  and 
folding-up  of  the  leaves,  at  the  slightest  touch  or  disturbance. 
If  a  leaf  be  touched,  it  falls  down,  and  the  leaflets  close ; 
and  if  the  whole  plant  be  shaken,  or  jerked,  all  the  leaves 
immediately  close,  and  hang  down.  The  seeds  are  sown  in  a 
hot-bed  in  April,  and  potted  off,  as  soon  as  they  are  large 
enough  to  handle,  into  small-sized  three-inch  pots,  in  a  light 
soil  of  sandy  peat  and  loam.  They  are  best  kept  in  a  hot- 
frame  till  June,  when  they  may  be  planted  out  in  a  warm  ex- 
posure. They  seed  freely  enough  •  but,  when  they  are  grown 
for  seed,  they  are  sown  in  February,  and  potted  off  in  March. 
They  are  also  increased  by  cuttings  in  sand  under  bell-glasses, 
in  heat.  M.  sensitiva  is  not  so  irritable  as  M.  pudica.  They 
are  only  grown  as  curiosities.  There  are  many  other  Mimo- 
sas, chiefly  shrubs  of  little  interest. 

M.  pudica  (chaste  or  humble  plant)  ;  stove  shrub  ;  2  feet ; 
flowers  purplish-lilac,  in  June  ;  Brazil  ;  1638.  M.  sensitiva  (sen- 
sitive) ;  stove  shrub  ;  2  feet ;  flowers  pinkish-lilac,  in  June  ; 
Brazil ;  1648. 

MIMULUS.  Monkey-flower.  [Scrophularinae.]  Showy 
herbaceous  plants,  mostly  perennial ;  some  small  musk 
plants  are  annuals.  The  ornamental  garden  Mimuluses  are 
mostly  seedling  varieties  raised  by  florists,  the  offspring  of 
M.  luteus,  guttatus  and  variegatus  on  the  one  hand,  and 


GARDEN    FLOWERS.  257 

of  M.  cardinalis  and  roseus  on  the  other ;  and  little  trace  of 
the  originals  now  remains.  These  races  are  fugitive,  the 
varieties  of  to-day  continually  giving  place  to  others  of  some 
supposed  superiority.  Rich  loamy  soil,  or,  indeed,  ordinary 
garden  soil,  if  good,  will  grow  them  well ;  but  they  like  a 
damp,  cool,  and  somewhat  shady  situation  in  summer.  A 
supply  should  be  kept  in  pots,  protected  in  cold  frames 
through  the  winter.  M.  moschatus  is  a  favorite  pot-plant  for 
the  window  :  it  is  quite  hardy  in  sheltered  situations,  and 
grows  readily  in  pots  of  rich  mould.  The  varieties  are  mul- 
tiplied by  division,  and  new  varieties  are  obtained  from 
seeds,  which,  if  sown  in  heat  in  March,  and  grown  in  frames, 
will  come  into  bloom  in  the  course  of  the  summer.  Seeds 
are  freely  produced. 

M.  cardinalis  (cardinal) ;  half-hardy  perennial ;  3  feet ;  flowers 
scarlet,  in  July  ;  California  ;  1835.  M.  guttafus  (spotted) ;  hardy 
perennial ;  i  foot ;  flowers  yellow-spotted,  in  June  ;  North  Amer- 
ica ;  1812.  M.  Harrisonii  (Harrison's) ;  half-hardy  perennial ;  3 
feet ;  flowers  rose,  in  June  ;  garden  variety.  M.  luteus  (yellow) ; 
hardy  perennial ;  18  inches  ;  flowers  yellow,  in  June  ;  Chili ;  1826. 
M.  McLainii  (McLain's) ;  half-hardy  perennial ;  3  feet ;  flowers 
rose-crimson,  in  June  ;  garden  variety.  M.  moschatus  (musk)  ; 
hardy  perennial ;  6  inches  ;  flowers  yellow,  in  June  ;  Columbia ; 
1826.  M.  roseus  (rose);  half-hardy  perennial;  2  feet;  flowers 
rose,  in  June;  California;  1831.  M.  tricolor  (three-colored); 
half-hardy  annual ;  9  inches  ;  flowers  pink,  with  yellow  and 
crimson  spots,  in  June  ;  California;  1848.  M.variegatus(va.r'\Q- 
gated) ;  hardy  perennial ;  i  foot ;  flowers  white  and  purple,  in 
June;  Chili;  1831.  The  garden  varieties  are  of  two  classes: 
i,  with  rosy-colored  flowers,  and  a  branching  habit,  from  E.  ro- 
seus, and  cardinalis  ;  2,  dwarfer,  and  more  herbaceous,  with  yel- 
low flowers,  variously  blotched  with  rich  brown-red,  from  M.  gut- 
tatus,  and  luteus. 

MINT.     See  MENTHA. 

MIRABILIS.  Marvel  of  Peru.  [Nyctaginaceae.J  Showy 
17 


258  GARDEN    FLOWERS. 

half-hardy  perennials,  with  thick  fusiform  roots.  These 
plants  are  deservedly  great  favorites  in  gardens,  where  they 
make  towards  autumn  a  splendid  appearance.  The  branch- 
ing stems  bear  roundish  flowers  with  rather  a  long  tube ; 
and,  as  these  come  at  every  joint,  when  fairly  open  they  cover 
the  plant.  The  individual  blooms  are  in  one  respect  like 
the  Convolvulus/ — they  shut  up  on  dull  days,  so  that  it 
is  not  a  handsom"  plant  in  bad  weather.  In  some  kinds, 
the  tubes  of  the  flowers  are  two  or  three  inches  long ;  in 
others  they  are  shorter.  The  colors  vary  from  yellow  to  red, 
white,  and  all  shades  between  them,  and  sometimes  two  of 
the  colors  are  disposed  in  stripes.  To  have  choice  varieties, 
sow  the  best  seed  that  can  be  got,  and  select  each  year  the 
best  that  are  produced,  for  seed-bearing.  Sow  the  seed  in  a 
hot-bed  in  March,  and,  as  soon  as  the  plants  are  large  enough, 
pot  them  three  or  four,  or  half  a  dozen,  in  a  pot,  to  grow  until 
the  middle  of  May,  when  they  may  be  planted  out  in  the 
beds  or  borders  a  foot  apart.  Here  they  will  only  require 
to  be  kept  clear  of  weeds,  and  be  watered  in  the  event  of 
the  weather  proving  more  than  usually  parching,  but  not  if 
the  weather  be  at  all  seasonable.  The  foliage  will  be 
touched  by  the  first  frost,  after  which  the  roots  may  be  dug 
up,  and  stored  away  amongst  dry  sand,  where  the' frost  can- 
not reach  them.  In  May,  they  may  be  put  in  the  ground 
where  they  are  to  flower,  whether  that  be  in  beds  or  bor- 
ders ;  or,  if  any  good  ones  are  worth  propagating,  put  them 
in  heat  in  March,  and  strike  the  shoots  like  those  of  the 
Dahlia.  To  effect  improvements,  a  few  seeds  from  the  very 
best  should  be  saved  every  year,  and  these  plants  are  then 
best  grown  in  beds,  as  they  can  then  be  more  readily  exam- 
ined, and  the  worthless  ones  destroyed.  It  is  in  the  size, 
colors,  and  markings  of  the  flowers,  that  improvements  are 
chiefly  to  be  effected. 


GARDEN    FLOWERS.  259 

M.  Jalapa  (Jalap) ;  half-hardy  perennial ;  2  feet ;  flowers  va- 
rious, in  June;  West  Indies;  1596.  M.  longiflora  (long-flow- 
ered) ;  half-hardy  perennial ;  2  feet ;  flowers  white,  in  June ; 
Mexico;  1759.  M.  suaveolens  (sweet);  half-hardy  perennial; 
2  feet ;  flowers  white,  in  June  ;  Mexico  ;  1823. 

MITCHELLA.  [Cinchonaceae.]  A  pretty  little  evergreen 
trailing  plant,  usually  known  as  Checkerberry,  ornamental 
in  flower,  foliage,  and  fruit.  The  whole -plant  has  a  rich 
aromatic  taste.  For  covering  the  surface  of  Rhododendron- 
beds,  this  little  plant  is  most  suitable,  as  it  delights  in  a  soil 
of  peat  and  leaf-mould. 

M.  repens  (creeping) ;  2  inches  ;  flowers  pinkish-white,  in 
June. 

MITELLA.  [Saxifragaceae.]  Hardy  herbaceous  peren- 
nials, suitable  for  rock-work.  Common  soil.  Increased  by 
division. 

M.  cordifolia  (heart-leaved) ;  hardy  perennial ;.  6  inches  ;  flow- 
ers white,  in  May;  North  America;  1812.  M,  diphylla  (two- 
leaved)  :  hardy  perennial ;  6  inches  ;  flowers  white,  in  May ; 
North  America;  1731.  M.  pentandra  (five-stamened) ;  hardy 
perennial ;  6  inches ;  flowers  yellow,  in  June  ;  North  America  ; 
1827.  M.  prostrata  (prostrate);  hardy  perennial;  6  inches; 
flowers  white,  in  May  ;  North  America  ;  1818. 

MOCK-ORANGE.     See  PHILADELPHIA. 

MODIOLA.  [Malvaceae.]  Half-hardy  annuals  and  peren- 
nials. Common  soil.  Increased  by  seeds  or  divisions. 

M.  Caroliniana  (Carolinian) ;  hardy  annual ;  i  foot ;  flowers 
red,  in  June  ;  Carolina  ;  1723.  M.  decumbens  (decumbent) ;  half- 
hardy  perennial ;  I  foot ;  flowers  red,  in  June  ;  South  America  ; 
1815.  M.  prostrata  (prostrate) ;  half-hardy  perennial;  i  foot; 
flowers  red,  in  June  ;  Monte  Video  ;  1806. 

MOMORDICA.  [Cucurbitaceas.]  A  genus  of  tender  plants, 
for  the  most  part  uninteresting  for  garden  culture.  One  or 
two  of  them  are,  however,  elegant  and  curious,  somewhat 


26O  GARDEN    FLOWERS. 

slender,  free-growing  creepers,  often  grown  in  a  greenhouse* 
or  in  sheltered  places  out  doors  in  summer.  The  fruit  is  the 
remarkable  part  of  the  plant ;  and  this,  which  is  highly  col- 
ored orange,  splits  when  ripe,  and  turns  back  like  a  Turk's- 
cap  lily,  the  deep  red  seeds  attached  to  its  inner  surface 
looking  like  crimson  spots.  Sow  in  a  hot-bed  in  April,  in 
light  rich  soil,  and  treat  like  a  cucumber.  They  are  desira- 
ble for  rafters  of  a  stove.  The  species  referred  to  are  M. 
balsamina  and  charantia,  both  growing  ten  or  twelve  feet  in 
length,  and  covering  a  considerable  surface.  The  flowers  are 
yellow,  small,  and  inconspicuous.  Both  are  natives  of  India. 

MONARDA.  [Lamiaceae.]  Handsome  hardy  herbaceous 
perennials,  the  plants  having  an  odor  compared  to  Berga- 
mot.  They  are  increased  by  division  of  the  root,  and  flour- 
ish in  the  ordinary  soil  of  gardens,  preferring  a  cool  and 
rather  moist  situation. 

M.  didyma  (Oswego  tea) ;  hardy  perennial ;  3  feet ;  flowers 
scarlet,  in  June  ;  North  America  ;  1752.  M.  fistulosa  (hollow) ; 
hardy  perennial  ;  4  feet ;  flowers  purple  or  red,  in  June  ;  North 
America;  1656.  M.  Kalmiana  (Kalm's) ;  hardy  perennial;  4 
feet ;  flowers  purple,  in  June  ;  North  America  ;  1813.  M.  punc- 
tata  (dotted);  hardy  perennial;  18  inches;  flowers  yellowish, 
dotted  with  brown,  in  June;  Virginia;  1714.  M.  purpurea 
(purple) ;  hardy  perennial ;  3  feet ;  flowers  purple,  in  June  ; 
North  America;  1789. 

MONEYWORT.     See  LYSIMACHIA. 

MONKEY-FLOWER.     See  MIMULUS. 

MONKSHOOD.     See  ACONITUM. 

MONOLOPIA.  [Compositae.]  Pretty  hardy  annuals.  Good 
garden  soil.  Increased  by  seeds. 

M.  major  (greater) ;  hardy  annual ;  3  feet ;  flowers  yellow,  in 
July;  California;  1834. 

This  plant  was  formerly  called  Helenium  Douglasii. 


GARDEN   FLOWERS.  26 1 

MOONSEED.     See  MENISPERMUM. 

MONOPSIS.  [Lobeliaceas.]  A  pretty  little  annual,  for- 
merly called  Lobelia  speculum.  Seeds  sown  in  a  hot-bed  in 
April,  and  pricked  out  in  May,  make  a  pretty  summer  show. 

M.  conspicua  (showy) ;  hardy  annual ;  6  inches  ;  flowers  blue, 
in  July  ;  Cape  of  Good  Hope  ;  1812. 

MORNA.  [Composite.]  Showy  greenhouse  plants.  The 
annual  species  should  be  raised  from  seeds  in  autumn, 
about  September,  and  again  in  spring,  about  April ;  the  for- 
mer blooming  the  following  spring,  the  latter  during  sum- 
mer and  autumn.  Prick  out  the  seedlings,  and  pot  when 
large  enough,  three  or  four  in  a  pot.  Shift  them  as  required 
for  blooming  in  pots  in  the  greenhouse  ;  or  a  portion  may  be 
planted  out  in  a  warm  situation  towards  the  end  of  June. 
Light  rich  compost  should  be  used,  as  loam,  leaf-mould,  and 
sand.  The  perennial  kinds  are  increased  by  cuttings  as 
well  as  by  seeds. 

M.  nitida  (shining) ;  half-hardy  perennial ;  2  feet ;  flowers 
yellow,  in  June;  Swan  River;  1835.  M.  nivea  (snowy);  half- 
hardy  annual  ;  1 8  inches;  flowers  white,  in  July;  New  South 
Wales;  1836. 

MORUS.  Mulberry.  [Moraceae.]  Well-known  hardy  trees, 
valuable  for  fruit  and  flowers.  Garden  soil  Propagated 
by  seed,  cuttings,  and  layers. 

M.  alba  (white);  30  feet;,  flowers  in  June;  China;  1596. 
M.  alba  Italica  (Italian) ;  20  feet ;  flowers  in  June  ;  Italy  ;  1817. 
M.  alba  multicaulis  (many-stemmed) ;  flowers  in  June  ;  China. 
M.  Constantinopolitana  (Constantinople);  15  feet;  flowers  in 
June;  Turkey;  1818.  M.  nigra  (common-black) ;  20  feet;  flow- 
ers in  June  ;  Italy;  1548.  JHf.  nigra  laciniata  (cut-leaved) ;  30 
feet ;  flowers  in  June.  M.  rubra  (red) ;  10  feet ;  flowers  in  June  ; 
North  America  ;  1629.  M.  scabra  (rough) ;  20  feet;  flowers  in 
June;  North  America;  1817.  M.  Tatarica  (Tartarian);  20 
feet;  flowers  in  June  ;  Tartary  ;  1780. 


262  GARDEN    FLOWERS. 

MORNING-GLORY.     See  CONVOLVULUS  and  IPOMEA. 

MOTHERWORT.     See  LEONURUS. 

MOUTAN.  Tree  Peony.  [Ranunculaceae.]  These  are 
well-known  and  highly  ornamental  shrubs.  Soil,  peat  and 
loam.  They  are  multiplied  by  grafting  on  the  fleshy  roots 
of  the  herbaceous  peonies,  and  also  by  layers.  The  plants 
are  hardy ;  but  are  suitable  for  growing  as  large  pot  plants, 
to  be  set  in  any  effective  sheltered  position  while  they  re- 
main in  bloom.  Any  of  the  numerous  varieties  are  worth 
cultivating. 

M.  officinalis  (common) ;  hardy  shrub  ;  3  feet ;  flowers  various 
colored  in  the  numerous  varieties,  in  April;  China;  1789. 
Among  the  most  desirable  are  the  varieties  named  atropurpurea 
(deep-purple),  Berenice  (white),  Emperor  of  China  (rosy-red), 
globosa  (white),  Glory  of  Shanghae  (white),  lilacina  (pale-purple), 
picta  (rose-striped),  punicea  (crimson),  Robert  Fortune  (bright- 
red),  salmonea  (pale-salmon),  speciosa  (pink),  and  sulphured 
(primrose). 

There  are,  besides,  varieties  with  the  flowers  white,  flesh- 
color,  pale-pink,  pale-rose,  purple",  and  of  mixed  colors.  For 
a  longer  list  see  PEONIA. 

MULGEDIUM.  [Compositae.]  A  pretty  half  hardy  peren- 
nial, suitable  for  dry  rock-work,  or  a  very  dry  border.  Soil, 
sandy  loam,  well  drained.  Increased  by  seeds,  cuttings,  or 
division. 

M.  macrorhizon  (large-rooted) ;  hardy  perennial ;  9  inches ; 
flowers  pale-blue,  in  August ;  Cashmere  ;  1844. 

MULBERRY.     See  MORUS. 

MULLEIN.     See  VERBASCUM. 

MUSCARI.  Grape  Hyacinth.  [Liliaceae.]  Dwarf  hardy 
bulbs,  which  multiply  readily  by  means  of  offsets.  The  bulbs 
should  remain  in  the  soil  from  year  to  year,  and  not  be  taken 
up  and  dried  ;  but  every  fourth  year,  they  may  be  taken  up 


GARDEN    FLOWERS.  263 

and  replanted  in  September,  or  early  in  October,  before  they 
begin  to  grow.  Common  garden  soil ;  but  a  sandy  loam  is 
most  congenial  to  these,  as  to  all  other  bulbs. 

M.  botryoides  (bunch-flowered) ;  hardy  bulb  ;  6  inches ;  flowers 
blue  or  white,  in  May  ;  Italy;  1596.  M.  ciliatum  (hair-fringed) ; 
hardy  bulb  ;  9  inches  ;  flowers  brown-purple,  in  May ;  Crimea  ; 
1822.  M.  commutation  (dark-purple);  hardy  bulb  ;  6  inches; 
flowers  dark-blue,  in  May;  Italy;  1836.  M.  comosum  (feathered); 
hardy  bulb  ;  6  inches  ;  flowers  purple,  in  May  ;  south  of  Eu- 
rope j  1596.  M.  glaucum  (glaucous) ;  hardy  bulb  ;  9  inches  ; 
flowers  purple  and  green,  in  May  ;  Persia  ;  1825.  M.  moscha- 
tum  (musky) ;  hardy  bulb  ;  9  inches  ;  flowers  pale  dingy-brown- 
ish, in  May ;  Levant ;  1 596.  M.  racemosum  (racemed) ;  hardy 
bulb  ;  6  inches  ;  flowers  dark-blue,  in  May  ;  Europe  ;  1780. 

MYOSOTIS.  [Scrophularineas.]  A  genus  of  pretty  annuals 
and  herbaceous  plants,  many  of  them  hardy.  M.  palustris 
is  the  true  Forget-me-not ;  a  pretty  well-known  flower,  deli- 
cate blue,  with  golden  eye.  It  needs  a  moist  soil,  and,  in  a 
congenial  situation,  will  become  naturalized.  Some  of  the 
species  are  not  hardy  in  the  Northern  States.  The  peren- 
nials are  increased  by  seed  and  division ;  the  annuals  by 
seed. 

HARDY  HERBACEOUS. — M.  Alpestris  (Alpine);  6  inches; 
flowers  blue,  in  July;  Switzerland;  1818.  M.  Azorica  (Azo- 
rean) ;  i  foot ;  flowers  dark-blue,  in  August ;  Azores  ;  1846.  M. 
azurea  (light-blue);  flowers  blue,  in  June;  Corvo;  1842.  M. 
ccespitosa  (tufted) ;  9  inches  ;  flowers  blue,  in  June  ;  Britain. 
M.  ccespitosa  macrocalyx  (large-calyxed) ;  9  inches  ;  flowers  blue, 
in  June  ;  Britain.  M.  intermedia  (intermediate) ;  6  inches  ; 
flowers  blue,  in  April ;  Britain.  M.  nana  (dwarf) ;  6  inches  ; 
flowers  blue,  in  July;  Europe;  1800.  M.  palustris  (marsh) ;  I 
foot ;  flowers  blue  and  yellow,  in  July ;  Britain.  M.  repens 
(creeping) ;  i  foot ;  flowers  pale-blue,  in  June ;  Britain.  M. 
rupicola  (rock) ;  flowers  blue  ;  Scotland.  M.  sparsiflora  (scat- 


264  GARDEN   FLOWERS. 

tered-flowered) ;  18  inches;  flowers  blue,  in  May;  south  of 
France;  1822. 

HARDY  ANNUALS. — M.  arvensis  alba  (white  corn-field) ;  6 
inches  ;  flowers  white,  in  June  ;  Britain.  M.  Australis  (south- 
ern) ;  flowers  blue,  in  June  ;  New  South  Wales  ;  1824.  M.  Cal- 
if arnica  (Californian) ;  18  inches;  flowers  white,  in  August; 
California;  1837.  M.  clavata  (club-leaved);  flowers  blue,  in 
June  ;  Siberia  ;  1829.  M.  collina  (hill) ;  3  inches  ;  flowers  blue, 
in  May ;  Britain.  M.  commutata  (changed) ;  flowers  blue,  in 
June  ;  Europe ;  biennial.  M.  litoralis  (sea-shore) ;  flowers  blue 
and  yellow,  in  April;  Caspian  Sea;  1836.  M.  peduncularis 
(long-flowered-stalked);  18  inches;  flowers  blue,  in  June;  As- 
tracan ;  1824.  M.  ungulata  (clawed);  flowers  blue,  in  June; 
Siberia;  1822. 

MYRICA.  Wax  Myrtle.  [Myricaceae.]  Hardy 'deciduous 
shrubs,  thriving  in  any  soil,  and  increased  by  seeds  and 
layers. 

M.  cerifera  (wax-bearing) ;  6  feet ;  M.  gale  (sweet-gale) ;  4 
feet ;  M.  latifolia  (broad-leaved) ;  4  feet ;  are  all  very  ornamen- 
tal in  the  shrubbery. 


NARCISSUS.  [Amaryllidaceae.]  A  very  large  genus 
of  showy,  hardy,  well-known  bulbous-rooted  plants,  all 
species  of  which  are  ornamental  and  desirable  spring  border 
flowers.  Under  the  name  of  Polyanthus  Narcissus,  great 
numbers  of  some  florists'  varieties  are  imported  annually, 
like  the  Hyacinth  and  early  Tulips ;  and  these  may  be  forced 
in  pots,  or  bloomed  in  water,  or  planted  in  the  borders. 
They  require  in  every  respect  the  same  treatment  as  the 
Hyacinth.  If  grown  in  pots,  they  may  be  planted  in  any 
rich,  light  soil.  If  bloomed  in  glasses,  they  want  a  change 
of  water  once  a  week.  When  put  out  in  the  borders,  they 
should  be  in  patches  of  three,  put  in  pretty  close  to  each 
other,  forming  a  triangle,  with  one  in  front  and  two  behind  : 
a  sandy  loam  is  preferable  for  them.  They  require  no  pro- 
tection except  a  covering  of  tan  over  the  bed  in  the  North- 
ern States,  and  will  bear  a  good  deal  of  frost  without  injury. 
The  plant  has  grassy  or  leek-like  leaves  :  the  flower-stem 
comes  up  in  the  centre,  and  from  a  sheath  at  the  top  bursts 
on  one  side  the  bunch  of  flowers,  which  are  white  or  yellow, 
with  a  yellow  or  orange  cup  in  the  centre.  The  Jonquil  is  a 
species  of  Narcissus,  considerably  smaller  than  the  Polyan- 
thus Narcissus,  and  very  sweet-scented  :  there  are  varieties 
with  both  double  and  single  flowers.  There  is  considerable 
variety  among  the  other  species  of  Narcissus,  all  of  which 
are  worth  growing  as  border-flowers.  The  following  very 
limited  selection  comprises  a  few  of  the  most  distinct  plants. 
N.  aurantius  (orange) ;  hardy  bulb  ;  i  foot ;  flowers  yellow, 

265 


266  GARDEN    FLOWERS. 

in  March  ;  south  of  Europe  ;  1629.  There  is  a  double-flowered 
variety,  with  yellow  and  orange  blossoms.  N.  bicolor  (two-col- 
ored) ;  hardy  bulb  ;  I  foot ;  flowers  white  and  yellow,  in  April ; 
Spain  ;  1629.  N.  cermms  (drooping) ;  hardy  bulb  ;  I  foot ; 
flowers  creamy  white,  in  March  ;  Spain  ;  1818.  N.  incompara- 
bilis  (incomparable) ;  hardy  bulb  ;  i  foot ;  flowers  yellow,  in 
April ;  France  ;  1629.  N.  Italicus  (Roman) ;  hardy  bulb  ;  i  foot ; 
flowers  pale-yellow,  in  March;  Italy.  "The 'double  variety  has 
creamy  flowers.  N.  jonqtiilla  (jonquil) ;  hardy  bulb  ;  9  inches  ; 
flowers  yellow,  single  or  double,  in  April;  Spain;  1596.  N. 
montanus  (mountain) ;  hardy  bulb  ;  I  foot ;  flowers  white,  in 
April  ;  Spain.  N.  odorus  (sweet) ;  hardy  bulb  ;  i  foot  ;  flowers 
yellow,  in  May  ;  south  of  Europe  ;  1629.  N.  papyraceus  (paper); 
hardy  bulb  ;  I  foot ;  flowers  white,  in  March  ;  Asia  Minor.  N. 
poeticus  (poet's) ;  hardy  bulb  ;  i  foot ;  flowers  white,  with  orange 
eye,  in  May ;  Europe.  N.  pulchellus  (pretty) ;  hardy  bulb  ;  9 
inches  ;  flowers  yellow,  in  May  ;  south  of  Europe.  N.  recurvus 
(recurved-leaved);  hardy  bulb ;  i  foot ;  flowers  white,  with  orange 
eye,  in  May  ;  south  of  Europe.  N.  Tazetta  (polyanthus) ;  hardy 
bulb  ;  i  foot ;  flowers  white  and  yellow,  in  March  ;  Spain  ;  1759. 
N.  Trewianus  (Trew's) ;  hardy  bulb  ;  I  foot ;  flowers  white  and 
yellow,  in  March  ;  Spain.  This  is  cultivated  under  the  name 
of  Bazelman  major. 

FLORISTS'  VARIETIES.  The  following  are  superior  kinds : 
Bazleman  major,  white  and  yellow  ;  Grand  Monarque,  white 
and  citron ;  Grand  Primo,  white  and  citron  ;  Grand  Prince, 
white  and  lemon  ;  So  lei  I  d'or,  yellow  and  orange  ;  Gloriosa, 
white  and  orange,  the  best  for  pot-culture. 

NARDOSMIA.  [Compositae.]  Hardy  perennial.  Common 
soil.  Increased  by  division.  Allied  to  Colt's-foot. 

N.  fragrans  (fragrant) ;  hardy  perennial ;  6  inches  ;  flowers 
white,  in  very  early  spring,  fragrant  like  Heliotrope  ;  south  of 
Europe  ;  1806. 

NASTURTIUM.     The  vulgar  name  often  given  to 
lum,  instead  of  the  proper  one  of  Indian  Cress. 

NAVARETTIA.     See  ^£GOCHLOA. 


GARDEN   FLOWERS.  26/ 

NEAPOLITAN  VIOLET  ;  Viola  odorata  pallida  plena. 

NEGUNDO.  [Aceraceae.j  Hardy  deciduous  trees,  thriv. 
ing  in  sandy  loam.  Propagated  by  seed  and  layers. 

N.  fraxinifolium  (ash-leaved  maple) ;  40  feet ;  flowers  in 
May  ;  1688.  N.  fraxinifolium  crispum  (curled-leaved) ;  30  feet ; 
flowers,  in  May ;  1688.  N.  fraxinifolium  -violaceum  (purple) ; 
30  feet ;  flowers  in  May.  N.  fraxinifolium  iiariegatum  is  a 
beautiful  plant. 

NEJA.  [Composite.]  Half-hardy  sub-shrub,  suitable  for 
summer  beds.  Light  rich  soil.  Increased  by  cuttings. 

N.  gracilis  (slender) ;  half-hardy  sub-shrub  ;  i  foot ;  flowers 
yellow,  all  summer  ;  Mexico  ;  1828. 

NEMESIA.  [Scrophularineae.]  Half-hardy  annuals  or  per- 
ennials. Sandy  loamy  soil.  Increased  by  seeds  or  cuttings. 

N.  floribunda  (many-flowered) ;  half-hardy  annual ;  i  foot ; 
flowers  white  and  yellow,  in  July  ;  Cape;  1837. 

NEMOPHILA.  [Hydrophyllaceae.]  Hardy  annuals.  The 
best  is  N.  insignis,  of  which  the  flowers  are  very  bright  blue, 
with  a  white  eye,  and  cover  the  plant :  it  is  on  this  account 
a  most  beautiful  plant  for  clumps  and  beds.  JV.  maculata  is 
another  showy  species  For  beds,  the  seedlings  should  be 
put  out  four  inches  apart,  and  the  plants  will  then  present  a 
dense  mass  of  flowers.  The  soil  should  not  be  too  rich ; 
for,  if  the  plants  grow  rank,  they  become  straggling,  and 
flower  less  abundantly. 

N.  atomaria  (speckled) ;  hardy  annual ;  9  inches ;  flowers 
white,  speckled  with  purple,  in  May  ;  California  ;  1836.  A  variety 
called  discoidalis  has  flowers  very  dark-brown,  narrowly  mar- 
gined with  white.  N.  aurita  (eared) ;  hardy  annual ;  i  foot ; 
flowers  purple,  in  June  ;  California.  N.  insignis  (showy) ;  hardy 
annual ;  9  inches  ;  flowers  blue  and  white,  in  May  ;  California  ; 
1833.  There  are  seedling  variations  with  larger,  and  with 
speckled  flowers.  N.  maculata  (blotched) ;  hardy  annual ;  9 
inches;  flowers  white  and  purple,  in  May;  California;  1848. 


268  GARDEN   FLOWERS. 

N.  phaceloides  (phacelia-like) ;    hardy  annual ;    I  foot ;  flowers 
blue,  in  June  ;  North  America. 

NEOTTIA.  [Orchidaceae.]  A  genus  containing  seme  hardy 
perennial,  as  well  as  tender  species.  Soil,  peat  au.i  loam. 
Increased  by  division.  N.  cestivalis,  autumnalis,  and  /"ernuus 
are  worth  growing  as  curiosities. 

NEMOPANTHES.  [Aquifoliaceae.]  An  ornamental,  hardy, 
deciduous,  upright-growing  shrub,  very  little  known,  but  very 
desirable.  It  was  called  Ilex  Canadensis  and  Prinos  lutida. 
The  flowers  are  small  and  white ;  but  the  berries  are  large, 
beautiful  crimson,  and  very  ornamental.  Common  shrub- 
bery soil ;  but  it  will  do  better  with  an  addition  of  sandy 
peat  or  leaf-mould.  Propagated  by  layers  and  seeds  in  au- 
tumn, and  by  seeds  in  spring. 

N.  Canadensis  (Canadian) ;  3  feet ;  flowers  in  May  ;  North 
America;  1812, 

NEPETA.  Catmint.  [Lamiaceae.]  A  rather  large  genus 
of  hardy  perennials,  few  of  which  are  ornamentaL  Sandy 
garden  soil.  Increased  by  division. 

N.  grandiflora  (large-flowered) ;  hardy  perennial  ;  6  feet ; 
flowers  blue,  in  July  ;  Caucasus  51817.  N.  Sibirica  (Siberian) ; 
hardy  perennial;  2  feet ;  flowers  purple,  in  July  ;  Siberia  ;  1804. 

NETTLE-TREE.     See  CELTIS. 

NEW-JERSEY  TEA.     See  CEANOTHUS. 

NICANDRA.  [Solanaceae.]  Robust  half-hardy  annual, 
with  blue  and  white  flowers ;  pretty,  but  running  too  much  to 
foliage.  It  should  be  sown  in  a  mild  hot-bed  with  other  an- 
nuals towards  the  end  of  April,  and  the  plants  planted  out 
in  May ;  or  it  may  be  sown  in  the  border  in  May,  and  all 
the  plants  in  each  patch  pulled  away  but  the  strongest. 
When  a  little  stunted,  it  looks  pretty  in  a  large  border ;  the 
blossoms  then  being  developed  in  a  greater  proportion  to  the 
leaves. 


GARDEN    FLOWERS.  269 

N.  physaloides  (physalis-like) ;  hardy  annual ;  4  feet ;  flowers 
blue  and  white,  in  July  ;  Peru  ;  1759. 

NICOTIANA.  Tobacco.  [Solanaceas.]  An  extensive  genus, 
the  species  mostly  hardy  annuals.  The  most  interesting  is 
the  N.  Tabacum,  or  Virginia  tobacco,  of  which  several  varie- 
ties, all  having  rose-colored  flowers,  are  pretty  enough  to  be 
introduced  sparingly  into  large  miscellaneous  flower-borders : 
they  grow  from  three  to  six  feet  high,  according  to  the  soil 
and  climate.  N.  Langsdorffii,  with  green  flowers  and  blue 
anthers,  is  rather  pretty.  Of  the  common  annual  species, 
the  seeds  may  be  scattered  over  the  borders  in  May,  and  a 
single  plant  left  here  and  there  where  there  is  room  for  them. 
The  Virginian  tobacco  must  be  sown  in  a  warm  frame  in 
April,  and  treated  like  a  half-hardy  annual,  being  planted 
out  in  May,  to  produce  fine  blooming  plants.  From  the  size 
to  which  these  plants  grow,  with  their  ample  foliage,  they 
should  always  be  planted  singly.  Seeds  are  produced  in 
abundance,  by  which  they  are  increased. 

JV.  Langsdorffii  (Langsdorff's) ;  hardy  annual ;  3  feet ;  flowers 
green,  in  July;  Chili;  1819.  N.  paniculata  (panicled) ;  hardy 
annual;  3  feet ;  flowers  green,  in  July  ;  Peru;  1752.  N.  Persica 
(Persian) ;  half-hardy  annual ;  2  feet ;  flowers  white  and  green, 
in  September;  Persia;  1831.  N.  Tabacum  (Virginian);  half- 
hardy  annual;  4  feet;  flowers  pink,  in  July;  America;  1570.  N. 
undttlata  (wavy) ;  half-hardy  perennial,  may  be  cultivated  as  an 
annual ;  2  feet ;  flowers  white,  in  July;  New  South  Wales  ;  1800. 

NIEREMBERGIA.  [Solanacese.]  Pretty  half-hardy  herbs, 
suitable  for  the  flower-garden,  and  for  small  beds.  Sandy 
loam  and  peat.  Propagated  by  cuttings  in  sand,  during 
summer.  The  plants  must  be  wintered  in  a  dry  airy  green- 
house, with  precaution  against  damp.  They  may  be  planted 
out  in  May. 

N.  calydna  (large-calyxed) ;  half-hardy  perennial ;  6  inches  ; 


27O  GARDEN    FLOWERS. 

flowers  white,  in  July;  Uraguay  ;  1834.  N.  filicaulis  (thread- 
stemmed)  ;  half-hardy  perennial ;  9  inches  ;  flowers  white  and 
lilac,  in  July  ;  Buenos  Ayres  ;  1832.  N.  gracilis  (slender) ;  half- 
hardy  perennial ;  6  inches  ;  flowers  white  and  lilac,  in  July  ;  Ura- 
guay; 1831.  N.  intermedia  (intermediate);  half-hardy  peren- 
nial ;  9  inches ;  flowers  purple,  black,  and  yellow,  in  July ; 
Buenos  Ayres ;  1832. 

NIGELLA.  Fennel-flower,  or  Devil-in-a-bush.  '  [Ranuncu- 
laceae.]  Hardy  annuals,  requiring  only  to  be  sown  in  the 
open  border  in  May,  and  the  plants  thinned  to  three  or  four 
inches  apart,  six  or  eight  being  left  in  a  patch.  The  flowers 
have  a  singular  form  and  curious  appearance. 

N.  aristata  (awned) ;  hardy  annual ;  2  feet ;  flowers  blue,  in 
July ;  Greece.  N.  coarctata  (compressed) ;  hardy  annual ;  9 
inches;  flowers  white,  in  July;  south  of  Europe;  1793.  N. 
damascena  (common);  hardy  annual ;  18  inches;  flowers  blue, 
single  or  double,  in  June  ;  south  of  Europe ;  1570.  N.  Hispan- 
ica  (Spanish) ;  hardy  annual ;  18  inches  ;  flowers  blue  or  white, 
in  June  ;  Spain;  1629.  N.  Orientalis  (Eastern) ;  hardy  annual; 
18  inches  ;  flowers  yellow,  in  July;  Syria  ;  1699. 

NIGHTSHADE.     See  SOLANUM. 

NOLANA.  [Nolanaceas.]  Pretty  annuals,  of  prostrate 
trailing  habit,  with  convolvulus-shaped  blossoms.  They 
may  be  sown  in  the  open  ground  in  May  ;  or  may  be  sown 
in  March,  in  pots  for  planting  out,  and  the  plants  kept  in  a 
cold  frame  till  the  middle  of  May.  They  will  flourish  in 
good  light  garden  soil,  and  are  increased  by  seeds. 

N.  atriplicifolia  (atriplex-leaved) ;  hardy  annual  ;  6  inches  ; 
flowers  blue,  white,  and  yellow,  in  July;  Peru;  1834.  N. 
paradox  a  (violet) ;  hardy  annual ;  6  inches ;  flowers  blue,  in 
July;  Chili;  1825.  N.  prostrata  (prostrate);  hardy  annual; 
6  inches  ;  flowers  blue,  in  July  ;  Peru  ;  1761.  N.  tenclla  (slen- 
der) ;  hardy  annual  ;  6  inches  ;  flowers  blue,  in  July ;  Chili  ; 
1824.  Variety  subccerulea  is  a  fine  free-flowering  variety,  with 


GARDEN    FLOWERS.  2/1 

pale  mauve-colored  flowers.     Variety  lanceolata  is  a  vigorous 
grower,  with  blue  flowers. 

NORWAY  SPRUCE.  See  ABIES  EXCELSA. 
NUPHAR.  [NymphaeaceJE.]  Hardy  water-plants,  with 
large  floating  leaves,  like  those  of  Nymphcea,  but  having 
yellow  flowers.  The  species  are  worth  cultivating.  The 
culture  of  them  is  in  all  respects  the  same  as  that  of  Nym- 
phoea. 

N.  advena  (stranger)  ;  hardy  aquatic  perennial,  floating ; 
flowers  yellow,  in  July;  North  America;  1772.  N.  Kalmiana 
(Kalm's) ;  hardy  aquatic  perennial,  floating  ;  flowers  yellow,  in 
July;  Canada;  1807.  N.  httea  (yellow) ;  hardy  aquatic  peren- 
nial, floating  ;  flowers  yellow,  in  June  ;  England.  N.  pumila 
(dwarf);  hardy  aquatic  perennial,  floating;  flowers  yellow,  in  July; 
England.  N.  sagittce folia  (arrow-leaved) ;  hardy  aquatic  peren- 
nial, floating  ;  flowers  yellow,  in  July  ;  North  America ;  1824. 

NYCTERINIA.  [Scrophularineas.]  Pretty  greenhouse  plants, 
requiring  to  be  grown  in  a  sandy  soil  of  peat  and  loam.  In- 
creased by  cuttings  or  seeds.  The  perennials  require  an 
airy  greenhouse,  and  care  in  watering.  The  annuals  to  be 
treated  as  half-hardy  annuals. 

N.  lychnidea  (lychnis-like) ;  greenhouse  evergreen  sub-shrub  ; 
i  foot ;  flowers  white  and  purple,  in  May ;  Cape.  N.  selaginoides 
(selago-like) ;  greenhouse  annual ;  9  inches  ;  flowers  white,  with 
yellow  eye,  in  summer  ;  Cape;  1854. 

NYMPHCEA.  Water-lily.  [Nymphasaceje.]  A  family  of 
beautiful  water-plants,  including  some  of  the  most  desirable 
for  cultivation  in  hardy  aquariums.  This  genus  includes 
several  stove  species,  as  well  as  the  hardy  ones  ;  of  which 
latter,  nearly  all  have  white  flowers.  The  plants  require  to 
be  planted  in  a  layer  of  rich  mud  at  the  bottom  of  the  water : 
and  so  that  there  is  room  enough  for  their  floating  foliage, 
they  need  little  other  attention.  One  of  the  best  ways  of 
fixing  the  rhizomes,  or  root-stocks,  is  to  plant  them  in  a- 


2/2  GARDEN    FLOWERS. 

common  wicker  basket  filled  with  mud,  the  basket  being 
dropped  into  the  water  where  the  plant  is  required.  The 
tender  kinds  have  to  be  planted  in  large  pots  or  pans,  which 
are  sunk  into  cisterns  of  water ;  and,  in  order  to  secure  the 
blooming  of  the  plants,  there  ought  to  be  provision  for  warm- 
ing the  water  in  the  cisterns  by  some  means  They  are  in- 
creased by  dividing  the  rhizomes.  Both  hardy  and  tender 
species  are  worth  growing. 

JV.  alba  (white) ;  hardy  aquatic  perennial,  floating  ;  flowers 
white,  in  June  ;  England.  N.  nitida  (shining) ;  hardy  aquatic 
perennial,  floating  ;  flowers  white,  in  July;  Siberia;  1809.  N. 
odorata  (sweet) ;  hardy  aquatic  perennial,  floating  ;  flowers  white, 
in  July;  North  America ;  1786.  N.  pygmaa  (pygmy);  half- 
hardy  aquatic  perennial,  floating  ;  flowers  white,  in  July  ;  China ; 
1805.  N.  reniformis  (kidney-shaped) ;  half-hardy  aquatic  peren- 
nial, floating  ;  flowers  white,  in  July  ;  Carolina;  1823. 

NYSSA.  Tupelo.  [Cornaceae.]  Hardy  trees,  with  orna- 
mental foliage,  which  turns  a  brilliant  red  in  the  autumn. 
Raised  from  seed,  which  should  be  sown  where  the  plants 
are  to  stand,  as  they  transplant  with  difficulty.  Soil,  moist 
loam. 

N.  multiflora  (many-flowered) ;  hardy  tree ;  20  feet ;  fruit 
purple,  in  autumn.  N.  uniflora  (single-flowered)  is  an  aquatic 
Southern  species. 


OAK.     See  QUERCUS. 
OATS  ANIMATED.     See  AVENA. 

OBELISCARIA.  [Compositae.]  Showy  hardy  perennials. 
They  require  the  same  treatment  as  Rudbeckia,  to  which 
they  are  allied. 

O.  columnaris  (columnar) ;  hardy  perennial ;  3  feet ;  flowers 
yellow,  in  August;  North  America;  1811.  O.  Drummondii 
(Drummond's) ;  hardy  perennial ;  3  feet ;  flowers  yellow  and 
black,  in  July  ;  North  America  ;  1836.  O.  pulcherrima  (pret- 
tiest) ;  hardy  perennial ;  3  feet ;  flowers  yellow  and  red,  in  Au- 
gust ;  Texas ;  1835. 

(ENOTHERA.  Evening-primrose.  [Onagraceae.]  Showy 
hardy  plants,  mostly  perennials  and  biennials,  with  a  few 
annuals.  The  annuals  require  to  be  sown  in  May,  where 
they  are  to  flower,  and  to  be  thinned  when  they  come  up ;  or 
they  may  be  sown  in  a  patch,  and  planted  out.  Common 
garden  soil.  The  biennial  and  perennial  kinds  should  be 
sown  in  patches,  and  planted  out  when  they  are  large  enough, 
wherever  they  are  to  bloom.  The  latter  grow  best  in  peaty 
soil,  and  especially  in  situations  where  they  are  not  subjected 
to  drought.  There  are  a  large  number  of  species.  Most 
of  the  old-fashioned  annual  (Enotheras  are  now  called 
Godetia. 

(E.  biennis  (biennial) ;  hardy  biennial ;  4  feet ;  flowers  yellow, 
in  July;    North   America;    1629.      (E.  Drummondii  (Drum- 
mond's) ;  half-hardy  perennial ;  i  foot ;  flowers  yellow,  in  July  ; 
Texas  ;    18533.     &•  Fraseri  (Eraser's) ;    hardy  perennial ;    18 
18  273 


2/4  GARDEN    FLOWERS. 

inches;  flowers  yellow,  in  June;  North  America;  1811.  CE. 
fruticosa  (shrubby) ;  hardy  perennial ;  3  feet ;  flowers  yellow,  in 
August ;  North  America ;  1737.  CE.  Lamarckiana  (Lamarck's); 
hardy  biennial ;  3  feet ;  flowers  bright-yellow,  very  large  ;  Texas  ; 
1860.  CE.  macrocarpa  (large-fruited) ;  hardy  perennial ;  6  inch- 
es ;  flowers  large  yellow,  in  June;  North  America ;  1811.  CE. 
Missouriensis  (Missouri)  ;  hardy  perennial ;  6  inches ;  flowers 
large  yellow,  in  June;  North  America;  1818.  CE.  odorata 
(sweet) ;  hardy  biennial ;  2  feet ;  flowers  yellow,  in  June  ;  South 
America ;  1790.  CE.  pumila  (dwarf) ;  hardy  perennial ;  6  inches  ; 
flowers  yellow,  in  July;  North  America;  1757.  CE.  speciosa 
(showy);  half-hardy  perennial ;  18  inches ;  flowers  white,  in  June  ; 
North  America;  1821.  CE.  taraxacifolia  (dandelion-leaved); 
hardy  perennial ;  9  inches  ;  flowers  yellow,  in  June  ;  Peru  ;  1822. 
CE.  tetraptera  (four-winged) ;  hardy  annual ;  i  foot ;  flowers 
white,  in  July  ;  Mexico  ;  1796. 

OLEASTER.     See  EL^EAGNUS. 

OMPHALODES.  [Boraginaceae.]  A  genus  containing  two 
favorite  plants,  —  the  annual  Venus's  Navel-wort,  and  the 
early  blooming  dwarf  O.  verna,  whose  pretty  little  bright 
blue  flowers  are  mistaken  by  persons  not  skilled  in  plants 
for  the  Forget-me-not,  a  very  different  thing.  Both  are  of 
the  easiest  culture.  The  perennial  will  increase  to  any  ex- 
tent by  division,  and,  when  once  planted,  need  not  be  dis- 
turbed for  years  ;  for,  within  moderate  limits,  the  larger  the 
patch  of  such  diminutive  subjects,  the  better.  It  is  very 
suitable  for  rock-work  which  is  not  too  dry  and  exposed.  The 
annual  may  be  sown  in  the  borders,  towards  the  end  of 
March,  and  again  in  May  for  a  succession,  and  requires  only 
good  garden  soil. 

.  O.  linifolia  (Venus's  Navel-wort) ;  hardy  annual  ;  I  foot ; 
flowers  white,  in  June  ;  Portugal ;  1 748.  O.  -verna  (spring) ; 
hardy  perennial ;  6  inches  ;  flowers  blue,  in  April ;  south  of  Eu- 
rope ;  1633. 

ONOBRYCHIS.     Saintfoin.     [Leguminosas.]    Hardy  peren- 


GARDEN    FLOWERS.  2/5 

nials.  Soil,  sandy  loam.  Increased  by  seeds.  Some  are 
pretty,  but  not  of  much  importance. 

ONONIS.  Restharrow.  [Leguminosae.]  A  genus  of  hardy 
and  half-hardy  perennials  and  annuals.  Some  of  the  sub- 
shrubby  species  are  suitable  for  large  rock-work.  Soil,  sandy 
loam.  Increased  by  seeds. 

ONOSMA.  [Boraginaceae.]  Perennial  herbs,  mostly  hardy, 
and  many  of  them  pretty  subjects  for  rock-work.  The  flow- 
ers are  tubularly  bell-shaped,  and  in  all  cases  yellow  or  yel- 
lowish. They  grow  best  on  dry  and  rather  sandy  soil,  such 
as  exposed  rockwork,  being  very  liable  to  rot  off  in  damp 
confined  places ;  and  the  tenderer  ones  need  protection  from 
wet  in  winter.  When  seeds  can  be  got,  they  make  the  best 
plants  :  they  should  be  sown  about  May,  either  in  pots  for 
subsequent  transplantation,  or  in  the  situations  where  they 
are  to  remain.  If  seeds  cannot  be  had,  they  must  be  in- 
creased by  cuttings  of  the  young  shoots,  planted  in  sandy 
soil,  and  placed  under  a  hand-glass. 

O.  echioides  (echium-like) ;  half-hardy  perennial ;  i  foot ;  flow- 
ers white,  in  April ;  south  of  Europe  ;  1683.  O.  Gmelini  (Gme- 
lin's) ;  hardy  perennial ;  i  foot  ;  flowers  straw-colored,  in  June  ; 
Altai;  1829.  O.  Orientale  (Eastern);  half-hardy  perennial; 
6  inches  ;  flowers  yellow,  in  May  ;  Levant ;  1752.  O.  polyphyl- 
lum  (many-leaved) ;  hardy  perennial ;  i  foot ;  flowers  pale-yel- 
low, in  July;  Tauria ;  1829.  O.  rupestre  (rock);  half-hardy 
perennial;  i  foot  ;  flowers  yellow,  in  May;  Caucasus;  1819. 
O.  setosum  (bristly) ;  hardy  perennial ;  i  foot ;  flowers  yellow,  in 
July  ;  Russia ;  1838.  O.  stelhdatum  (starred) ;  hardy  perennial ; 
6  inches  ;  flowers  yellow,  in  May;  Croatia;  1819. 

OPHELIA.  [Gentianaceae.]  A  pretty  annual.  Peat  bor- 
der. Seeds,  to  be  sown  in  heat  in  April ;  the  young  plants 
planted  out  in  May. 

O.  purpurascens  (purplish) ;  half-hardy  annual ;  9  inches ; 
flowers  purplish,  in  May  ;  East  Indies  ;  1836. 


276  GARDEN   FLOWERS. 

OPHIOPOGON.  [Liliaceae.]  Hardy  and  half-hardy  peren- 
nial. .Sandy  loam  and  peat.  Division. 

O.  Japonicus  (Japan) ;  half-hardy  perennial ;  i  foot ;  flowers 
pale-purple,  in  June  ;  Japan  ;  1784.  O.  spicatus  (spiked) ;  hardy 
perennial;  i  foot ;  flowers  violet,  in  October  ;  Nepaul ;  1821. 

These  plants  require  protection  in  the  Northern  States. 

ORIGANUM.  Marjoram.  [Lamiaceae.]  In  this  genus  of 
hardy  aromatic  herbs  are  included  two  pretty  greenhouse 
dwarf  shrubs,  which  are  excellent  window  plants.  They 
increase  by  cuttings,  and  grow  in  sandy  loam. . 

O.  Dictamnus  (Dittany  of  Crete) ;  half-hardy  sub-shrub ;  I 
foot ;  flowers  purple,  in  little  drooping  heads  like  hops,  in  July  ; 
Candia  ;  1551.  O.  Sipyleum  (Sipylian) ;  half-hardy  sub-shrub ; 
1 8  inches  ;  flowers  purple,  in  hop-like  heads,  in  July  ;  Levant ; 
1699. 

ORNITHOGALUM.  Star  of  Bethlehem.  [Liliaceee.]  An 
extensive  genus  of  bulbous  plants,  containing  about  a  score 
of  hardy  species,  and  about  twice  that  number  of  half-hardy 
ones.  The  flowers  are  star-like,  and,  in  the  majority  of  in- 
stances, white,  often  streaked  inside  or  out  with  green.  They 
grow  readily  in  rich,  light,  loamy  soil ;  the  hardy  ones  planted 
out  in  the  open  borders  or  in  beds,  and  the  tender  ones  pot- 
ted, and  kept  in  a  frame  or  on  a  shelf  in  a  cool  greenhouse. 
The  taller  species,  with  their  long  spikes  of  starry  flowers, 
are  very  ornamental.  They  all  increase  by  means  of  offsets, 
as  is  the  case  with  other  bulbs. 

O.  Arabicum  (Arabian) ;  half-hardy  bulb  ;  18  inches  ;  flowers 
white,  in  March;  Egypt;  1629.  O.  aureum  (golden);  green- 
house bulb  ;  i  foot ;  flowers  orange,  in  June  ;  Cape  ;  1790.  O. 
comosum  (tufted) ;  hardy  bulb  ;  6  inches  ;  flowers  white,  in  Ju- 
ly ;  Austria;  1596.  O:  corymbosum  (corymbose);  half-hardy 
bulb  ;  i  foot ;  flowers  white,  in  April ;  Peru  ;  1823.  O.  exscap- 
um  (stemless) ;  hardy  bulb  ;  6  inches  ;  flowers  white,  in  May ; 


GARDEN    FLOWERS.  2/7 

Italy;  1824.  0.  lacteum  (milk-white)  ;  half-hardy  bulb  ;  I  foot; 
flowers  white,  in  June  ;  Cape  ;  1796.  O.  marginatum  (mar- 
gined) ;  hardy  bulb  ;  9  inches  ;  flowers  greenish-white,  in  May  ; 
Asia;  1843.  O.  montaninn  (mountain) ;  hardy  bulb;  6  inches  ; 
flowers  white,  in  May;  Naples;  1824.  O.  Narbonense  (Nar- 
bonne) ;  hardy  bulb;  18  inches;  flowers  white,  in  July;  south 
of  Europe;  1810.  O.  niveum  (snowy) ;  half-hardy  bulb;  6 
inches;  flowers  white,  in  May;  Cape;  1774.  O.  odorattim 
(sweet);  half-hardy  bulb;  18  inches;  flowers  pale-yellow,  in 
May;  Cape;  1795.  O.  Pyramidale  (pyramidal) ;  hardy  bulb  ;  2 
feet ;  flowers  white,  in  June  ;  Spain  ;  1752.  O.  suaveolens  (fra- 
grant) ;  half-hardy  bulb  ;  6  inches  ;  flowers  white,  in  June  ; 
Cape  ;  1826.  O.  umbellatum  (umbelled) ;  hardy  bulb  ;  6  inches  ; 
flowers  white,  in  May  ;  England. 

There  are  numerous  other  species  deserving  of  cultivation. 

OROBUS.  Bitter  Vetch.  [Leguminosse.]  An  extensive 
family  of  hardy  perennials.  Common  light  deep  garden 
soil.  Increased  by  division. 

O.  atropurpureus  (dark-purple) ;  hardy  perennial ;  I  foot ; 
flowers  deep-purple,  in  May;  Algiers;  1826.  O.  aurantius 
(orange) ;  hardy  perennial ;  18  inches  ;  flowers  yellow,  in  June  ; 
Iberia  ;  1818.  O.  formosus  (showy) ;  hardy  perennial ;  9  inches  ; 
flowers  purple,  in  June  ;  Caucasus  ;  1818.  O.  vernus  (spring) ; 
hardy  perennial ;  i  foot ;  flowers  purple,  in  May  ;  Europe  ;  1629. 

OSAGE  ORANGE.     See  MACLURA. 

ORNUS.  Floivering  Ash.  [Oleaceae.]  Hardy  deciduous 
trees,  with  white  flowers.  Common  garden  soil.  Propa- 
gated by  seeds. 

O.  Americana  (American) ;  30  feet ;  flowers  in  May  ;  North 
America  ;  1820.  O.  Europcea  (European) ;  20  feet ;  flowers  in 
May;  Italy;  1730.  O. floribunda  (bundle-flowered);  30  feet; 
Nepaul ;  1822.  O.  rotundifolia  (round-leaved);  16  feet;  flow- 
ers in  May;  Italy;  1697.  O.  striata  (channelled);  30  feet; 
flowers  in  April ;  North  America  ;  1818. 

OXYDENDRUM.     See  ANDROMEDA. 


2/8  GARDEN    FLOWERS. 

OSTRYA.  Hop  Hornbeam.  [Corylaceae.]  Hardy  decidu- 
ous small  trees,  with  fine  foliage  and  ornamental  fruit.  In- 
creased by  seeds,  and  grafting  on  common  Hornbeam.  Rich 
deep  moist  soil. 

O.  Virginica  (Virginian) ;  20  feet ;  flowers  in  May  ;  North 
America;  1622.  O.  vulgaris  (common);  20  feet;  flowers  in 
May;  Italy;  1724. 

OSWEGO  TEA.     Monarda  didyma. 

OXYTROPIS.  [Leguminosse.]  A  family  of  mostly  hardy 
plants  from  Siberia,  allied  to  Astragalus.  Soil,  sandy  loam. 
Propagated  by  seeds  sown  where  the  plants  are  to  remain, 
as  they  transplant  badly.  There  are  some  forty  species. 

OXYURA.  [Compositae.]  A  pretty  showy  chrysanthemum- 
like  annual.  Sow  in  the  open  border  in  May,  and  thin  out 
the  plants. 

O.  chrysanthemoides  (chrysanthemum-like) ;  hardy  annual ;  1 8 
inches  ;  flowers  yellow  and  white,  in  July ;  California  ;  1834. 


P^EONIA.  [Ranunculaceae.]  Very  showy  plants,  of  easy 
culture  in  deep  rich  loam.  Propagated  by  division,  if 
herbaceous;  if  tree,  or  Moutan,  by  division,  grafting,  cut- 
tings of  the  young  shoots  in  spring,  by  layers  and  suckers, 
by  layering  the  young  shoots  after  ringing-round  each  bud 
so  that  each  bud  forms  a  plant.  The  shrubby  species  are 
sometimes  called  Moutan  (which  see).  All  the  species  are 
desirable,  and  few  plants  are  more  showy  in  the  garden  and 
shrubbery. 

HARDY  SHRUBS.  —  P.  Moutan  (Chinese-tree) ;  3  feet ;  flowers 
purple,  in  May;  China;  1789.     P.  albida-plena  (double-white); 

2  feet ;  flowers  white,  in  May ;  China.     P.  Anneslei  (Annesley's) ; 

3  feet ;  flowers  pink,  in  May  ;  China.     P.  atropurpurea  (dark- 
purple-flowered) ;  4  feet;  flowers  purple,  in  May;  China;  1846. 
P.  Banksii  (Banks's) ;  3  feet ;  flowers  purple,  in  May  ;  China  ; 
1 794.     P.  carnea-plena  (double-flesh-colored) ;  2  feet ;  flowers  in 
May ;  China.     P.  globosa  (globular-flowered) ;  3  feet ;  flesh-color, 
flowers  white  and  purple,  in  May;   Shanghae ;  1845.     P.lilac- 
ina  (lilac-colored) ;  3  feet ;  flowers  lilac,  in  May  ;  China  ;  1845. 
P.  Humei  (Hume's) ;  2  feet ;  flowers  purple,  in  May ;  China ; 
1817.     P.  papaveracea  (poppy-like);  3  feet;  flowers  white,  in 
May  ;    China ;  1 789.      P.  parviflora  (small-flowered) ;   3  feet ; 
flowers  pale-rose,  in  May;  Shanghae  ;  1845.     P-  Picta  (painted); 
3  feet ;  flowers  pale  and  deep  rose-striped,  in  May ;  Canton ; 
1845.     P.  Rawesii  (Rawes's) ;  2  feet ;  flowers  pale-pink,  in  May ; 
China;  1820.     P.  rosea  (rosy);  3  feet;  flowers  pink,  in  May; 
China.     P.  rosea-plena  (double- rose) ;   2  feet ;   flowers  red,  in 
May;   China;  1804.     P.  rosea-semi-plena  (semi-double  rose); 

279 


28O  GARDEN    FLOWERS. 

2  feet ;  flowers  red,  in  May ;  China ;  1 794.  P.  sa/monea^salmon- 
colored) ;  3  feet;  flowers  pale-salmon,  in  May;  China;  1846. 
P.  speciosa  (showy) ;  2  feet ;  flowers  pink,  in  May;  China ;  1825. 
P.  Alexander  II.  is  a  very  large  rich  rosy-red  variety  ;  hybrid  ; 
1860.  P.  glorie  Belgarum  is  the  largest  Peony  known  ;  flowers 
very  double,  crimson  ;  hybrid  ;  1857. 

HARDY  HERBACEOUS.  —  P.  albiflora  (white-flowered) ;  2  feet ; 
flowers  white,  in  May;  Siberia;  1548.  P.  albiflora  Candida 
(white) ;  2  feet ;  flowers  flesh-color,  in  May  ;  Siberia.  P.  albi- 
flora festa  (pleasant) ;  2  feet ;  flowers  white  and  pink,  in  June. 
P.  albiflora  fragrans  (fragrant) ;  2  feet ;  flowers,  red  in  May ; 
China;  1805.  P.  albiflora  Humei  (Hume's  double-crimson);  2 
feet;  flowers  red,  in  May;  China;  1808.  P.  albiflora  Pottsii 
(Potts's) ;  3  feet;  flowers  crimson,  in  June;  China;  1822.  P. 
albiflora  Reevesii  (Reeves's  double);  2  feet;  flowers  pink,  in 
June;  China;  1822.  P.  albiflora  rubescens  (ruddy);  2  feet; 
flowers  pink,  in  May  ;  Siberia.  P.  albiflora  Siberica  (Siberian) ; 
2  feet ;  flowers  white,  in  May ;  Siberia.  P.  albiflora  Tatar ica 
'Tartarian) ;  2  feet ;  flowers  flesh-color,  in  May ;  Siberia.  P. 
albiflora  uniflora  (single-flowered) ;  2  feet ;  flowers  pink,  in  May; 
Siberia.  P.  albiflora  vestalis  (virgin) ;  2  feet ;  flowers  white,  in 
May ;  Siberia.  P.  albiflora  Whitleji  (Whitley's  double-white) ; 
2  feet ;  flowers  blush,  in  May ;  China  ;  1808.  P.  anomala  (anom- 
alous);  18  inches;  flowers  crimson,  in  May;  Siberia;  1788. 
P.  arietina  (ram) ;  2  feet ;  flowers  purple  ;  Levant.  P.  arietina 
Andersonii  (Anderson's) ;  flowers  rose,  in  June.  P.  arietina 
Oxoniensis  (Oxford) ;  2  feet ;  flowers  pale-blush,  in  June.  P. 
Brownti  (Brown's) ;  flowers  red,  in  May  ;  North  America  ;  1826. 
P.  corallina  (coralline) ;  3  feet ;  flowers  crimson,  in  May  ;  Eng- 
land. P.  Corsica  (Corsican) ;  flowers  purple,  in  June  ;  Corsica. 
P.  Cretica  (Cretan) ;  2  feet ;  flowers  white,  in  May  ;  Crete.  P. 
decora  (comely) ;  2  feet ;  flowers  purple,  in  May ;  Turkey.  P. 
decora  elatior  (taller) ;  2  feet ;  flowers  purple,  in  May  ;  Crimea. 
P.  decora  Pallasii  (Pallas's) ;  2  feet ;  flowers  purple,  in  May ; 
Crimea.  P.  humilis  (dwarf) ;  2  feet ;  flowers  purple,  in  May ; 
Spain  ;  1633.  P.  hybrida  (hybrid) ;  2  feet ;  flowers  red,  in  May; 
Siberia.  P.  lobata  (lobed) ;  2  feet ;  flowers  purple,  in  May ; 


GARDEN    FLOWERS.  28 1 

Spain;  1821.  P.  mollis  (soft);  18  inches;  flowers  purple,  in 
May ;  Siberia.  P.  officinalis  (shop) ;  3  feet ;  flowers  red,  in 
May  ;  Europe  ;  1548.  P.  officinalis  albicans  (whitening);  3  feet ; 
flowers  white,  in  May.  P.  officinalis  anemoniflora  (anemone- 
flowered) ;  3  feet;  flowers  pink,  in  May;  1830.  P.  officinalis 
Baxteri  (Baxter's) ;  3  feet ;  flowers  crimson  ;  Oxford.  P.  offici- 
nalis blanda  (bland) ;  3  feet ;  flowers  white,  in  May.  P.  offici- 
nalis canescens  (hoary) ;  3  feet ;  flowers  white,  in  May.  P.  offi- 
cinalis multipetala  (many-petaled) ;  3  feet ;  flowers  crimson,  in 
May.  P.  officinalis  rosea  (rosy) ;  3  feet ;  flowers  red,  in  May. 
P.  officinalis  rubra  (double-red);  3  feet;  flowers  red,  in  May. 
P.  officinalis  -variegata  (variegated-leaved) ;  3  feet ;  flowers  crim- 
son, in  June.  P.  paradoxa  (paradoxical) ;  2  feet ;  flowers  pur- 
ple, in  May ;  Levant.  P.  paradoxa  compacta  (compact) ;  2  feet ; 
flowers  purple,  in  May.  P.  paradoxa  fimbriata  (double-fringed) ; 

2  feet ;  flowers  purple,  in  May.     P.  paradoxa  Grevillii  (Gre- 
ville's) ;  2  feet ;  flowers  purple,  in  May.     P.  paradoxa  peregrina 
(straggling) ;  2  feet ;   flowers  dark-purple,  in  May.     P.  pubens 
(downy) ;  2  feet ;  flowers  red,  in  May.     P,  Reevesiana  (Reeves's) 

3  feet;  flowers  crimson,  in  May;  China.     P.  Russi  (Russ's); 
2  feet ;  flowers  crimson,  in  May ;  Sicily.     P.  simpliciflora  (sim- 
ple-flowered) ;    flowers   red,   in    May ;    Levant.      P.   tenuifolia 
(fine-leaved);  18  inches;  flowers  red,  in  May;  Siberia;  1765. 
P.  tenuifolia  flore-pleno  (double-flowered);  18  inches;  flowers 
red,  in  May;    Russia;    1831.      P.  tenuifolia   latifolia  (broad- 
leaved)  ;  2  feet ;  flowers  crimson,  in  June.     P.  triternata  (thrice- 
three-leafleted) ;  3  feet;  flowers  purple,  in  May;  Siberia;  1790. 
P.  villosa  (shaggy) ;  2  feet ;  flowers  red,  in  May ;  south  of  Eu- 
rope ;   1816.     P,   Witmanniana  (VVitmann's) ;    2  feet;   flowers 
greenish-yellow,  in  May;  Abcharia  ;  1842. 

For  new  varieties,  which  are  constantly  produced,  consult 
the  latest  florist  catalogues. 

PALAFOXIA.  [Composite.]  Annuals  and  herbaceous  per- 
ennials, thriving  in  sandy  loam,  and  propagated  by  seeds 
and  division.  P.  linearis  is  tender. 

P.  fastigiata  (tapering) ;  hardy  perennial ;  flowers  white,  in 


282  GARDEN   FLOWERS. 

August;  North  America;  1823.  P.  linearis  (narrow-leaved); 
tender  perennial  ;  flowers  white,  in  June  ;  Mexico  ;  1821.  P. 
Jexana  (Texan) ;  hardy  annual ;  flowers  brownish-red,  in  Au- 
gust ;  Texas ;  1850. 

PALMA  CHRISTI.     See  RICINUS. 

PANSY.     See  VIOLA. 

PAPAVER.  Poppy.  [Papaveraceae.]  A  genus  of  hardy 
plants,  containing  many  weeds  and  some  showy  species  :  it 
comprises  perennials,  biennials,  and  annuals.  Of  the  latter, 
the  double-flowered  varieties,  sometimes  known  as  Carnation 
and  Picotee  Poppies,  are  the  most  worthy  of  cultivation,  and 
these  are  really  gay  as  well  as  stately  plants  :  besides  which, 
if  colors  have  any  charm  in  a  garden,  it  is  almost  impossible 
to  enumerate  the  different  tints  that  a  pinch  of  good  seed 
will  produce.  These  annual  kinds  will  overrun  a  garden  if 
the  pods  of  seed  are  not  removed  before  ripening.  For 
mixed  or  shrubbery  borders,  this  may  be  no  objection,  as 
plants  can  be  left  where  there  is  space  for  them,  and  the  rest 
hoed  up ;  but,  in  the  more  neatly  kept  parts  of  a  garden,  this 
scattering  of  the  seed  should  be  prevented,  and  a  supply  of 
plants  raised  by  special  sowing.  The  seeds  may  be  sown  in 
May,  in  patches  where  they  are  to  grow,  and  thinned  out  to 
three  or  four  strong  plants  in  a  patch  ;  or,  if  more  convenient, 
they  may  be  sown  thinly  in  any  open  place  out  of  the  way, 
and,  when  large  enough,  planted  in  the  borders  and  beds 
where  they  are  wanted.  Any  plants  which  show  flowers  at 
all  secondary  in  quality  should  be  pulled  up  immediately, 
and  none  be  left  in  the  ground  but  very  double  and  very 
pretty  ones  ;  the  seed  from  these,  or  from  the  most  beauti- 
ful of  them,  will  give  good  varieties  another  year.  The  per- 
ennials want  no  culture,  but  to  be  planted  in  good  garden 
soil,  and  left  undisturbed  :  they  increase  by  seeds  or  by 
division. 


GARDEN    FLOWERS.  283 

P.  Alpinum  (Alpine);  hardy  perennial;  9  inches;  flowers 
white,  in  July;  Austria;  1759.  P.  amcenum  (lovely);  hardy 
annual;  2  feet ;  flowers  red  and  white,  in  June;  India;  1830. 
P.  bracteatum  (bracted) ;  hardy  perennial ;  3  feet ;  flowers  scar- 
let, very  showy,  in  May ;  Siberia ;  1817.  P.  croceum  (saf- 
fron) ;  hardy  perennial ;  I  foot ;  flowers  copper-color,  in  May ; 
Altai;  1829.  P.  midicaule  (naked-stemmed) ;  hardy  perennial; 
1 8  inches  ;  flowers  yellow,  in  July  ;  Siberia  ;  1730.  P.  Orientate 
(Eastern);  hardy  perennial ;  3  feet ;  flowers  scarlet,  very  showy, 
in  May  ;  Armenia  51714.  P.  Rhaas  (common  corn) ;  hardy  an- 
nual ;  2  feet.  The  garden  double-flowered  varieties  of  this  plant 
are  very  gay,  of  almost  every  color,  red  predominating,  and  va- 
riously variegated,  and  with  the  petals  smooth-edged.  P.  somni- 
fenim  (opium-bearing) ;  hardy  annual ;  3  to  4  feet.  Of  this  the 
double  varieties  only  are  desirable  for  gardens.  They  are  of 
stately  aspect,  and  very  handsome ;  but  differ  from  the  last  in 
being  formed  of  a  mass  of  small  narrow  petals  or  larger  cut- 
edged  ones.  The  colors  are  various,  chiefly  shades  of  red,  pur- 
ple, white,  and  blotched. 

PAPER  MULBERRY.     See  BROUSSONETIA. 

PARNASSIA.  [Hypericaceae.]  Pretty  dwarf  herbaceous  per- 
ennials. Damp  peaty  soil.  Propagated  by  division  or  by 
seeds. 

P.  asarifolia  (asarum-leaved) ;  hardy  perennial ;  6  inches  ; 
flowers  white,  in  July  ;  North  America;  1812.  P.  Caroliniana 
(Carolina) ;  hardy  perennial ;  9  inches  ;  flowers  white,  in  May ; 
North  America  ;  1802.  P.  palustris  (marsh) ;  hardy  perennial ; 
9  inches  ;  flowers  white,  in  July  ;  Britain  ;  North  America. 

PASQUE-FLOWER.     See  ANEMONE. 

PAULOWNIA.  [Scrophularineae.]  A  fine  deciduous  tree 
allied  to  Catalpa,  scarcely  hardy  in  New  England,  except  in 
the  most  favored  spots,  in  consequence  of  its  producing  very 
robust  shoots,  which  seldom  ripen ;  but  doing  well  south  of 
New  York.  Its  large  bunches  of  trumpet-shaped  purplish  < 
flowers  are  very  handsome.  It  should  be  planted  in  a  dry 


284  GARDEN    FLOWERS. 

soil,  and  in  warm  situations,  where  its  vigorous  shoots  may 
be  well  ripened  annually.  Increased  by  layers,  cuttings  of 
the  young  shoots,  and  seeds. 

P.  imperialis  (imperial) ;  hardy  tree  ;  25  feet ;  flowers  purplish, 
in  May  ;  Japan  ;  1840. 

PAVIA.  [Sapindaceae.]  A  small  group  of  the  Horse- 
chestnut  family,  consisting  of  handsome  flowering  trees  of 
the  smaller  class.  They  grow  in  any  deep  lightish  garden 
soil,  and  are  usually  increased  by  grafting  on  the  common 
Horse-chestnut,  or  by  layers. 

/*.  discolor  (two-colored) ;  hardy  shrub ;  4  feet ;  flowers  red 
and  yellow,  in  June  ;  North  America  ;  1812.  P.  macrostachya 
(large-spiked) ;  hardy  shrub  ;  6  feet ;  flowers  white,  in  July  ; 
North  America;  1820.  P.  rubra  (red);  hardy  shrub;  6  feet ; 
flowers  red,  in  June;  North  America;  1711.  The  varieties 
humilis  and  humilis  penditla,  both  red-flowered,  are  desirable. 
These  are  selected  on  account  of  their  small  size. 

PEA  SWEET.     See  LATHYRUS. 

PEACH.     See  PERSICA. 

PEDICULARIS.  Lousewort.  [Scrophularineas.]  Hardy 
and  half-hardy  perennials,  often  very  handsome,  but  not 
very  easily  grown.  Damp  peaty  soil.  Increased  by  seeds. 
Many  species  have  been  introduced.  There  are  in  all  about 
thirty  species,  but  the  plants  are  not  common  in  gardens. 

PELARGONIUM.  [Geraniaceas.]  A  very  large  family  of 
beautiful  plants.  The  only  ones  however  which  call  for  our 
attention  in  connection  with  the  flower-garden  are  the  Scar- 
let Geraniums,  so  called,  so  popular  for  summer  bedding. 
They  require  ordinary  greenhouse  treatment  in  the  winter, 
or  will  survive  in  a  warm,  light  cellar.  The  varieties  are 
changing  every  year,  and  florists'  catalogues  will  afford  a  fine 
collection  of  the  various  colors  of  red,  pink,  and  white ;  and 
also  fine  variegated-leaved  kinds.  These  kinds  have  sprung 


GARDEN   FLOWERS.  285 

from  P.  Bentinckianum,  inguinans,  zonale,  and  others  of  the 
same  character. 

PENNISETUM.  [Gramineae.]  A  family  of  ornamental 
grasses,  succeeding  in  any  soil  from  spring-sown  seeds. 

P.  villosum  (hairy). ;  hardy  annual ;  apetalous  ;  Brazil. 

PENTHORUM.  [Crassulaceae.]  Hardy  succulent-leaved  per- 
ennials. Common  soil.  Increased  by  division. 

P.  sedoides  (sedum-like) ;  hardy  perennial ;  I  foot ;  flowers 
yellow,  in  July ;  North  America ;  1768. 

PENTSTEMON.  [Scrophularineae.]  A  large  genus  of  hardy 
or  half-hardy  herbaceous  perennials,  sometimes  sub-shrubby  ; 
among  the  most  ornamental  of  summer-flowering  plants. 
The  best  kinds  for  the  flower-garden  are  the  varieties  of  P. 
Hartwegii,  often  called  gentianoides,  which  is  sub-shrubby, 
propagates  freely  by  cuttings,  and  blooms  most  profusely 
from  August  onwards  till  severe  frost  occurs.  It  should  be 
wintered  in  cold  frames,  and  planted  out  in  spring.  They 
may  all  be  propagated  by  seeds  or  cuttings,  less  freely  by 
division,  according  to  their  peculiar  habits  of  growth ;  and 
require  to  be  planted  in  a  moderately  rich  light  loamy  soil 
to  attain  their  full  beauty,  which  is  very  considerable.  Most 
of  those  marked  half-hardy  perennials  which  are  not  sub- 
shrubby,  survive  over  winters,  in  favorable  situations,  and 
protected  against  excessive  wet.  It  is,  however,  safer  to 
shelter  them  in  cold  frames.  They  also  survive  better  where 
there  is  a  keen  pure  air. 

P.  atropurpureus  (dark-purple) ;  half-hardy  sub-shrubby  pe- 
rennial ;  2  feet ;  flowers  deep  rose-purple,  in  July ;  Mexico  ; 
1827.  P.  azureus  (azure) ;  half-hardy  perennial ;  2  feet;  flowers 
blue,  in  June  ;  Mexico  ;  1848.  P.  baccharifolius  (baccharis- 
leaved) ;  half-hardy  perennial,  or  perhaps  biennial;  18  inches; 
flowers  scarlet,  in  August ;  Texas  ;  1851.  P.  barbatus  (bearded) ; 
hardy  perennial ;  3  feet ;  flowers  light  scarlet,  in  July  ;  Mexico  ; 


286  GARDEN    FLOWERS. 

1794;  often  called  Chelone.  P.  campanulatus  (bell-flowered); 
half-hardy  sub-shrubby  perennial ;  2  feet ;  flowers  light  rose- 
purple,  in  July  ;  Mexico;  1794.  P.centrant/tiyotius(centra.nihus- 
leaved) ;  hardy  perennial ;  3  feet ;  flowers  deep  scarlet,  in  July  ; 
California  ;  1 834 ;  often  called  Chelone.  P.  cobcea  (coboea-flow- 
ered) ;  half-hardy  perennial ;  18  inches  ;  flowers  white  and  rose, 
in  August;  Texas;  1835.  f-  crassifolius  (thick-leaved);  half- 
hardy  sub-shrubby  perennial ;  i  foot ;  flowers  blue,  in  June  ; 
North  America  ;  P.  cyananthus  (blue) ;  half-hardy  perennial  ;  3 
feet;  flowers  deep-blue,  in  July  ;  Rocky  Mountains;  1849.  P. 
diffusus  (diffuse) ;  hardy  perennial ;  2  feet ;  flowers  light-purple, 
in  July  ;  North  America  ;  1826.  P.  digitalis  (foxglove-like) ; 
hardy  perennial ;  2  feet ;  flowers  whitish,  in  July  ;  Arkansas  ; 
1824.  P.  Gordoni  (Gordon's) ;  half-hardy  perennial  ;  2  feet ; 
flowers  light-blue,  in  June  ;  Rocky  Mountains  ;  1845.  P.Harl- 
ivegii  (Hartweg's) ;  half-hardy  sub-shrubby  perennial  ;  2  feet ; 
flowers  reddish-purple,  in  July  ;  Mexico  ;  1825.  Of  this  beauti- 
ful and  useful  plant,  there  are  numerous  garden  varieties  ;  the 
most  distinct  are  :  dibits,  creamy  white  ;  coccineus,  scarlet ;  di- 
aphanus,  rosy  ;  McEwent,  rose  ;  Salteri,  white,  bordered  with 
rose  ;  Verplankii,  rose.  P.  heterophyllum  (various-leaved) ; 
half-hardy  sub-shrubby  perennial  ;  flowers  rose-color,  in  July  ; 
California  ;  1834.  P.  miniatus  (vermilion)  ;  half-hardy  sub- 
shrubby  perennial ;  i  foot ;  flowers  vermilion,  in  July  ;  Mexico; 
1846.  P.  Murrayanum  (Murray's) ;  half-hardy  perennial ;  3 
feet ;  flowers  scarlet,  in  August ;  Texas :  1835.  f-  ovatus 
(ovate) ;  hardy  perennial ;  2^  feet  ;  flowers  deep-blue,  in  July  ; 
North  America  ;  1826.  P.  roseus  (rosy) ;  half-hardy  sub-shrubby 
perennial;  2  feet;  flowers  rose,  in  July;  Mexico;  1825.  P. 
speciosus  (showy) ;  half-hardy  perennial ;  3  feet ;  flowers  light 
blue,  in  July  ;  North  America  ;  1827.  P.  Wrightii  (Wright's) ; 
half-hardy  perennial ;  2  feet ;  flowers  rich  deep-rose,  in  June ; 
Texas;  1851. 

All  the  other  species  are  worth  growing  where  there  is 
space  for  them. 

PERILLA.     ^Lamiaceae.]      Half-hardy   annuals,   valuable 


GARDEN    FLOWERS.  287 

for  their  dark  foliage.  Light  garden  soil.  Increased  by 
seeds. 

P.  Nankinensis  (Nankin);  half-hardy  annual;  18  inches; 
purple  leaves  ;  China  ;  1852. 

P.  ocymoides  and  fruticosa  are  not  of  much  cultural  value. 

PERIPLOCA.  [Asclepiadaceas.]  Hardy  deciduous  climbers, 
with  glossy  ornamental  foliage.  Loamy  soil.  Increased  by 
layers  and  cuttings. 

P.  angustifolia  (narrow-leaved) ;  hardy  twining  shrub  ;  6  feet ; 
flowers  purplish,  in  July;  south  of  Europe  ;  1800.  P.  Groeca 
(Greek);  hardy  twining  shrub  ;  12  feet ;  flowers  purplish-brown, 
in  July  ;  Syria;  1597. 

PERIWINKLE.     See  VINCA. 

PERSICA.  Peach.  [Amygdalaceae.]  A  well-known  genus, 
containing  some  beautiful  flowering  shrubs.  Good  garden 
soil.  Propagated  by  budding. 

P.  vulgaris  (common) ;  of  this  there  are  the  following  fine  va- 
rieties, — flore  plena  (double-flowered,  white  and  pink) ;  foliis 
variegatis  (variegated-leaved) ;  pendula  (weeping) ;  sanguined 
plena  (double  red) ;  camilliaflora  (rich  deep  crimson  double 
flowers,  China,  1 847) ;  rosaeflora  (deep  rose  double  flowers, 
China,  1848). 

PERSICARIA.     See  POLYGONUM. 

PETASITES.  [Composite.]  Hardy  herbaceous  perennial, 
growing  in  common  soil,  and  increased  by  division. 

P.  alba  (white) ;  hardy  perennial ;  9  inches ;  flowers  white,  in 
May  ;  Europe  ;  1683. 

PETUNIA.  [Solanaceae.]  Showy,  soft-stemmed,  shrubby 
perennials,  closely  allied  to  Nierembergia.  The  garden  Pe- 
tunias have  sprung  from  P.  nyctaginiflora  and  violacea  ;  the 
latter,  in  its  original  form,  one  of  the  richest  of  all  plants 
for  bedding  out  in  the  flower-garden,  owing  to  its  brilliant 
color.  There  are,  however,  few  families  in  which  cultivation 


288  GARDEN   FLOWERS. 

has  effected  such  a  revolution  as  in  this  ;  for  from  the  flimsy 
flowers  of  the  old  white,  and  the  pointed  blossoms  of  the 
old  purple,  have  been  produced  flowers  of  circular  outline, 
with  thick  corollas,  and  fluctuating  beautiful  colors.  Petu- 
nias are  propagated  either  by  seed  or  cuttings.  Seeds  may 
be  sown  in  March,  on  a  hot-bed,  and  the  plants  treated  as 
half-hardy  annuals.  Cuttings  strike  freely  placed  in  a  frame, 
with  bottom  heat :  they  should  be  planted  in  March  and 
April,  being  obtained  from  old  plants  placed  in  heat,  and 
from  the  tops  of  the  earlier-planted  cuttings,  if  a  supply  of 
young  plants  was  not  provided  the  previous  autumn.  The 
young  plants  require  to  be  separately  potted,  hardened  in  a 
cold  frame,  and  planted  out  in  May,  when  the  danger  of 
frost  is  passed.  A  few  plants  should  be  kept  in  pots,  rather 
stunted,  for  preservation  through  the  winter  in  order  to  sup- 
ply cuttings  in  spring  ;  or  young  plants  may  be  struck  in 
August,  and  well  hardened,  and  kept  in  the  greenhouse  on 
an  airy  shelf  through  the  winter :  such  plants  will,  if  vigor- 
ous and  healthy,  bloom  earlier  than  spring  cuttings.  For 
this  reason,  a  supply,  more  or  less  abundant,  should  always 
be  struck  at  the  end  of  the  summer  to  keep  over  for  plant- 
ing out  in  spring. 

P.  nyctaginiflora  (large-flowered) ;  half-hardy  perennial ;  18 
inches;  flowers  white,  in  June;  La  Plata;  1823.  P.  violacea 
(violaceous) ;  half-hardy  perennial  ;  18  inches  ;  flowers  rose-pur- 
ple, in  June  ;  Buenos  Ayres;  1831.  This  is  sometimes  called 
P.  Phcenicea. 

The  names  of  the  florists'  varieties  are  arbitrary.  Fine 
varieties  may  be  selected  from  florists'  catalogues.  The 
double  varieties  are  better  fitted  for  the  greenhouse  than  the 
garden. 

PHACA.  [Leguminosae.]  Hardy  herbaceous  perennials. 
Soil,  sandy  loam,  Increased  by  seeds  or  division.  The 


GARDEN    FLOWERS.  289 

species   are  Alpina,  arenaria,  astragalina,  exaltata,  frigida, 
lutea,  Lapponica,  oroboides,  trumgularis,  and  many  others. 

PHACELIA.  [Hydrophyllaceae.]  Pretty  annuals,  of  the 
easiest  culture  in  the  open  ground  ;  the  seeds  being  sown  in 
May.  There  are  some  unimportant  perennials. 

P.  congesta  (crowded) ;  hardy  annual ;  r  foot ;  flowers  purple, 
in  June  ;  Texas  ;  1835.  P.  fimbriata  (fringed) ;  hardy  annual ; 
i  foot ;  flowers  white  and  lilac,  i-n  June  ;  North  America  ;  1840. 
P.  tanacetifolia  (tansy-leaved) ;  hardy  annual ;  1 8  inches  ;  flow- 
ers blue-lilac,  in  June;  California;  1832.  P.  vinifolia  vine- 
leaved)  ;  hardy  annual  -T  18-  inches  ;  flowers  light-blue,  in  Sep- 
tember ;  Texas  ;  1834. 

PHALANGIUM.  [Liiiaceae.]  Half-hardy  herbaceous  per- 
ennials, with  pretty  blossoms.  Common  soil.  Increased 
by  division. 

P.  Liliago  (grass-leaved) ;  half-hardy  perennial ;  i  foot ;  flow- 
ers white,  in  May;  south  of  Europe  ;  1596. 

PHALARIS.  [Graminaceae.]  Hardy  annuals.  Common 
soil.  Increased  by  seeds.  P.  Canariensis  produces  the 
canary  seed.  The  other  species  are  P.  appendiculata  and 
commutata- 

PHARBITIS.  Gay-bine.  [Convolvulacese.]  Annual  and 
perennial  twiners  of  graceful  habit,  with  extremely  gay  flow- 
ers. Some  of  the  species  are  tender ;  others  may  be  treated 
as  half-hardy  annual's.  The  genus  contains  the  well-known 
Convolvulus  major,  the  plants  commonly  grown  under  that 
name  including  the  varieties  of  P.  hispida,  Nil',  hederacea, 
and  perhaps  some  others.  The  colors  of  the  Convolvulus 
major  are  varied  :  deep-purple,  violet,  light-blue,  white,  pale- 
rose,  deep  rose-crimson,  and  blue  and  white  striped.  This 
convolvulus  should  be  sown  in  May,  in  patches,  round  a 
post  or  pillar,  or  at  the  foot  of  a  stump  of  a  tree,  or  where 
it  can  be  provided  with  tall  branchy  stakes  on  which  to 
19 


2QO  GARDEN    FLOWERS. 

twine,  for  the  plant  will  grow  ten  feet  high,  and  in  season  be 
covered  with  bloom  ;  it  is,  however,  characteristic  of  the 
plant  to  close  its  flowers  during  rains  or  in  very  cloudy 
weather,  and  at  the  approach  of  night.  The  varieties  seed 
freely ;  but  as  the  seeds  soon  shed  after  ripening,  a  good 
look-out  must  be  kept  for  the  pods.  They  may  also  be  sown 
in  pots  in  March,  and  kept  in  frames  till  May,  and  then 
planted  out.  They  like  a  light  rich  soil.  The  other  annual 
species  require  exactly  the  same  management.  A  strong 
growing,  somewhat  shrubby  species,  P.  Learn,  is  too  hand- 
some to  be  here  omitted,  though  it  requires  a  stove  or  warm 
greenhouse  ;  it  is  a  plant  which  grows  and  flowers  well,  pro- 
vided it  has  room  to  extend  its  branches,  and  nourishment 
to  support  them.  It  likes  a  strong,  rich,  loamy  compost. 

P,  barbata  (bearded) ;  hardy  twining  annual ;  10  feet ;  flow- 
ers blue,  in  July;  Virginia;  1729.  P.  diversifolia  (various- 
leaved)  ;  greenhouse  twining  annual ;  6  feet ;  flowers  blue,  in 
June;  Mexico;  1836.  P.  hederacea  (ivy-leaved) ;  half-hardy 
twining  annual ;  10  feet ;  flowers  deep-blue,  in  July  ;  America  ; 
1729.  P.  hispida  (rough) ;  half-hardy  twining  annual ;  10  feet ; 
flowers  various,  in  June  ;  South  America ;  1629.  P.  Learii 
(Lear's) ;  stove  or  greenhouse  shrub  ;  20  feet ;  flowers  blue  and 
purple,  in  July ;  Buenos  Ayres  ;  1835.  P.  Nil  (blue) ;  half-hardy 
twining  annual ;  10  feet ;  flowers  blue,  in  July  ;  South  America; 
1597.  P.  Purshii (Morning-glory) ;  hardy  twining  annual;  10 
feet ;  flowers  pale-blue,  in  July ;  Virginia  ;  1 597. 

PHASEOLUS.  Kidney -bean.  [Leguminosas.]  Twining 
plants,  some  annual  and  hardy,  others  requiring  stove-heat. 
P.  multiftorus,  the  well-known  scarlet-runner  bean,  deserves 
notice  as  a  flower-garden  plant,  from  its  showy  appearance 
when  in  blossom.  It  is  a  plant  well-adapted  for  covering 
summer-houses  and  temporary  trellises  :  and  is  more  or  less 
ornamental  from  June  to  October.  The  seeds  should  be 
sown  where  the  plants  are  required,  in  the  month  of  May. 


GARDEN    FLOWERS.  2QI 

P.  multiflorus  (many-flowered) ;  hardy  climbing  perennial ;  10 
feet ;  flowers  scarlet  or  white,  or  white  and  scarlet,  in  July  ; 
South  America ;  1633. 

PHEASANT'S-EYE.     See  ADONIS. 

PHILADELPHIA.  Mock  Orange,  or  Syringa.  [Philadel- 
phaceae.]  Ornamental  deciduous  flowering  shrubs.  Confu- 
sion sometimes  arises  from  the  fact  that  the  common  name 
of  this  shrub,  syringa,  is  the  same  word  as  the  botanical 
name  of  the  lilac-bush  ;  and  as  both  are  shrubs,  often  intro- 
duced into  gardens  and  shrubberies  from  their  free-flower- 
ing qualities,  the  confusion  is  attended  with  inconvenience. 
The  plants  are  widely  different.  The  lilac  (Syringa  vul- 
garis),  as  is  well  known,  bears  numerous  small  flowers  in 
clusters,  shaped  something  like  an  erect  bunch  of  grapes. 
The  Syringa,  or  Mock  Orange  ( Philadelphus ),  on  the  other 
hand,  bears  its  flowers,  which  are  large,  and  composed  of 
distinct  petals,  either  singly,  or  very  few  together  ;  and  they 
are  called  Mock  Orange  from  the  considerable  resemblance 
between  their  blossoms  and  those  of  the  orange-tree.  Most 
of  the  species  have  a  strong,  but  not  very  agreeable  scent. 
Their  leaves,  moreover,  have  a  taste  similar  to  that  of  cu- 
cumbers. They  are  hardy  shrubs,  requiring  no  particular 
culture,  but  growing  in  ordinary  garden  soil,  where  it  is  not 
too  damp  ;  and  are  increased,  either  by  means  of  layers,  by 
cuttings,  or  by  suckers.  The  flowers  of  all  are  white,  with 
a  bunch  of  yellow  stamens  in  the  centre.  Nearly  all  are 
worth  planting ;  but  the  following  are  the  most  distinct  and 
handsome  :  — 

P.  coronarins  (garland) ;  hardy  shrub  ;  6  feet ;  flowers  white, 
in  May;  south  of  Europe  ;  1596.  P.  floribimdus  (many-flow- 
ered) ;  hardy  shrub  ;  8  feet ;  flowers  white,  in  June  ;  North 
America;  1815.  P.  Gordonianus  (Gordon's);  hardy  shrub ;  6 
feet;  flowers  white,  in  July  ;  North  America  ;  1830.  P.inodo- 
rus  (scentless) ;  hardy  shrub  ;  6  feet ;  flowers  white,  in  July ; 


292  GARDEN    FLOWERS. 

North  America;  1738.  P.  latifolius  (broad-leaved);  hardy 
shrub;  8  feet;  flowers  white,  in  June  ;  North  America;  1815. 
P.  speciosus  (showy) ;  hardy  shrub  ;  6  feet ;  flowers  white,  in 
June;  North  America ;  1815. 

PHILESIA.  [Smilaceae.]  Beautiful  hardy  or  half-hardy 
evergreen  shrubs.  Peat  soil.  Increased  by  cuttings.  This 
plant  will  probably  prove  hardy. 

P,  buxifolia  (box-leaved) ;  half-hardy  evergreen  shrub ;  2 
feet ;  flowers  large  rose-crimson,  in  June  ;  Antarctic  America  ; 
1850. 

PHILLYREA.  [Oleaceae.]  Desirable  evergreen  shrubs, 
valuable  for  their  foliage  and  habit ;  the  flowers  being  white 
and  insignificant.  Good  garden  soil.  Propagated  by  lay- 
ers or  cuttings,  under  a  hand-light.  Not  hardy  at  the  North. 

ORNAMENTAL  EVERGREENS.  —  P.  angustifolia,  P.  Icevis,  P. 
latifolia,  P.  ligustrifolia,  P.  media,  P.  olecefolia. 

PHLOMIS.  [Lamiaceae.]  Hardy  shrubs  and  herbaceous 
plants.  Dry  loamy  soil.  Increased  by  division,  seeds,  or, 
for  the  shrubby  sorts,  cuttings.  Generally  not  hardy  at  the 
North. 

P.  Armeniaca  (Armenian)  ;  half-hardy  perennial ;  I  foot ; 
flowers  yellow,  in  June;  Armenia;  1834.  P.  Cashmeriana 
(Cashmere) ;  hardy  perennial ;  2  feet ;  flowers  lilac,  in  July  ; 
Cashmere  ;  184.0.  P.  fruticosa  (Jerusalem  sage) ;  hardy  shrub  ; 
3  feet ;  flowers  yellow,  in  July ;  Spain  ;  1 596.  P.  herba-venti 
(wind-herb) ;  hardy  perennial ;  2  feet ;  flowers  red,  in  August ; 
south  of  Europe  ;  1596.  P.  Samia  (Samos) ;  hardy  perennial ; 
3  feet;  flowers  purple,  in  June;  Samos;  1714.  P.  tuberosa 
(tuberous) ;  hardy  perennial ;  3  feet ;  flowers  purple,  in  August ; 
Siberia;  1759. 

PHLOX.  [Polemoniaceae.]  Beautiful  hardy  perennials, 
for  the  most  part.  The  seedling  varieties  are  numerous  ; 
some  tall,  others  remarkably  dwarf,  and  varying  in  color 
from  clear  white  to  pink,  lilac,  and  purple,  as  well  as  striped. 


GARDEN    FLOWERS.  2Q3 

They  require  arranging  according  to  their  heights,  as  well  as 
according  to  their  flowering  season,  when  grown  in  collec- 
tions ;  for  some  are  early,  others  very  late.  Every  year  pro- 
duces novelties  ;  but  many  of  the  varieties  are  similar,  con- 
sequently a  few  showy  and  strikingly  different  sorts  should 
be  selected,  and  these  are  very  desirable  in  a  flower-garden. 
In  choosing  Phloxes,  those  which  are  dwarf,  and  most  abun- 
dant blooming,  with  individual  flowers  large  and  quite  circu- 
lar, should  be  selected.  They  grow  well  in  any  good  light 
garden  soil,  if  the  situation  is  not  too  dry  in  summer,  but 
thrive  better  in  beds  of  peat  soil.  In  sandy  loam,  enriched 
with  equal  parts  leaf-mould,  they  also  grow  very  luxuriantly. 
If  in  beds  by  themselves,  and  the  plants  are  small,  they  re- 
quire to  be  planted  about  a  foot  apart.  They  are  propa- 
gated by  parting  the  root,  and  may  be  raised  from  seed ; 
the  former  perpetuates  any  approved  variety,  the  latter  gives 
us  a  chance  of  obtaining  new  ones.  The  established  sorts 
are  propagated  by  dividing  the  roots,  or  by  cuttings  of  the 
flower-stems ;  and  the  plants  should  be  allowed  to  remain  two 
or  three  seasons,  for  they  are  the  better  for  spreading  out  a 
little.  New  varieties  are  obtained  from  seed,  which  should 
be  sown  in  May,  and  the  young  plants  set  out  in  rows  in  a 
nicely  prepared  bed.  The  next  season,  when  they  bloom, 
the  best  should  be  selected.  The  dwarf  trailing  species  are 
fine  for  rock-work.  P.  jDrummondii,  an  annual  species,  is  a 
very  beautiful  plant,  forming  one  of  the  most  showy  of  flow- 
ering plants  during  summer.  The  colors  vary  a  good  deal, 
and  there  is  no  dependence  on  any  seed  bringing  plants 
quite  similar  in  color  to  the  parent ;  but  the  general  form  of 
the  plant,  and  its  pretty  and  abundant  blooming  habit,  are 
maintained.  The  seed  should  be  sown  in  gentle  heat  in 
March  or  April ;  and,  as  soon  as  the  plants  are  large  enough 
to  handle,  they  are  to  be  pricked  out  an  inch  apart,  in  wide- 


294  GARDEN    FLOWERS. 

mouthed  pots,  where,  for  economy  of  space,  they  may  re- 
main for  three  or  four  weeks,  and  may  be  kept  in  the  green- 
house or  in  a  frame.  When  they  have  grown  so  as  almost 
to  touch  one  another,  they  may  be  potted  separately  in 
pots  three  inches  across,  and  placed  under  a  garden  light, 
where,  if  need  be,  they  can  be  covered  against  frost.  Here 
they  may  remain,  with  all  the  air  that  can  be  given  in  mild 
days,  until  their  roots  fill  the  pots,  when  they  must  be  re- 
moved to  five-inch  pots,  changing  them  without  breaking  the 
balls  of  earth.  They  may  be  replaced  in  the  frame,  unless 
the  chances  of  frost  have  gone  by,  in  which  case  the  plants 
may  be  set  out  in  the  garden.  They  do  well  in  the  flower- 
garden  if  planted  out  in  beds  of  rich  light  earth  towards  the 
end  of  May. 

P.  acuminata  (pointed-leaved) ;  half-hardy  perennial ;  4  feet ; 
flowers  pale-purple,  in  July;  North  America;  1812.  P.  aris- 
tata  (awned) ;  half-hardy  perennial ;  6  inches  ;  flowers  white,  in 
April  ;  Carolina  ;  1828.  P.  stolonifera  (creeping) ;  hardy  peren- 
nial ;  6  inches  ;  flowers  red  and  white,  in  May  ;  North  America ; 
1825.  P.  divaricata  (early) ;  hardy  perennial  ;  i  foot ;  flowers 
pale-purple,  in  May;  North  America;  1746.  P.  subulata  (awl- 
leaved)  ;  hardy  perennial ;  6  inches  ;  flowers  rose-color,  in  May  ; 
North  America;  1786.  P.  Drummondii  (Drummond's) ;  half- 
hardy  annual ;  I  foot ;  flowers  purple-rose,  striped,  or  white,  in 
July;  Texas;  1835.  P.  maculata  (spotted-stemmed);  hardy 
perennial ;  4  feet ;  flowers  purple,  Jn  July  ;  North  America  ; 
1740.  P.  nivalis  (snowy) ;  hardy  perennial  ;  6  inches  ;  flowers 
white,  in  April;  North  America  ;  1820.  P.  omniflora  (all-flow- 
ering) ;  hardy  perennial;  I  foot;  flowers  white,  in  July;  gar- 
dens. P.  paniculata  (panicled) ;  hardy  perennial  ;  I  foot ; 
flowers  various,  in  July;  North  America;  1732.  P.  setacea 
(bristly) ;  hardy  perennial  ;  6  inches  ;  flowers  flesh-color,  in 
April;  North  America;  1786.  P.  suaveolens  (sweet-scented) ; 
hardy  perennial ;  2  feet;  flowers  white,  in  July ;  North  Amer- 
ica; 1766. 


GARDEN    FLOWERS.  2Q5 

Most  of  the  species  are  handsome  plants.  The  following 
are  the  best  varieties  :  LIGHT.  —  L?  argent,  Donaria,  Kete- 
lerii,  Louis  Mezard,  Madame  Aurelie  Duriez,  Madame  de 
Brobequcs,  Madame  Guldenschuh,  Madame  Marseau,  Madame 
Suceur,  Mrs.  Standish,  Roi  Leopold,  Speculum,  Triomph  de 
Twickel.  DARK.  —  President  Morel,  Neptune,  Madame  Houl- 
let,  Madame  Henricq,  Madame  Amazile  Pothier,  Henry  Lierval, 
Evening  Star,  Dugueslin,  Cromwell,  Mille  Prial. 

PHYGELIUS.  [Scrophularineae.]  A  very  pretty  bedding 
plant,  flowering  freely  towards  autumn  in  the  border.  Prop- 
agated by  cuttings. 

P.  Capensis  (Cape) ;  greenhouse  perennial ;  i  foot ;  flowers 
red  and  orange,  in  September  ;  Caffreland  ;  1854. 

PHYLLODOCE.  [Ericacea?.]  Pretty  little  shrubs,  allied  to 
Dabcecia,  and  Menziesia,  and  requiring  the  same  treatment. 
Peat  soil.  Propagated  by  layers. 

P.  empetriformis  (empetrum-like) ;  hardy  evergreen  shrub  ; 
6  inches  ;  flowers  pale  red,  in  July  ;  North  America;  1810.  P. 
taxifolia  (yew-leaved) ;  hardy  evergreen  shrub) ;  6  inches  ;  flow- 
ers red,  in  July  ;  North  America,  Europe,  and  Scotland. 

PHYSALIS.  Winter  Cherry.  [Solanaceae.]  A  genus  con- 
taining a  half-hardy  perennial,  ornamental  in  autumn  on 
account  of  its  orange-colored  berries.  Common  soil.  Pro- 
pagated by  division. 

P.  Alkekengi(PA\ie\i&ng\) ;  half-hardy  perennial ;  i  foot;  flow- 
ers white,  in  July  ;  south  of  Europe  ;  1548. 

PHYSIANTHUS.  [Asclepidaceae.]  A  greenhouse  climber 
which,  however,  does  finely  planted  out  in  summer  in  a 
rich  warm  border.  Flowers,  freely  produced,  white,  with 
green  and  pink  lining.  The  flowers  have  the  curious  pro- 
perty of  catching  the  honey  tubes  of  moths  and  butterflies, 
so  that  the  insects  cannot  escape.  Propagated  by  seeds  and 
cuttings. 


296  GARDEN   FLOWERS. 

P.  albicans  (whitish) ;  climber ;  20  feet ;  flowers  white,  all 
summer;  Buenos  Ayres  ;  1830. 

PHYSOSTEGIA.  [Lamiaceae.]  Fine  hardy  perennials.  They 
require  the  same  treatment  as  Dracocephalum,  and  may  be 
propagated  in  the  same  way,  both  being  also  increased,  when 
requisite,  by  seeds  sown  in  May  or  June,  to  produce  bloom- 
ing plants  for  the  following  year. 

P.  imbricata  (imbricated) ;  half-hardy  perennial ;  3  feet ;  flow- 
ers pale  rose-purple,  in  July;  Texas  ;  1833.  P.  speciosa  (showy) ; 
hardy  perennial ;  4  feet ;  flowers  rose-pink,  in  July ;  Siberia ; 
1822.  P.  Virginiana  (Virginian) ;  hardy  perennial ;  3  feet ;  flow- 
ers red  or  white,  in  July  ;  North  America  ;  1683. 

PHYTEUMA.  [Campanulaceae.]  Handsome  hardy  peren- 
nials, of  easy  culture  in  a  dryish  situation,  and  in  good  gar- 
den soil.  There  are  about  a  score  of  species.  They  are, 
many  of  them,  suitable  for  rock-work,  and  may  be  multiplied 
either  by  seeds  or  by  division. 

P.  canescens  (hoary) ;  hardy  perennial ;  2  feet ;  flowers  pale- 
purple,  in  July;  Hungary;  1804.  P.comosum  (tufted);  hardy 
biennial ;  9  inches  ;  flowers  blue,  in  June  ;  Austria  ;  1752.  P. 
orbtculare  (round) ;  hardy  perennial ;  I  foot ;  flowers  blue,  in 
June  ;  England.  P.  Sibiricum  (Siberian) ;  hardy  perennial ;  I 
foot ;  flowers  blue,  in  July  ;  Siberia  51817.  P.  spicatum  (spiked); 
hardy  perennial ;  2  feet ;  flowers  blue,  in  May;  Europe;  1597. 

PICEA.     See  ABIES. 

PICOTEE.     See  DIANTHUS. 

PHYTOLACCA.  Poke.  [Phytolaccaceae.]  A  hardy  tall- 
growing  plant,  ornamental  in  the  shrubbery  for  its  flowers 
and  racemes  of  black  berries.  Rich  deep  soil.  Increased 
by  seed. 

P.  decandra  (ten-stamened) ;  hardy  herbaceous  perennial ;  5 
feet ;  flowers  white  and  green,  in  August ;  North  America ; 
1768. 

There  are  many  tender  species. 


GARDEN   FLOWERS.  297 

PILEWORT.     See  FICARIA. 

PIMPERNEL.     See  ANAGALLIS. 

PINGUICULA.  [Lentibulaceae.]  Curious  dwarf  hardy  per- 
ennials. Marsh,  or  boggy  soil.  Propagated  by  seeds  or 
division. 

PINK.     See  DIANTHUS. 

PINUS.  [Coniferae.]  Fine  evergreen  trees,  generally 
hardy,  and  including  some  of  our  most  valuable  evergreens. 
They  flourish  in  good  light  soil,  and  are  easily  propagated 
by  seeds,  or  the  rarer  kinds  by  grafting. 

P.  A rabica( Arabian);  Palestine.  P.  A ustralis (southern) ;  70 
feet;  Florida;  1730.  P.  A  ustriaca  (Austrian  ;  black);  flowers 
in  June ;  Austria  ;  1835.  P.  Banksiana  (Banks's,  scrub);  20  feet; 
flowers  in  May  ;  North  America;  1785.  P.Benthamiana(Qen- 
tham's) ;  200  feet;  California;  1847.  P.  Brtitia  (Calabrian) ; 
Calabria.  P.  Bungeana  (Bunge's) ;  north  of  China.  P.  cembra 
(cembra ;  Siberian);  25  feet;  flowers  in  May;  Siberia;  1746. 
/*.  cembra  pumila  (dwarf) ;  Siberia.  P.  Chilmalmana  (Chil- 
malm's) ;  46  feet ;  north  of  Mexico.  P.  communis  (common). 
P.  communis  rubra  (red) ;  .Scotland.  P.  communis  latifolia 
(broad-leaved).  P.  edulis  (eatable-seeded) ;  North  Mexico.  P. 
Ehrenbergii  (Ehrenberg's) ;  loofeet;  Mexico.  P.  excelsa(ta\\}; 
loofeet;  Nepaul;  1823.  P.  Finlaysoniana  (Finlayson's);  Cochin 
China.  P.flexilis  (pliant) ;  New  Mexico.  P.  Fremontiana  (Fre- 
mont's) ;  20  feet ;  California  ;  1848.  P.  Halepensis  (Aleppo) ;  40 
feet ;  flowers  in  June  ;  Levant ;  1683.  P.  Halepensis  maritima 
(maritime) ;  40  feet ;  flowers  in  May  ;  south  of  Greece.  P.  inofis 
(Jersey  ;  poor) ;  30  feet ;  flowers  in  May  ;  North  America  ;  1739. 
P,  insignis  (remarkable) ;  60  feet ;  California  ;  1833.  P.  insularis 
(island);  Philippines.  P.  Koraiensis (Corean) ;  10  feet ;  Corea. 
P.  Lambertiana  (Lambert's) ;  200  feet;  North  America ;  1827. 
P.  Lambertiana  brevifolia  (short-leaved).  P.  laricio  (Corsican  ; 
larch);  80  feet ;  flowers  in  May ;  Corsica ;  1814.  P.  Llaveana  (La 
Llave's) ;  25  feet;  Mexico;  1830.  P.  macrocarpa (large-coned); 
120  feet ;  California.  P.  Merkusii  (Merkus's) ;  100  feet ;  Suma- 


298  GARDEN    FLOWERS. 

tra.  P.  mitis  (soft-leaved) ;  50  feet ;  flowers  in  May ;  North 
America  ;  1739.  P.  monticola  (mountain-top) ;  California  ;  1831. 
P.  Mugho  (Mugho) ;  flowers  in  May  ;  Austria.  P.  Mugho  hu- 
milis  (lowly).  P.  Mugho  obliqua  (twisted).  P.  muricata  (prick- 
ly-coned);  40  feet;  California;  1848.  P.  osteosperma  (scaly- 
seeded)  ;  New  Mexico.  P.  Pat/asiatia(Pal\as's) ;  70  feet ;  flow- 
ers in  May;  Siberia;  1820.  P.  parviflora  (small-flowered); 
Japan;  1846.  P.  Persica  (Persian) ;  south  of  Persia.  P.  Pence 
(Peucean)  ;  Mountains  of  Rumelia.  P.  pinaster  (cluster ;  pinas- 
ter) ;  60  feet ;  flowers  in  June  ;  south  of  Europe  ;  1 596.  P. 
pinaster  Escarena  (Escaren's).  P.  pinaster  Lemoniana  (Sir  C. 
Lemon's) ;  30  feet  ;  flowers  in  May.  P.  pinaster  minor  (less- 
coned)  ;  60  feet ;  flowers  in  May ;  France.  P.  pinaster  va- 
riegata  (variegated-leaved) ;  flowers  in  May.  P.  pinea  (stone- 
pine) ;  60  feet ;  flowers  in  June;  south  of  Europe;  1548.  P. 
pinea  Cretica  (Cretan) ;  flowers  in  May  ;  Crete.  P.  pinea  fra- 
gilis  (thin-shelled) ;  60  feet ;  flowers  in  May  ;  south  of  Europe. 
P.  ponderosa  (weighty-wooded) ;  50  feet;  North  America  ;  1828. 
P.  pumilio  (dwarf) ;  20  feet ;  flowers  in  May ;  Europe.  P. 
pungens  (stinging) ;  40  feet ;  flowers  in  May  ;  North  America  ; 
1804.  P.  Pyrenaica  (Pyrenean)  ;  50  feet ;  flowers  in  May  ;  Py- 
renees ;  1834.  P.  radiata  (radiated-scaled) ;  100  feet ;  Califor- 
nia. P.  resinosa  (resinous) ;  80  feet ;  flowers  in  May ;  North 
America;  1756.  P.  rigida  (stiff);  80  feet;  flowers  in  May; 
North  America  ;  1759.  P-  rudis  (rude) ;  Mexico.  P.  Sabinia- 
na  (Sabine's) ;  120  feet;  flowers  in  March;  California;  1832. 
/*.  serotina  (late) ;  40  feet ;  flowers  in  May  ;  North  America ; 
1713.  P.  strobiformis  (cone-shaped);  120  feet;  Mexico.  P. 
strobus  (white  pine ;  Weymonth) ;  200  feet  ;  flowers  in  April ; 
North  America  ;  1705.  P.  strobus  alba  (white)  ;  -100  feet  ; 
flowers  in  May.  P.  strobus  brevifolia  (short-leaved) ;  100  feet ; 
flowers  in  April.  P.  sylvestris  (wood ;  Scotch) ;  80  feet ;  flowers 
in  May ;  Scotland.  P.  tceda  (frankincense) ;  80  feet ;  flowers  in 
May;  Florida;  1713.  P.tenuifolia  (slender-leaved);  80  feet; 
Guatimala.  P.  tuberculata  (warted) ;  100  feet ;  California.  P. 
variabilis  (variable-two-and-three-leaved) ;  40  -feet ;  flowers  in 
May;  North  America ;  1739. 


GARDEN    FLOWERS.  2Q9 

Many  of  the  above  are  not  hardy,  and  there  are  some 
thirty  other  still  more  tender  species. 

PLATANTHERA.  [Orchidaceae.]  A  family  of  orchids, 
mostly  hardy,  formerly  known  as  Orchis.  Soil,  peat,  gener- 
ally moist.  AIL  these  plants  are  of  difficult  culture.  The 
species  are  P.  obtusata,  rotundifolia,  orbiculata,  Hookerii,  brac- 
teata,  hyperborea,  dilatata,flava,  cristata,  ciliaris,  blephariglottis, 
leitcophcea,  lacera,  psycodes,  fimbriata,  and  peramtzna  ;  all  na- 
tives of  North  America.  The  flowers  are  very  handsome. 

PLATANUS.  Plane-tree.  [Platanaceae.]  Hardy  deciduous 
ornamental  trees.  Soil,  deep  loam.  Propagated  by  seeds, 
cuttings,  and  layers. 

P.  Occidentalis  (Western) ;  70  feet ;  North  America  ;  1636.  /*. 
aurea  variegata  (golden- variegated-leaved) ;  70  feet ;  1846.  P. 
integrifolia  (entire-leaved) ;  70  feet ;  1845.  P.  heterophylZa(ya.- 
rious-leaved) ;  America;  1842.  P.  Orientalis  (Eastern);  50 
feet;  Levant;  1548.  P.  acerifolia  (maple-leaved) ;  70  feet ;  Le- 
vant. P.  cuneata  (wedge-leaved) ;  20  feet ;  Levant  ;  1 739.  P. 
Hispanica  (Spanish) ;  70  feet ;  Spain.  P.  laciniata  (cut-leaved); 
70  feet ;  1845.  P-  monstrosa  (monstrous) ;  70  feet ;  1845. 

The  European  species  are  somewhat  tender. 

PLATYCODON.  [Campanulaceae.]  Hardy  herbaceous  per- 
ennials. Propagated  by  seeds  and  division  in  the  spring, 
and  by  cuttings  in  the  summer.  Soil,  sandy  loam. 

P.  grandiflorum  (large-flowered) ;  hardy  perennial ;  I  foot ; 
flowers  blue,  in  June  ;  Dahuria  ;  1782.  Variety  alba,  from  China, 
has  white  flowers  ;  variety  alba  plena  has  semi-double  flowers. 

These  plants  are  half-hardy  in  the  Northern  States. 

PLATYSTEMON.  [Papaveraceae.]  Pretty  annuals,  of  pros- 
trate habit.  They  like  a  cool  situation,  and  a  peaty  soil, 
but  will  grow  in  any  rich  light  earth.  Sow  about  the  middle 
of  May. 

P.  Calif ornicum  (Californian) ;  hardy  annual ;  I  foot ;  flowers 
sulphur-yellow,  in  June;  California;  1823. 


3OO  GARDEN   FLOWERS. 

PLECTRANTHUS.     See  COLEUS. 

PLATYSTIGMA.  [Papaveraceae.]  Half-hardy  perennials, 
allied  to  Platystemon.  Light  soil.  Increased  by  seeds  or 
division. 

jP.  lineare  (linear) ;  half-hardy  perennial ;  i  foot ;  flowers  yel- 
low, in  July;  California  ;  1833. 

PLECTRITES.  [Valerinaceae.]  Hardy  annuals,  propagated 
from  spring-sown  seed  in  common  soil ;  flowers  white  or 
rose.  The  species  are  P.  brachystemon  and  congesta. 

PLEUROGYNE.  [Gentianaceae.]  A  hardy  annual,  thriving 
in  loamy  peat,  and  easily  grown  from  seed  sown  in  May. 

P.  rotata  (wheel-shaped) ;  hardy  annual ;  9  inches  ;  flowers 
blue,  in  August ;  Siberia  ;  1827. 

PLUM.     See  PRUNUS. 

PLUMBAGO.  Lead-wort.  [Plumbaginaceae.]  Pretty  plants, 
with  flowers  somewhat  like  those  of  the  Phlox.  The  major- 
ity are  shrubs  ;  some  few  are  herbaceous,  among  which  is 
P.  Larpentce,  which  is  of  dwarf,  compact  habit,  and  suitable 
for  rock-work.  P.  Capensis  is  a  desirable  greenhouse  shrub, 
which  is  most  frequently  grown  too  fast,  and  is,  therefore, 
generally  seen  as  a  rambling  plant.  Soil,  two-thirds  loam, 
and  one-third  peat.  The  object  should  be  to  keep  the  plant 
dwarf  and  bushy :  it  is  sure  to  grow  tall  enough  after  all 
the  pains  taken  on  it.  Cuttings  may  be  struck  in  sandy  soil 
with  or  without  bottom-heat,  covering  them  with  a  bell-glass 
after  inserting  them.  When  rooted,  pot  them  singly  in  three- 
inch  pots,  and,  as  soon  as  they  fairly  start  into  growth,  take 
off  the  tops  to  encourage  the  lateral  shoots  :  when  they  fill 
the  small  pots  with  the  roots,  remove  them  to  larger  ones. 
By  continually  checking  any  of  the  branches  that  ramble 
out  of  shape,  the  plant  can  be  grown  a  very  pretty  object. 
It  makes  a  fine  bedding  plant. 

P.  Capensis  (Cape) ;  greenhouse  shrub  ;  4  feet ;  flowers  pale 


GARDEN    FLOWERS.  3OI 

blue,  in  June;  Cape;  1818.  P.  Larpentiz  (Lady  Larpent's) ; 
half-hardy  perennial ;  I  foot ;  flowers  deep-blue,  in  October  ; 
China;  1845. 

PODOCARPUS.  [Taxacese.]  Half-hardy  evergreen  shrubs, 
or  rather  trees.  Soil,  loam.  Propagated  by  cuttings  of  ripe 
shoots  in  sand,  under  glass. 

PODOLEPIS.  [Compositae.]  Pretty  half-hardy  annuals. 
The  seeds  may  be  sown  in  pots,  or  on  a  mild  hot-bed  in 
April,  and  planted  out  in  sheltered  situations  in  May  for 
early  blooming.  A  later  crop  may  be  had  by  sowing  in  the 
open  ground  in  May.  The  plants  must  be  well  thinned. 
They  grow  a  foot  or  upwards  in  height  in  rich  light  garden 
soil. 

P.  chrysantha  (golden) ;  half-hardy  annual  ;  i  foot ;  flowers 
yellow,  in  July  ;  New  Holland  ;  1852.  P.  gracilis  (slender);  half- 
hardy  annual ;  18  inches  ;  flowers  rose  or  white,  in  July;  New 
Holland;  1826. 

PODOPHYLLUM.  Mandrake.  [Ranunculacese.]  Hardy 
herbaceous  perennial,  with  showy  flowers,  and  yellow, 
scarcely  edible  fruit ;  thriving  in  deep  moist  loam,  in  the 
shade.  Propagated  by  division.  The  plants  are  impatient 
of  removal. 

P.  peltatum  (shield) ;  hardy  perennial ;  i  foot ;  flowers  white, 
in  May  ;  North  America  ;  1664.  P.  Emodii  is  a  scarcely  known 
California  species. 

PODOTHECA.  [Composite.]  Annuals  of  little  horticul- 
tural importance,  growing  in  the  open  border  from  seed 
sown  in  May. 

POGOGYNE.  [Lamiacese.]  A  hardy  annual  of  easy  cul- 
ture. Common  border  soil.  Propagated  by  seeds  sown  in 
May. 

P.  multiflora  (many-flowered) ;  hardy  annual ;  6  inches  ;  flow- 
ers lilac,  in  August ;  California;  1836. 


3O2  GARDEN    FLOWERS. 

POLANISIA.  [Capparidacese.]  Hardy  annuals,  allied  to 
Cleome.  Seeds  sown  in  a  frame  in  April,  and  pricked  out  in 
the  borders  in  May,  will  bloom  in  June. 

P.  Cheladonii  (Cheladon's) ;  hardy  annual ;  18  inches  ;  flowers 
rose,  in  July  ;  East  Indies  ;  1792.  P.  dodecandra  (twelve-an- 
thered) ;  hardy  annual ;  18  inches ;  flowers  white,  in  July ; 
East  Indies  ;  1795.  P.  graveolens  (strong-smelling) ;  hardy  an- 
nual; 1 8  inches  ;  flowers  yellowish-white  ;  North  America.  P. 
uniglandulosa  (one-glanded) ;  hardy  annual ;  i  foot ;  flowers 
white  and  red,  in'  July  ;  Mexico  ;  1823.  P.  viscosa  (clammy) ; 
hardy  annual;  2  feet ;  flowers  yellow,  in  summer  ;  East  Indies  ; 
1730.  Variety  icosandra  (twenty-anthered) ;  1 8  inches  ;  flowers 
yellow,  in  July  ;  Ceylon  ;  1730. 

POLEMONIUM.  Greek  Valerian.  [Polemoniaceae.]  Orna- 
mental hardy  perennials,  of  easy  culture,  growing  readily  in 
ordinary  good  garden  soil,  and  increased  by  division  of  the 
plant,  and,  generally,  very  freely  by  seeds,  which  should  be 
sown  in  June  to  produce  flowering  plants  for  the  next  year. 

P.  caeruleum  (blue) ;  hardy  perennial ;  2  feet ;  flowers  blue  or 
white,  in  June  :  Britain.  There  is  a  variety  with  variegated 
foliage.  P.  gracile  (slender) ;  hardy  perennial;  I  foot;  flowers 
blue,  in  June  ;  Dahuria  ;  1818.  P.  hitmile  (dwarf) ;  hardy  per- 
ennial;  i  foot ;  flowers  blue,  in  July  ;  North  America;  1826.  P. 
Mexicanum (Mexican) ;  half-hardy  perennial ;  1 8  inches;  flowers 
blue,  in  May  ;  Mexico;  1817.  P. pulcherrimum  (prettiest) ;  har- 
dy perennial ;  9  inches  ;  flowers  blue,  in  July ;  North  America  ; 
1827.  P.  Sibiricum  (Siberian) ;  hardy  perennial ;  2  feet ;  flow- 
ers white,  in  June  ;  Siberia  ;  1800. 

POLIANTHES.  Tuberose.  [Liliacea:.]  Greenhouse  bulbs, 
.annually  imported  from  Italy.  Soil,  a  rich  sandy  loam.  In- 
creased by  offsets.  When  in  growth,  they  are  benefited  by 
warmth  at  the  root.  For  special  culture,  see  "  Flowers  for 
the  Parlor  and  Garden." 

P.  tuberosa  (tuberous);  greenhouse  bulb  ;  3  feet ;  flowers  white, 
single  or  double,  in  August ;  East  Indies  ;  1629. 


GARDEN    FLOWERS.  3O3 

POLYANTHUS.     See  PRIMULA. 

POLYGALA.  [Polygalaceae.]  A  large  family,  of  which  the 
greenhouse  species  are  chiefly  important.  P.  fastigiata,  pur- 
purea,  and  umbellata  are  pretty,  hardy  annuals  ;  and  P.  al- 
pestris,  rubella,  and  paucifolia  are  very  showy  perennials. 
All  are  of  easy  culture  in  garden  soil. 

POLYGONATUM.  Solomon's  Seal.  [Liliaceae.]  Hardy  her- 
baceous perennials.  Common  soil.  Increased  by  division. 

P.  latifolium  (broad-leaved) ;  hardy  perennial ;  3  feet ;  flowers 
white,  in  May;  Germany;  1802.  P.  multiflorum  (many-flow- 
ered) ;  hardy  perennial ;  2  feet ;  flowers  white,  in  June  ;  Britain. 
P.  vulgare  (common)  ;  hardy  perennial ;  2  feet ;  flowers  white, 
in  May  ;  England.  There  is  a  variety  flore-pleno. 

POLYGONUM.  Pcrsicaria.  [Polygonaceae.]  A  large  genus, 
not  remarkable  for  floral  attractions.  There  are,  however, 
exceptions.  P,  Orientale,  a  common  hardy  annual,  which  is 
best  self-sown,  grows  four  or  five  feet  high,  much  branched, 
with  many  gracefully  nodding  spikes  of  small  red  flowers, 
which  become  conspicuous  from  their  aggregation.  It  re- 
quires no  culture  ;  but,  if  sown  artificially,  it  may  be  done 
in  May.  P.  amphibium  is  a  beautiful  hardy  water-plant,  with 
short  floating  stems,  and  rosy  flower-spikes.  P.  divaricatum 
is  a  pretty  hardy  perennial,  densely  branched,  forming  a 
large  mass,  covered  with  feathery-looking  bunches  of  creamy- 
white  flowers.  It  is  of  the  easiest  culture  in  common  soil, 
and  increases  by  division.  P.  vaccinifolium  and  Brunonis 
are  beautiful  rock-plants  :  they  increase  by  their  self-rooting 
trailing  branches,  but  are  tender  in  the  Northern  States. 

P.  ampJiibiuni  (amphibious) ;  hardy  aquatic  perennial,  float- 
ing ;  flowers  rose,  in  July ;  England.  P.  amplexicaule  (stem- 
clasping)  ;  hardy  perennial ;  2  feet ;  flowers  pink,  in  July  ;  In- 
dia ;  1837.  P.  Brunonis  (Brown's) ;  hardy  evergreen  perennial ; 
i  foot ;  flowers  pink,  in  August ;  North  India  ;  1845.  P  divar- 


3O4  GARDEN   FLOWERS. 

icatum  (divaricate) ;  hardy  perennial ;  3  feet ;  flowers  white,  in 
July  ;  Siberia  ;  1759.  P.  Orientale  (Eastern) ;  hardy  annual ; 
5  feet ;  flowers  red,  in  July  ;  East  Indies  ;  1707.  P.  vaccinifo- 
lium  (whortleberry-leaved) ;  hardy  evergreen  trailing  sub-shrub ; 
flowers  rose,  in  September  ;  North  India;  1845. 

POMEGRANATE.     See  PUNICA. 

PONTEDERIA.  Pickerel  Weed.  [Pontederaceae.]  Showy 
aquatics,  suitable  for  the  borders  of  ponds.  Flowers  blue,  in 
August.  P.  angustifolia,  c&rulea,  cordata,  and  lanceolata,  all 
natives  of  North  America,  are  hardy  perennials.  Propa- 
gated by  division. 

POPLAR.     See  POPULUS. 

POPPY.     See   PAPAVER. 

POPULUS.  Poplar.  [Salicaceae.]  Hardy  deciduous  trees, 
some  of  which  are  valuable  for  shade  and  ornament.  Pro- 
pagated by  seeds,  layers,  and  cuttingr.  They  succeed  best 
in  deep,  moist,  loamy  soil. 

P.  alba  (white  Abele-tree) ;  40  feet ;  flowers  in  March  ;  Bri- 
tain. P.  angulata  (angular ;  Carolina) ;  80  feet ;  flowers  in 
March;  Carolina;  1738.  P.  balsamifera  (balsamic);  70  feet; 
flowers  in  April ;  North  America  ;  1792.  P.  balsamifera  foliis 
variegatis (variegated-leaved) ;  flowers  in  April.  P .  balsamifera 
intermedia  (intermediate) ;  flowers  in  April.  P.  balsatnifera 
latifolia  (broad-leaved) ;  40  feet ;  flowers,  in  April.  P.  balsam- 
ifera suaveolens  (sweet-scented) ;  70  feet ;  flowers  in  April ; 
Russia;  1825.  P.  balsamifera  -viminalis  (twiggy);  40  feet; 
flowers  in  April ;  Altai  ;  1826.  P.  betulifolia  (birch-leaved  ; 
Black  American) ;  40  feet ;  flowers  in  March  ;  North  America. 
P.  Canadensis  (Canadian) ;  flowers  in  March  ;  Canada.  P.  can- 
dicans  (whitish-heart-leaved) ;  50  feet ;  flowers  in  March  ;  North 
America;  1772.  P.  canescens  (hoary);  40  feet;  flowers  in 
March  ;  England.  P.  canescens  acerifolia  (maple-leaved).  P. 
canescens  ^Egyptiaca  (Egyptian);  Egypt.  P.  canescens  A  rember- 
gica  (Aremberg) ;  1835.  P-  canescens  Belgica  (Belgian) ;  south 
of  Europe ;  1835.  P.  canescens  hybrida  (hybrid) ;  40  feet ;  flow- 


GARDEN    FLOWERS.  30$ 

ers  in  April ;  Caucasus  ;  1816.  P.  canescens  nivea  (snow-white). 
P.  canescens  pendula  (drooping-branched).  P.  fastigiata  (pyra- 
midal;  Lombardy) ;  70  feet;  flowers  in  March;  Italy;  1758. 
P.  fastigiata  fo^mina  (female);  flowers  in  March;  Italy;  1838. 
P.  Gr<zca  (Greek ;  Athenian) ;  40  feet ;  flowers  in  March  ;  Ar- 
chipelago ;  1779.  P,  grandidentata  (large-toothed);  70  feet ; 
flowers  in  March;  North  America;  1772.  P.  grandidentata 
pendula  (drooping);  40  feet ;  flowers  in  March  ;  North  America  ; 
1820.  P.  heterophylla  (various-leaved) ;  70  feet ;  flowers  in 
March;  North  America;  1765.  P.  laurifolia  (laurel-leaved); 
flowers  in  April.  P.  longifolia  (long-leaved) ;  flowers  in  April ; 
America  ;  1843.  P,  monilifera  (necklace-bearing) ;  70  feet ;  flow- 
ers in  May;  Canada;  1772.  P.  monilifera  Lindleyana  (Lind- 
ley's  waved-leaved);  flowers  in  April ;  Canada;  1772.  P.  mo- 
nilifera variegata  (variegated-leaved);  flowers  in  May.  P.  nigra 
(black) ;  30  feet ;  flowers  in  March  ;  Britain.  P.  nigra  salicifo- 
lia  (willow-leaved);  flowers  in  April ;  Floetbeck  ;  1834.  P.  nigra 
viridis  (green-leaved) ;  flowers  in  April ;  Britain.  P.  pseudo 
balsamifera  (bastard-balsamic) ;  flowers  in  April ;  America ; 
1843.  P-  tremula  (trembling  ;  aspen) ;  50  feet ;  flowers  in 
March  ;  Britain.  P.  tremula  Icevigata  (smooth) ;.  80  feet ;  flow- 
ers in  March;  North  America;  1760.  P.  tremula  pendula 
(drooping) ;  flowers  in  April.  P.  tremula  supina  (lying-down) ; 
flowers  in  March  ;  North  America  ;  1824.  P.  trepida  (trembling  ; 
American);  30  feet;  North  America;  1812.  P.  tristis  (sad); 
flowers  in  April ;  North  America  ;  1843. 

PORTULACA.  Purslane.  [Portulacaceae.]  A  genus  of  fine 
hardy  annuals.  They  require  a  light  rich  soil,  and  a  warm, 
sunny  situation  :  when  both  soil  and  situation'  agree  with 
them,  they  form  very  fine  objects.  Grown  carefully  in  pots 
for  the  greenhouse,  they  are  also  very  ornamental.  The 
seeds  should  be  sown  in  a  hot-bed  early  in  March,  and  the 
plants  nursed  on  in  frames,  not  too  warm,  being  at  first  pot- 
ted singly,  and  then  shifted  on  as  they  may  require  until  the 
beginning  of  June,  when  they  may  be  either  planted  out,  or 


3O6  GARDEN    FLOWERS. 

shifted  finally  for  blooming  in  pots.  The  new  double  varie- 
ties are  very  fine.  Where  these  plants  have  once  been 
grown,  they  sow  themselves  yearly. 

P.  Gilliesii  (Gillies's) ;  half-hardy  perennial ;  9  inches;  flow- 
ers red  and  purple,  in  June  ;  Mendoza  ;  1827.  P.  grandiflora 
(great-flowered) ;  half-hardy  annual  or  perennial ;  9  inches  ; 
flowers  yellow,  or  yellow  and  purple  ;  Mendoza ;  1827.  P.  splen- 
dens  (splendid) ;  half-hardy  annual  or  perennial ;  I  foot ;  flowers 
rose-purple,  in  May;  Chili;  1839.  ?•  Thellusonii  (Thellu- 
son's) ;  half-hardy  annual ;  i  foot ;  flowers  crimson  or  yellow,  or 
reddish-purple,  in  June  ;  Mendoza  ;  1839. 

POTENTILLA.  Cinquefoil.  [Rosaceae.]  Hardy  peren- 
nials, now  becoming  popular,  and  comprising  some  fine 
garden  varieties,  as  well  as  very  handsome  species.  They 
grow  best  in  loamy  soil,  rich  in  vegetable  matter,  but  not  too 
full  of  dung.  The  roots  should  be  taken  up  early  in  au- 
tumn, and  parted  ;  each  crown  or  heart,  with  root  attached, 
forming  a  plant :  these  may  be  either  planted  in  a  bed,  to 
become  established,  or  put  out  at  once  in  the  borders  or  the 
flowering-beds.  A  bed  filled  with  the  varieties  of  Potentilla 
has  a  very  fine  effect  during  the  chief  of  the  summer 
months.  Seedlings  should  be  raised  from  the  best  varie- 
ties, to  obtain  distinct  kinds. 

P.  atrosanguinea  (dark-blood) ;  hardy  perennial ;  2  feet ; 
flowers  crimson,  in  June;  Nepaul;  1822.  P.bicolor  (two-col- 
ored) ;  hardy  perennial ;  2  feet ;  flowers  yellow,  margined  red, 
in  May;  Nepaul;  1843.  P.  formosa  (beautiful) ;  hardy  peren- 
nial ;  2  feet ;  flowers  rose,  in  June  ;  Nepaul ;  1822.  P.  insignia 
(showy) ;  hardy  perennial ;  2  feet ;  flowers  yellow,  in  May  ;  Ne- 
paul ;  1840.  P.  Thomasii  (Thomas's) ;  hardy  perennial;  2 
feet ;  flowers  yellow,  in  June  ;  Italy  ;  1822. 

FLORISTS'  VARIETIES.— The  following  are  good  sorts  :  Crim- 
son —  Floral  Beauty,  fulgens,  ignescens,  King  of  Crimsons, 
McNabiana,  Menziesii,  Russelliana,  Scarlet  Gem.  Rose,  with 


GARDEN    FLOWERS.  3O? 

cream  centre — Hopwoodiana.  Scarlet,  with  yellow  centre  — 
Plantii.  Yellow — Argo,  Julia.  Primrose,  Mullen.  Yellow  and 
bright  red —  Sudbury  Gem,  Theodore.  Yellow  and  pink  — 
Garnieriana,  Mackayana,  Mayana. 

Every  year,  however,  produces  new  varieties,  which  super- 
sede the  old,  though  often  no  better. 

PRICKLY  POPPY.     See  ARGEMONE. 

PRIMROSE.     See  PRIMULA. 

PRIMULA.  Primrose.  [Primulaceae.]  Beautiful  dwarf 
tufted  growing  herbaceous  perennials,  nearly  all  of  which  are 
hardy  as  respects  cold.  Of  P.  vulgaris,  the  common  Prim- 
rose, there  are  double-flowered  varieties  of  several  colors. 
These  grow  best  in  a  cool,  moist,  but  well-drained  situation, 
and  prefer  a  soil  of  light  loam  intermixed  with  decayed  tree- 
leaves.  They  are  propagated  by  dividing  the  tufts  into  sep- 
arate crowns  with  roots  attached,  which  may  be  done  in 
spring,  and  the  young  plants  planted  out  in  cool  shady  situ- 
ations. By  the  following  spring,  they  will  become  strong 
blooming  plants.  One  variety  of  Primrose  produces  a 
bunch  of  flowers  on  the  top  of  a  common  stalk ;  and  this 
appears  to  be  the  origin  of  the  garden  plants  known  as 
Polyanthus.  Most  of  the  hardy  species  of  Primula  are 
extremely  beautiful  subjects  in  a  pot-collection  of  Alpine 
plants,  blooming  in  May.  This  class  may  be  grown  in  pots 
or  on  rock-work,  in  peat  and  loam,  and  require  chiefly  to  be 
kept  cool  and  moist  in  summer,  but  in  winter  they  must  be 
kept  rather  dry  as  well  as  cool.  Seeds  of  these  may  be 
sown  about  May,  that  the  plants  may  acquire  strength  be- 
fore winter. 

Auricula  (Primula  Auricula).  —  The  cultivated  varieties 
of  this  species  of  Primula  are  commonly  known  as  the  Au- 
ricula. There  is  hardly  a  flower  that  presents  such  an  ap- 
pearance of  artificial  structure  as  the  Auricula  ;  the  surface 


3O8  GARDEN    FLOWERS. 

appears  covered,  like  a  butterfly's  wing,  with  a  powder,  which 
the  touch  of  the  ringer  brings  off,  thereby  spoiling  the  flow- 
er. A  stage  of  Auriculas  is  a  really  beautiful  sight.  Some 
old  books  on  the  culture  of  this  flower  recommend  the  most 
nauseous  composts  for  its  growth.  It  is,  however,  absurd  to 
pretend  that  any  thing  disagreeable  is  necessary  for  the  pur- 
pose. Loam  from  rotted  turfs,  two-thirds,  and  decomposed 
dung  fairly  rotted  into  mould,  one-third,  will  be  found  excel- 
lent compost  for  them  to  grow  in  ;  and  if  the  loam  be  a  lit- 
tle adhesive,  which  it  ought  not  to  be,  some  silver  sand  may 
be  mixed  with  it.  The  pots  in  which  they  grow  should  be 
one-third  filled  with  broken  pots,  to  secure  complete  drain- 
age ;  and,  in  potting  the  plants,  the  fibres  of  the  roots  should 
be  spread  out  all  round.  The  best  way  is  to  put  the  soil 
into  the  pot  in  the  form  of  a  cone,  highest  in  the  middle, 
and  nearly  as  high  as  the  edge  of  the  pot ;  put  the  plant  on 
this,  with  the  fibres  spread  all  round,  and  press  it  down  on 
the  soft  light  mould,  so  that  the  collar  of  the  plant  shall  be 
just  below  the  level  of  the  edge  of  the  pot ;  press  the  soil 
a  little  to  the  roots  as  the  pot  is  filled,  and  water  it.  The 
Auricula  may  be  grown  to  perfection  in  a  common  garden 
frame,  with  a  glass  to  keep  off  heavy  rains  and  hard  frosts. 
It  requires  but  little  water  all  the  winter.  In  February,  the 
surface  of  the  mould  should  be  stirred  a  little,  and  thrown 
out,  and  the  pots  filled  up  again  with  a  top-dressing  of  de- 
composed poultry-dung,  sand,  and  cow-dung  rotted  into 
mould,  equal  parts  ;  and  from  this  time  they  may  be  regular- 
ly watered,  have  air  on  fine  days,  and  be  covered  at  nights 
and  in  frosty  weather.  In  April,  when  in  bloom,  they  must 
be  shaded,  or  the  sun  would  spoil  the  flowers. 

Polyanthus  (Primula  vulgaris  iimMlata ).  —  The  Poly- 
anthus is  a  well-known  hardy  perennial,  blooming  early  in 
spring.  Its  flowers,  variegated  and  richly  colored,  are  ele- 


GARDEN   FLOWERS.  309 

vated  several  together  on  the  top  of  a  common  stalk.  Of 
the  same  habit  are  the  species,  P.  elatior,  the  oxlip,  and  P. 
•verts,  the  cowslip,  both  of  which,  together  with  the  common 
Primrose,  are  favorite  subjects  for  planting  in  shrubberies, 
and  in  other  shady  parts  of  the  flower-garden  and  pleasure- 
ground.  These,  with  the  Polyanthus,  prefer  a  heavier  loamy 
soil  than  that  already  recommended  for  double  Primroses. 
They  are  propagated  by  division  of  the  roots ;  and  may  also 
be  raised  from  seeds.  The  seeds  should  be  sown  in  March, 
in  boxes  of  fine  soil,  put  in  a  cool  frame,  and  kept  moist. 
The  plants,  as  soon  as  they  can  be  handled,  may  be  pricked 
out  an  inch  apart  in  other  boxes,  and  when  large  enough, 
planted  out  in  beds  of  the  soil  already  mentioned.  For  va- 
rieties, it  is  best  to  consult  the  most  recent  florists'  lists. 

P.  auricula  (auricula) ;  hardy  perennial  ;  6  inches  ;  flowers 
yellow,  in  April ;  Switzerland  ;  1 596.  This  has  sported  into 
various  colors.  P.  cortusotdes  (cortusa-like) ;  hardy  perennial ; 
I  foot ;  flowers  rose,  in  June  ;  Siberia  ;  1794.  P.  elatior  (oxlip) ; 
hardy  perennial ;  I  foot ;  flowers  yellow,  in  April ;  England. 
P.  farinosa  (mealy) ;  hardy  perennial ;  6  inches  ;  flowers  rose, 
in  June  ;  England.  P.  Helvetica  (Swiss) ;  hardy  perennial ; 
3  inches  ;  flowers  purple,  in  May  ;  Switzerland.  P.  minima 
(least) ;  hardy  perennial ;  6  inches  ;  flowers  purple,  in  April ; 
south  of  Europe  ;  1819.  P.  nivea  (snowy) ;  hardy  perennial ;  3 
inches  ;  flowers  white,  in  May;  Siberia.  P.  Palinuri  (Palinuri) ; 
hardy  perennial ;  6  inches  ;  flowers  yellow,  in  May  ;  Naples  ; 
1816.  P.  Scotica  (Scotch) ;  hardy  perennial ;  6  inches  ;  flowers 
rose,  in  June  ;  Scotland.  P.  veris  (cowslip) ;  hardy  perennial ;  6 
inches  ;  flowers  yellow,  in  April ;  England.  P.  -villosa  (shaggy) ; 
hardy  perennial ;  3  inches ;  flowers  purple,  in  May ;  Switzer- 
land ;  1768.  P.  vulgaris  (Primrose);  hardy  perennial ;  6  inches ; 
flowers  yellow,. in  March;  England. 

Most  of  these  succeed  better  in  the  Northern  States  if 
protected  in  a  frame  in  winter. 


3IO  GARDEN    FLOWERS. 

PRINCE'S  FEATHER.     See  AMARANTHUS  and  POLYGONUM. 

PRINUS.     See  ILEX. 

PRIVET.     See  LIGUSTRUM. 

PROVENCE  ROSE.     See  ROSA. 

PRUNELLA,  or  BRUNELLA.  [Lamiaceae.]  Hardy  herba- 
ceous perennials.  Common  soil.  Propagated  by  division. 
P.  grandiflora,  Marryatti,  ovata,  vulgaris,  and  varieties  elon- 
gata,  flore  plena,  hispida,  pinnatifida  and  rubra,  and  P.  Web- 
biana,  are  all  useful  border  plants  with  purplish  flowers.  P. 
wata  is  annual. 

PRUNUS.  Plum.  [Drupaceae.]  Hardy  deciduous  tree, 
with  showy  flowers.  Soil,  dryish  loam.  Propagated  by 
grafting  or  budding.  The  double-flowered  and  variegated- 
leaved  varieties  are  very  showy,  P.  spinosa  is  the  Sloe-tree. 

P.  Japonica  flore  plena  is  a  fine  hardy  white  flowering  shrub, 
which,  when  in  flower,  contrasts  beautifully  with  the  flowering 
almond  ;  China;  1846.  P.  triloba  is  a  fine  pink  flowering  spe- 
cies ;  China;  1847. 

PSORALEA.  [Leguminosae.]  Hardy  herbaceous  plants  or 
greenhouse  shrubs.  For  the  former,  good  dryish  sandy  soil, 
and  propagate  by  division  or  seeds  ;  for  the  latter,  peat  and 
loam,  and  increase  by  cuttings  in  sand  under  glass. 

PTELIA.  Hop-tree.  [Xanthoxylaceae.]  Hardy  tree.  Prop- 
agated by  seed  or  layers.  Common  soil. 

P.  trifoliata  (three-leaved) ;  1 2  feet ;  flowers  green,  in  June  ; 
North  America ;  1 704.  P.  trifoliata  variegata  (variegated- 
leaved)  ;  12  feet ;  flowers  green,  in  June  ;  1846. 

PUCCOON.     See  SANGUINARIA. 

PULMONARIA.  Lungwort.  [Boraginaceae.]  Hardy  per- 
ennials. Common  soil.  Propagated  by  division. 

P.  angustifolia  (narrow-leaved) ;  hardy  perennial ;  9  inches  ; 
flowers  violet,  in  May  ;  Britain.  P.  azurea  (light-blue)  ;  hardy 
perennial ;  18  inches ;  flowers  blue,  in  May  ;  Poland  ;  1823.  P. 


GARDEN    FLOWERS.  311 

Dahurica  (Dahurian) ;  hardy  perennial ;  i  foot ;  flowers  blue,  in 
May;  Dahuria  ;  1812.  P.  grandiflora  (large-flowered) ;  hardy 
perennial;  i  foot;  flowers  pink,  in  May;  France;  1819.  P- 
Sibirica  (Siberian) ;  hardy  perennial ;  i  foot ;  flowers  blue,  in 
June;  Siberia;  1801.  P.  Virginica  (Virginian);  hardy  peren- 
nial; 1 8  inches;  flowers  blue,  in  May  ;  North  America  ;  1799. 

PUNICA.  Pomegranate.  [Myrtaceae.]  Beautiful  decidu- 
ous trees.  Light  rich  soil.  Propagated  by  cuttings,  layers, 
or  grafting.  Should  be  wintered  in  a  cellar. 

P.  granatum  (common) ;  half-hardy  tree  ;  12  feet;  flowers  red 
or  whitish,  single  or  double,  in  July  ;  south  of  Europe  ;  1548. 

PURSLANE.     See  PORTULACA. 

PYRETHRUM.  Feverfew.  [Compositae.]  A  rather  large 
genus,  consisting  mostly  of  hardy  perennials,  of  the  easiest 
culture  ;  not  very  ornamental,  with  the  exception  of  a  double- 
flowered  variety  of  P.  Parthenium,  which  is  showy,  blooming 
in  profusion  throughout  the  summer  and  autumn.  This  va- 
riety is  multiplied  by  cuttings,  planted  during  summer  under 
a  hand-glass ;  the  other  hardy  kinds  by  division.  There  are 
also  some  free-growing  greenhouse  shrubs,  of  little  impor- 
tance. 

Chrysanthemum  (Pyrethrum  sinense).  This  popular  plant 
is  quite  hardy  ;  but  as  it  blooms  late  in  autumn,  just  at  the 
season  severe  frost  often  occurs,  it  sometimes  happens, 
that  out-door  plants  which  are  one  day  in  full  beauty,  and 
almost  the  only  ornaments  of  the  garden,  are  the  next 
day  blackened  and  cut  up  by  the  frost.  For  high  culture, 
the  plants  require  to  be  renewed  every  year  by  cuttings. 
They  will  spread  in  the  ground  and  bloom  for  years ;  but 
if  a  dwarf  plant  is  wanted,  and  the  flowers  are  required  in 
perfection,  they  must  be  renewed  by  cuttings.  One  plan, 
the  object  of  which  is  to  secure  small  dwarf  plants  in  pots, 
is.  in  July,  when  the  plants  have  grown  two  feet  or, more  in 


312  GARDEN    FLOWERS. 

height,  to  take  off  the  tops  three  inches  long,  cut  off  the 
lower  leaves,  plant  them  in  sandy  soil,  and  cover  with  a 
hand-glass  :  they  must  be  kept  moist,  and  the  pots  set  in 
a  gentle  hot-bed,  and  the  glass  wiped  every  morning.  In  a 
short  time  they  will  strike  root ;  then  pot  them  in  five-inch 
pots,  and  grow  them  in  the  open  air  in  a  situation  where 
they  will  have  all  sun.  The  soil  in  which  they  are  potted 
should  be  loam  and  rotted  dung,  with  a  little  silver  sand. 
When  the  blooms  are  showing,  they  may  be  changed  into 
larger  pots,  and  removed  into  the  house,  where  they  will 
bloom  in  perfection.  The  plants  having  nearly  expended 
their  growth  before  the  tops  were  taken  off,  the  cuttings  have 
not  much  more  growth  to  develop,  and  therefore  bloom  in 
a  dwarf  state.  There  are  other  ways  of  growing  this  plant. 
The  young  suckers,  or  shoots  from  the  root,  may  be  taken 
off  in  February,  placed  in  a  gentle  hot-bed  till  well  rooted, 
and  then  potted  singly  in  light  soil,  hardened  off,  and  pro- 
tected in  a  cold  well-aired  frame  until  May,  when  they  may 
be  set  out  of  doors  in  an  open  place  until  the  end  of  Sep- 
tember. They  must  have  two  good  shifts,  and  the  tops  may 
be  twice  or  thrice  pinched  out,  after  two  or  three  inches' 
growth,  to  produce  bushy  plants.  In  this  way,  large  plants 
are  formed,  which  become  very  ornamental.  In  all  cases, 
the  plants  should  have  weak  liquid  manure  or  clarified  soot- 
water,  at  every  watering  from  the  time  the  flower-buds  show 
distinctly  :  nothing  else  is  so  effective  in  producing  fine  high- 
colored  flowers. 

There  are  two  distinct  classes  of  Chrysanthemums  now 
cultivated  :  one  tall-growing,  with  large  flowers  ;  the  other 
dwarf,  compact,  with  numerous  smaller  flowers.  Both  are 
highly  ornamental ;  the  latter  class,  called  Pompones,  being 
perhaps  the  most  useful  where  only  small  greenhouses  are 
available  for  blooming  them.  These  naturally  grow  dwarf 


GARDEN    FLOWERS.  313 

and  bushy,  and  therefore  do  not  require  so  much  stopping 
as  the  others.  They  should  not  be  topped  oftener  than  once, 
but  may  be  made  to  branch  by  good  culture,  and  by  spread- 
ing out  the  stems  somewhat.  They  are  also  better  propa- 
gated in  spring  than  late  in  the  summer.  Chrysanthemums 
grow  well  against  walls,  and  bloom  magnificently  if  the 
season  proves  favorable.  They  are  also  almost  unaffected 
by  the  smoke  of  cities  and  towns.  For  varieties  consult 
florists'  catalogues. 

P.  Partheniumflore-pleno  (double-common);  hardy  perennial ; 
2  feet ;  flowers  white,  in  July  ;  England.  P.  sinense  (Chrysan- 
themum) ;  hardy  sub-shrub  ;  3  feet ;  flowers  various,  in  Novem- 
ber ;  China  ;  1 764. 

There  are  many  other  species.  Within  the  last  few  years, 
many  fine  hybrids  have  been  obtained  from  P.  roseum,  which 
is  itself  a  coarse,  weedy  flower.  The  following  are  fine 
enough  to  find  place  in  any  garden  :  P.  roseum  album, 
Lysias,  Mrs.  Dix,  Princess  Alexandra,  Purple  Prince,  Ver- 
sailles, Defiance,  Mr.  Dix,  Iveryana,  striatum  plenum,  Neniesis, 
fulgcns,  Herman  Stinger,  floribunda  plena,  Wilhelm  Kramper, 
Anne  Holborn. 

PYRUS.     See  CYDONIA. 


QUAMOCLIT.  Cypress-vine.  [Convolvulaceae.]  Twin- 
ing plants,  the  annual  species  of  which  should  be 
raised  in  a  hot-bed  in  April,  and  planted  out  in  May.  The 
seeds  are  very  hard ;  and  a  very  successful  mode  of  making 
them  germinate  is  to  delay  planting  them  till  the  warm  days 
of  June  :  choose  a  hot  noon,  plant  the  seed,  and  immediately 
water  plentifully  with  boiling  water.  The  plants  will  be 
above  ground  in  thirty-six  hours.  The  most  common  species 
are  — 

Q.  coccinea  (scarlet) ;  half-hardy  twining  annual ;  12  feet ;  flow- 
ers scarlet,  in  July  ;  North  America  ;  1818.  Q.  vulgaris  (com- 
mon) ;  half-hardy  twining  annual ;  8  feet ;  flowers  crimson,  in 
July;  East  Indies  ;  1629.  There  is  a  white-flowered  variety. 

Q.  digitata,  hcderifolia,  luteola,  Phcenicea,  serotma,  aud 
triloba  are  other  annual  species. 

QUAKING-GRASS.     See  BRIZA. 

QUELTIA.  See  NARCISSUS.  The  plants  formerly  called 
by  this  name  are  now  known  as  Narcissus. 

QUERCUS.  Oak.  [Amentaceae.]  Well-known  valuable 
trees.  There  are  some  hundred  species  and  varieties ;  but 
only  a  few  are  valuable  for  the  garden,  as,  generally,  they 
are  too  large-growing.  The  variegated  and  fastigate  vari- 
eties are  very  desirable.  As  Oaks  are  found  in  all  parts  of 
the  world,  there  are  many  tender  species.  The  principal 
North  American  species  are  — 

Q.  Phellos  (willow-leaved);  1723;  and  variety  humilis j  1812. 


GARDEN    FLOWERS.  31$ 

Q.  p'inus  (chestnut-leaved);  1730.  Q.  bicolor  (white-swamp) ; 
iSn.  Q.  montana  (rock-chestnut) ;  1800.  Q.  castanea  (yellow- 
cheatnut) ;  1816.  Q.  prinoides  (dwarf-chestnut,  chinquapin). 
Q.  nigra  (black) ;  1739.  Q-  tinctoria  (dyer's) ;  1800  Q-  coccinea 
(scarlet) ;  1691.  Q.  ambigua  (gray) ;  1800.  Q.  rubra  (red) ;  1739. 
Q,.  macrocarpa  (overcup,  white);  1800.  Q.  alba  (white);  1724. 
Q.  virens  (live-oak) ;  Q-  robur  (English  oak). 

Many  of  these  are  very  ornamental  street  or  lawn  trees, 
growing  to  a  great  size,  and  attaining  great  age.  In  the 
autumn,  the  foliage  of  the  scarlet  oak  is  most  conspicuous 
in  woodland  scenery,  and  continues  uninjured  by  the  frost 
later  than  that  of  most  forest  trees.  The  leaves  of  some  of 
the  oaks  change  in  autumn  to  a  rich  yellow  or  brown  ;  and 
in  a  plantation  of  different  species  we  often  see  most  exqui- 
site contrasts  of  color.  The  foliage  of  many  species  clings 
to  the  branches  until  torn  off  by  the  winter's  wind,  or  forced 
from  the  tree  by  the  swelling  buds  in  spring.  Oaks  are 
usually  propagated  from  acorns,  which  should  be  gathered 
when  ripe,  kept  in  damp  sand,  or  buried,  during  the  winter, 
and  sown  in  drills  in  spring.  The  young  plants  should  be 
frequently  transplanted,  unless  sown  where  they  are  to  stand 
permanently,  as  the  long  tap-root  renders  the  successful  re- 
moval of  a  large  tree  very  uncertain. 

QUINCE.     See  CYDONIA. 


RANUNCULUS.  Crow-foot.  [Ranunculacese.]  A  large 
genus,  comprising  many  annual  weeds  and  aquatics ', 
but  chiefly  consisting  of  hardy  herbaceous  perennials,  some 
of  which  are  ornamental.  It  includes  the  common  Crow- 
foot, the  Buttercups  of  the  meadow,  as  well  as  the  florists' 
Ranunculus,  which  have  sprung  from  £.  Asiaticus.  The 
cultivation  of  these  beautiful  flowers  has  puzzled  florists  a 
good  deal.  There  is,  however,  one  kind  of  compost  in 
which  they  will  thrive  ;  and  it  is  worth  while  to  be  at  some 
pains  to  get  it.  It  is  obtained  thus  :  Cut  from  a  good  loamy 
pasture  the  surface  sod  three  inches  thick  ;  let  these  be  piled 
on  one  another  in  ridges  for  a  year,  and  then  sliced  down 
with  a  sharp  spade  so  as  to  form  a  crumbly  mass.  Turn  this 
over,  and  pick  out  all  the  wire-worms,  grubs,  and  earwigs, 
and  any  other  living  pest  you  can  discover.  This  done,  let 
it  be  packed  into  a  heap  again,  and  remain  another  year,  by 
which  time  all  the  herbage  will  have  resolved  itself  into  that 
kind  of  mould,  which,  if  separate,  we  should  call  vegetable 
mould.  At  the  end  of  the  second  year,  let  it  be  again  turned, 
and  examined  in  the  same  way  to  clear  completely  any  re- 
maining intruders.  This  soil,  thus  cleared  of  vermin,  will 
grow  the  Ranunculus  well.  Composts  of  a  stimulating  and 
exciting  character  are  used  by  some  for  the  sake  of  getting 
the  flowers  a  little  larger ;  but  there  is  always  the  risk  of  do- 
ing mischief :  and  those  who  have  grown  them  on  the  stim- 
ulating plan  have  occasionally  been  visited  by  disease,  and 
316 


GARDEN    FLOWERS.  3  I/ 

lost  many  of  their  tubers.  In  this  loam,  then,  enriched  as  it 
is  by  vegetable  mould,  plant  the  roots  in  autumn,  and  protect 
the  bed  by  a  frame  two  inches  below  the  surface  ;  and  press 
the  earth  close  about  them.  When  they  come  up,  keep 
them  clear  of  weeds ;  and,  as  they  break  the  ground,  loose 
about  them,  crumble  it,  and  keep  it  pressed  close  round 
them.  Water  them  freely  in  hot  weather,  and  the  instant 
they  show  the  color  of  their  blooms  keep  the  sun  off:  they 
will  very  well  repay  the  trouble.  When  the  flowers  are  over, 
and  the  leaves  are  turning  yellow,  take  up  the  tubers,  and 
keep  them  out  of  ground  till  planting  time.  They  may  be 
raised  from  seeds  in  the  same  way  as  Anemones. 

K.  aconitifolius  (aconite-leaved) ;  hardy  perennial  ;  i  foot ; 
flowers  white,  in  May;  European  Alps  ;  1596.  R.  acris  flore- 
pleno  (bachelor's  buttons) ;  hardy  perennial ;  2  feet ;  flowers 
yellow,  in  June  ;  garden  variety.  R.  Alpestris  (Alpine);  hardy  per- 
ennial ;  6  inches  ;  flowers  white,  in  July  ;  Scotland.  R.  amplex- 
icaulis  (stem-clasping) ;  hardy  perennial  ;  i  foot  ;  flowers  white, 
in  May ;  Pyrenees  ;  1633.  R.Asiaticus  (common garden);  hardy 
perennial ;  9  inches  ;  flowers  various,  in  June  ;  Levant ;  1 596. 
The  colors  of  the  double  garden  varieties  are  very  various.  R. 
chcerophyllus  (chervil-leaved)  ;  hardy  perennial ;  i  foot ;  flowers 
yellow,  in  May  ;  Portugal.  R.  gramineus  (grassy) ;  hardy  per- 
ennial ;  i  foot ;  flowers  yellow,  single  or  double,  in  May  ;  Europe. 
R.  millefoliatus  (thousand-leaved) ;  hardy  perennial ;  I  foot ; 
flowers  yellow,  in  May  ;  Sicily  ;  1820.  R.  platanifolius  (plane- 
leaved)  ;  hardy  perennial ;  3  feet ;  flowers  white,  single  or  double, 
in  June  ;  Alps;  1596.  R.  rutcefolius  (rue-leaved) ;  hardy  peren- 
nial ;  6  inches  ;  flowers  white,  in  June  ;  Austria  ;  1759. 

RAGGED  ROBIN.     See  LYCHNIS  FLOSCUCULI. 

RESEDA.  Mignonette.  [Resedaceae.]  The  botanical  name 
of  the  mignonette  is  Reseda  odorata.  This  universally  ad- 
mired annual  is  one  of  the  most  easily-grown  of  all  plants ; 
no  matter  when  it  is  sown  or  where.  Sow  the  seeds,  and 


3l8  GARDEN    FLOWERS. 

the  plant,  bloom,  and  seed  soon  reward  us.  It  may  be  sown 
four  times  a  year  with  advantage  in  pans,  or  pots,  and  may 
be  planted  out  anywhere,  three  or  four  plants  in  a  patch.  It 
may  be  sown  in  pots,  and  be  thinned  ;  the  plants  taken  out 
being  transplanted  somewhere  else.  If  in  winter,  the  pots 
must  be  kept  in  the  greenhouse,  or  in  pits,  or  frames  with 
glasses ;  if  in  summer,  they  may  be  in  the  open  air.  No 
plants  will  bear  rougher  treatment ;  none  sooner  show  when 
they  have  been  removed  to  better  soil.  Mignonette  is  noth- 
ing to  look  at  except  by  means  of  a  magnifying  glass  ;  it 
makes  no  show ;  but  its  scent,  which  has  no  superior  among 
all  the  fragrant  flowers  of  the  garden,  will  always  secure  for 
it  a  place  in  the  most  recherche  collections.  Scatter  the  seed 
upon  the  borders  ;  let  the  plants  come  up  like  weeds  ;  they 
are  acceptable  anywhere  —  everywhere.  It  is  so  nearly 
hardy,  that  we  have  seen  the  old  plants  and  young  seedlings 
from  the  self-sown  seed,  standing  side  by  side  after  a  mild 
winter.  Mignonette,  although  an  annual,  can  be  struck  from 
cuttings,  which  in  their  turn  do  very  well,  and  almost  assimi- 
late the  plant  to  a  perennial.  They  bloom  more  dwarf  un- 
der these  circumstances,  but  they  are  not  the  worse  for  that ; 
and  as  to  foliage,  generally  speaking,  that  is  not  much  to 
look  at  after  the  plant  begins  to  bloom,  and  does  not  improve 
the  second  year.  Large  quantities  of  mignonette  are  grown 
for  the  market ;  for  which  purpose  it  is  generally  sown  in 
pots,  half  a  dozen  seeds  sprinkled  in  each  pot,  and  all  of 
them  submitted  to  the  common  garden  frames  with  lights  ; 
the  seeds  are  sown  about  September,  and  the  plants  have 
all  the  air  that  can  be  given  all  the  winter.  Of  course,  they 
keep  growing,  except  in  frosty  weather ;  and  in  the  spring 
months  rapidly  come  forward.  These  plants  show  bloom 
very  early,  before  they  have  grown  much,  and  are  in  flower 
until  others,  sown  in  February  and  March,  come  in  to  succeed 


GARDEN    FLOWERS.  319 

them.  The  Mignonette  may  be  had  in  bloom  all  the  year 
round  by  a  succession  of  sowings.  A  sowing  in  July  brings 
plants  that  flower  from  November  till  March  ;  a  sowing  the 
first  week  in  September  will  carry  on  the  blooming  from 
March  to  July ;  and  the  spring-sown  ones  will  do  the  rest. 
No  frost  must  reach  the  pots  in  the  winter-time,  and  the 
earth  must  be  occasionally  stirred  upon  the  surface  to  let  in 
the  air. 

R.  odorata  (scented  mignonette) ;  hardy  annual ;  I  foot ;  flow- 
ers greenish,  all  summer  ;  North  Africa  ;  1752. 

There  are  many  other  species  ;  but  they  are  of  little  value 
in  the  garden. 

RESTHARROW.     See  ONONIS. 

RHAMNUS.  Buckthorn.  [Rhamnacese.]  The  most  im- 
portant garden  plant  of  this  family  is  the  well-known  hedge 
plant  R.  catharticus.  There  are  many  other  species. 

RHEUM.  Rhubarb.  [Polygonaceae.]  Hardy  perennials 
of  coarse  habit,  but  having  a  fine  effect  in  rough  borders, 
and  in  situations  where  bold-looking  striking  plants  are 
desirable.  Good  garden  soil.  Increased  by  division  or 
seeds. 

RHODANTHE.  [Compositae.]  A  beautiful  little  half-hardy 
annual,  whose  flowers  are  like  so  many  pink  stars  sprinkled 
all  over  the  branches,  and,  when  well  grown,  as  delicate  as 
the  most  elegant  artificial  flowers  ;  the  petals  are  stiff  and 
dry,  and,  if  gathered  when  in  good  order,  the  flowers  may 
be  classed  among  those  vulgarly  called  "  everlasting."  The 
soil  adapted  best  for  its  healthy  culture  is  a  compost  of  loam, 
decomposed  cow-dung,  turfy  peat,  and  sand  ;  two  parts  of 
the  loam,  and  one  of  each  of  the  rest,  well  incorporated, 
and  passed  through  a  coarse  sieve.  In  a  shallow  pan  of 
this  compost,  gently  compressed  by  striking  the  pan  on  the 
table,  and  levelled  even  with  the  edge,  the  seeds  should  be 


32O  GARDEN    FLOWERS. 

sown  in  April,  very  thinly  and  evenly  ;  with  the  hand  spread 
flat,  press  the  surface  gently  all  over,  and  then,  with  a  very 
fine  sieve,  shake  enough  compost  over  the  seeds  to  cover 
them,  and  no  more.  The  pan  may  be  placed  in  a  hot-bed, 
or  in  the  stove.  When  the  plants  come  up,  let  them  be 
thinned  a  little,  drawing  out  any  weeds  that  may  come  up 
with  them,  and  place  them  close  to  the  glass.  In  a  few  days 
they  will  be  large  enough  to  prick  out  four  or  six  in  a  three- 
inch  pot ;  and,  as  soon  as  they  have  taken  root,  they  may 
be  put  into  the  greenhouse,  and  allowed  to  grow  until  they 
nearly  touch  each  other  ;  but  they  must  be  kept  near  the 
light,  and  have  air  in  very  mild  weather.  When  they  are 
first  pricked  out,  they  must  be  shaded  a  day  or  two.  They 
may  next  be  planted  singly  in  three-inch  pots,  and  still  kept 
near  the  glass.  In  these  pots  they  may  continue  growing 
until  the  roots  completely  fill  the  space  round  the  sides,  when 
they  may  be  transferred  to  five-inch  pots,  in  which  they  may 
bloom.  Continue  to  give  them  plenty  of  air,  plenty  of  light, 
and  moderate  waterings.  There  are  few  annuals  that  com- 
pete with  them  for  elegance  of  form,  symmetry,  and  beauty 
of  flower.  The  supernumerary  pots  of  five  or  six  plants 
each  —  that  is,  those  not  required  for  separate  potting  — 
should  be  set  aside,  and  kept  in  the  frames  till  the  middle  of 
May,  when  they  may  be  turned  out  into  the  borders  in  the 
patches,  without  being  disturbed.  Being  dwarf,  they  must 
be  kept  near  the  front.  From  those  in  the  borders,  seed 
may  be  expected ;  be  careful  to  gather  it  as  soon  as  the 
flowers  lose  their  bright  pink  color  ;  for,  as  the  seed  ripens, 
the  petals  get  paler,  and  being  a  composite  flower  the  seed 
is  not  within  a  pod,  and  would  easily  be  lost.  Pick  off  the 
flowers  whole,  and  the  seed  easily  rubs  out.  In  warm  situa- 
tions and  in  light  rich  soils,  the  seeds  for  the  out-door  plants 
may  be  sown  in  May  in  the  borders,  and  the  patches  then 
merely  require  thinning  out. 


GARDEN   FLOWERS.  321 

R.  Manglesii  (Mangles's) ;  half-hardy  annual ;  I  foot ;  flowers 
pink,  in  July  ;  Swan  River  ;  1832. 

RHODOCHITON.  [Scrophularineae.]  R.  volnbile,  once 
called  Lophospermum  Rhodochiton,  is  a  plant  with  much  the 
habit  and  appearance  of  Lophospermum,  but  more  slender  ; 
the  blossoms  have  a  saucer-shaped  rosy  calyx,  and  a  deep 
purple,  almost  black  corolla.  The  plant  is  increased  by  cut- 
tings, which  may  be  put  in  at  any  period  between  March  and 
August,  in  sandy  soil,  and  placed  in  a  close  shady  place  : 
mild  heat  assists  their  rooting.  The  young  plants  soon  ac- 
quire strength,  when  placed  in  a  moderate  bulk  of  compost, 
which  should  consist  of  loam,  peat,  and  leaf-mould  in  equal 
proportions,  and  used  in  rather  a  rough  or  lumpy  condition. 
It  is  adapted  for  the  open  ground,  and  may  be  grown  to  a 
very  pretty  state ;  the  branches  being  trained  around  several 
upright  stakes  forming  a  cylinder.  In  any  case,  the  plants 
should  be  renewed  annually.  It  requires  the  usual  treatment 
of  bedding  out  climbers. 

R,  -volubile  (twining);  greenhouse  climbing  perennial ;  12  feet; 
flowers  rose  and  chocolate,  in  June  ;  Mexico;  1833. 

RHODODENDRON.  Rose-bay.  [Ericaceae.]  One  of  the 
most  ornamental  families  of  evergreen  flowering  shrubs, 
comprising  great  variety  both  of  foliage  and  flower.  Some 
of  the  wild  species  have  superb  flowers ;  but  the  seedlings 
raised  in  English  gardens  carry  the  splendor  of  this  family 
greatly  beyond  that  of  any  of  the  original  species.  R.  Ca- 
tawbicnse,  which  has  the  best  habit  of  all  the  American  spe- 
cies, has  been  so  improved  from  seed,  that  varieties  may 
now  be  had  of  almost  every  color.  The  Indian  and  hardy 
species,  too,  have  been  so  crossed,  that  the  most  superb 
varieties  have  been  produced  with  the  best  qualities  of  sev- 
eral species  combined.  They  must  be  seen  in  flower  to  be 
purchased  with  advantage.  Peat  soil  is  the  most  suitable 


322  GARDEN    FLOWERS. 

for  these  shrubs  ;  but  the  hardy  sorts  will  grow  well  planted 
either  in  fibry  or  heavy  loams,  which  are  improved  by  the 
addition  of  vegetable  soil.  They  are  propagated  in  a  variety 
of  ways.  The  common  sorts  increase  plentifully  from  seeds, 
which  are  also  resorted  to  (the  flowers  having  been  cross- 
fertilized),  for  the  raising  of  new  varieties.  Sow  the  seeds 
in  broad  shallow  pots,  well  drained,  and  filled  with  a  mixture 
of  two-thirds  peat  and  one-third  loam  ;  place  them  in  a  cold 
pit ;  keep  the  soil  moist,  for  it  must  not  once  dry  after  the 
seeds  are  in.  When  large  enough,  prick  the  young  plants 
out  at  an  inch  apart,  into  other  pots  or  pans,  and,  as  they 
become  larger,  pot  them  singly  ;  or,  if  intended  for  the  open 
air,  plant  them  in  peat-beds,  giving  them  room  from  year  to 
year  by  taking  away  alternate  plants,  and  putting  them  else- 
where. They  may  continue  in  the  beds  till  they  flower.  If 
there  be  any  doubt  of  their  hardiness,  put  hoops  and  mats 
over  them  ;  but  it  is  useless  to  raise  tender  ones,  while  there 
are  so  many  fine  hardy  varieties.  Approved  sorts  and  rare 
species  are  propagated  by  layering,  or  by  grafting  on  stocks 
of  the  common  species,  sometimes  by  cuttings. 

R.  arboreum  (tree) ;  half-hardy  evergreen  tree  ;  20  feet ;  flow- 
ers rose,  in  April ;  Nepaul ;  1820.  This  species  has  given  rise 
to  many  richly-colored  hybrids.  R.  Catawbiense  (Catawba) ; 
hardy  evergreen  shrub  ;  4  feet ;  flowers  purple,  in  June  ;  North 
America  ;  1809.  The  varieties  of  this  afford  all  shades  of  colors, 
from  purple  and  rose  to  pink  and  white.  R.  ciliatum  (ciliate) ; 
half-hardy  evergreen  shrub  ;  18  inches  ;  flowers  purple  or  whit- 
ish ;  Sikkim  Himalaya ;  1850.  R,  Dalhousitz  (Lady  Dalhousie's); 
half-hardy  evergreen  shrub  ;  6  feet ;  flowers  white,  in  March ; 
Himalaya  ;  1850.  R.  formosu m  (showy) ;  greenhouse  evergreen 
shrub;  6  feet;  flowers  white,  in  June;  India;  1837.  Called 
also  R.  Gibsoni.  R.  hirsutum  (hairy) ;  hardy  evergreen  shrub  ; 
2  feet ;  flowers  bright  rose  or  white,  in  May  ;  Switzerland  ;  1656. 
R.  Javanicum  (Javanese) ;  greenhouse  or  stove  evergreen 


GARDEN    FLOWERS.  323 

shrub  ;  4  feet  ;  flowers  salmon  or  copper-color,  in  February ; 
Java;  1847.  R.  Ponticum  (Pontic) ;  hardy  evergreen  shrub;  6 
feet;  flowers  purple,  in  May;  Gibraltar;  1763.  This  has 
sported  into  numerous  varieties  of  various  colors. 

Almost  all  the  species  of  Rhododendron  are  worth  plant- 
ing out  doors,  especially  such  of  the  Indian  ones  as  ulti- 
mately prove  hardy  ;  the  tenderer  sorts  being  the  best  of  all 
plants,  along  with  Camellias,  for  cold  conservatories.  The 
following  are  fine  varieties,  hardy  enough  to  withstand  a  New- 
England  winter  :  Archimedes,  album  elegans,  album  grandi- 
florum,  atrosanguineum,  Barclayanum,  Blandyanum,  Bray- 
anum,  Chancellor,  Columbus,  Delicatissimum,  Due  de  Brabant, 
Everestianum,  giganteum,  Leopardii,  lucidum,  Marc  Antony, 
Nero,  ornatum,  Pardoleton,  pictum,  perspicuum,  purpureum 
elegans  and  grandiflorum,  roseum  elegans,  grandiflorum,  pictum 
and  superbum,  Sherwoodianum,  Victoria. 

RHUBARB.     See  RHEUM. 

RHUS.  •  Sumach.  [Anacardiaceae.]  Hardy  deciduous 
shrubs.  Light  loam.  Increased  by  seeds,  layers,  or  cut- 
tings. 

ORNAMENTAL  SHRUBS.  JR.  copallina,  R.  Coriaria,  R.  Cotinus, 
R.  typhina. 

RIBES.  Currant.  [Grossulariaceae.]  An  extensive  fami- 
ly of  hardy  shrubs,  well  suited  for  shrubberies.  The  very 
best,  which  grows  freely  in  ordinary  garden  soil,  is  R.  san- 
guineum,  a  deciduous  plant,  which  about  May  is  decorated 
with  drooping  bunches  of  scarlet  blossoms.  Of  this  there 
is  a  very  handsome  double-flowered  variety,  and  another  in 
which  the  blossoms  are  white.  They  are  propagated  with- 
out difficulty  either  by  layers  or  by  cuttings. 

R.  aureum  prcecox  (early) ;  hardy  shrub  ;  4  feet ;  flowers  yel- 
low, in  March  ;  North  America  51812.  R.  sanguineum  (bloody) ; 
hardy  shrub  ;  4  feet ;  flowers  red  or  white,  single  or  double,  in 


324  GARDEN    FLOWERS. 

May;  North  America;  1826.  R.  speciosum  (showy);  hardy 
shrub  ;  4  feet ;  flowers  scarlet,  in  May  ;  California  ;  1829. 

Other  species  may  be  planted  in  extensive  shrubberies. 

RICINUS.  Palma  Christi.  [Euphorbiaceae.]  For  ordi- 
nary gardens,  R.  communis,  or  Castor-oil  plant,  is  sufficient. 
It  is  one  of  those  plants  which,  wherever  there  is  room 
for  them,  should  always  find  a  place,  for  the  sake  of  their 
fine  expansive  palmate  foliage.  The  flowers  are  curious, 
but  not  showy.  The  seeds  should  be  sown  in  a  hot-bed  in 
April,  and  the  young  plants  potted  singly,  and  grown  in  the 
frame  for  a  few  weeks,  then  transferred  to  the  greenhouse 
or  a  cooler  frame,  and  finally  hardened  off  in  a  cold  frame, 
ready  for  planting  out  by  the  end  of  May.  The  soil  should 
be  made  rich  for  them  ;  for,  being  grown  on  account  of  their 
foliage,  it  is  desirable  to  encourage  them,  that  the  leaves 
may  be  fine  and  vigorous.  The  variety  called  R.  communis 
minor  is  preferable,  except  where  there  is  abundant  space, 
when  the  variety  major  may  be  grown  ;  the  leaves  of  the 
latter  are  considerably  the  larger,  though  both  are  large. 
This  plant,  though  a  shrub  or  tree  in  its  native  climate,  is 
destroyed  here  by  our  winter,  and  is  therefore  treated  as  a 
half-hardy  annual. 

R.  communis  (castor-oil  plant) ;  half-hardy  shrub ;  5  feet ; 
flowers  greenish-yellow,  in  July  ;  East  Indies  ;  1548. 

This  plant  has  latterly  attracted  much  attention,  and  there 
are  many  very  fine  foliaged  varieties  which  we  may  mention. 
R.  sanguineus,  Borboniensis  arboreus,  Tunciensis,  macrocarpus, 
spectabitis,  albicans,  leucocarpus,  Africanus,  and  macrocarpus 
nanus,  afford  every  variety  of  white,  green,  and  red  foliage. 
The  seed  ripens  as  far  North  as  Massachusetts  in  favorable 
seasons. 

RICOTIA.  [Cruciferae.]  A  hardy  annual,  thriving  in  gar- 
den soil  from  seed  sown  in  May. 


GARDEN    FLOWERS.  32$ 

R.  hinaria  (Moonwort) ;  flowers  blue,  purple,  in  July  ;  Egypt ; 
1757- 

ROBINIA.  [Leguminosas.]  Deciduous  shrubs  and  trees, 
many  of  them  of  large  size,  as  the  False  Acacia,  or  Locust- 
tree  (R.  pseud-Acacia),  which,  besides  its  elegant  pinnate 
foliage,  and  drooping  racemes  of  white  sweet-scented  flow- 
ers, furnishes  a  hard  and  durable  timber.  For  the  flower- 
garden  and  shrubbery,  however,  the  species  most  appropri- 
ate is  the  Rose  Acacia  (R.  hispida),  for  which  the  allied 
species,  R.  macrophylla,  may  be  substituted  in  situations 
where  there  is  space  for  its  somewhat  larger  growth :  both 
bear  long  drooping  racemes  of  large  rose-colored  flowers. 
The  Rose  Acacias  grow  well  in  moderately  good  garden 
soil ;  but  they  require  rather  a  sheltered  situation,  or  their 
brittle  branches  are  liable  to  be  broken  by  the  wind.  They 
should  be  grown  as  standards. 

R.  pseud,  acacia  variety  Decaisneana,  is  a  charming  hybrid, 
with  rosy-pink  flowers  ;  1862. 

ROCKET.     See  HESPERIS. 

ROMERIA.  [Papaveraceag.]  Hardy  annuals,  allied  to 
Glaucium.  Common  soil.  Propagated  by  seeds  sown  in 
May. 

The  species  are  R.  hybrida,  refracta,  and  vermiculata,  with 
purple,  red,  and  violet  flowers  in  June. 

ROSA.  Rose.  [Rosaceae.]  The  varieties,  colors,  and 
habit  of  the  Rose  are  almost  endless.  They  are  grown 
either  on  their  own  roots,  or  budded  on  stocks  —  that  is, 
stems  —  of  the  common  Dog-rose.  The  Rose  will  grow 
well  in  any  moderately-rich  garden  soil.  In  planting  roses, 
cut  all  the  ragged  and  damaged  parts  of  the  root  clean  with 
a  sharp  knife  ;  if  any  part  of  the  root  is  bruised,  remove  it ; 
plant  these  the  same  depth  that  they  have  been  growing  be- 
fore ;  prune  out  all  the  thin  twigs  or  shoots  from  the  head 


326  GARDEN    FLOWERS. 

or  bush  ;  cut  out  all  the  branches  which  are  in  the  way  of 
others  ;  cut  back  all  the  last  year's  wood  to  three  eyes,  and 
always  make  the  cut  sloping,  and  just  above  a  bud.  When 
they  are  growing,  rub  off  the  buds  that  are  growing  inward 
so  as  to  crowd  the  head.  It  is  a  good  plan  to  prune  roses 
at  two  if  not  three  seasons  ;  for  on  the  pruning  the  season 
of  bloom  depends.  The  early  pruned  ones  grow  as  soon  as 
the  unpruned ;  the  latter  push  the  eyes  towards  the  end, 
while  the  eyes  next  the  stem  do  not  push  at  all  •  by  pruning 
off  all  the  grown  eyes,  the  ungrown  ones  have  to  begin  their 
growth,  when  the  pruned  bushes  have  grown  for  a  month, 
and  thus  later  flowers  are  obtained.  For  the  culture  of  this 
favorite  flower,  see  Parkman's  Treatise  on  the  subject. 

R.  B'anksia  (Lady  Banks's) ;  half-hardy  shrub  ;  20  feet;  flowers 
white  or  yellow,  in  June  ;  China;  1807.  R.  bracteata  (Macart- 
ney's) ;  hardy  shrub  ;  3  feet ;  flowers  white,  in  August ;  China ; 
1795.  R.  centifolia  (cabbage);  hardy  shrub;  2  feet;  flowers 
pink,  in  June  ;  Caucasus  ;  1 596.  The  parent  of  the  garden  va- 
rieties of  Cabbage  and  Moss  roses.  R.  indica  (monthly) ;  half- 
hardy  shrub  ;  12  feet ;  flowers  blush,  all  the  year  ;  China  ;  1789. 
From  this  have  sprung  the  varieties  of  China  and  Tea-scented 
roses.  R.  Lawrenceana  (Miss  Lawrence's) ;  half-hardy  shrub ; 
i  foot;  flowers  blush,  all  the  year;  China;  1810:  the  parent 
of  the  Fairy  roses.  R.  rubiginosa  (eglantine) ;  hardy  shrub  ;  5 
feet ;  flowers  pink,  in  June  ;  England.  R.  semperflorens  (ever- 
blooming)  ;  hardy  shrub  ;  6  feet ;  flowers  deep  crimson,  all  the 
year  ;  China  ;  1789. 

ROSE  ACACIA.     See  ROBINIA. 

ROSE  BAY.     See  RHODODENDRON. 

ROSE  CAMPION.     See  LYCHNIS. 

RUBUS.  Bramble.  [Rosaceae.]  Hardy  trailing  shrubs 
for  the  most  part.  Soil,  rich  loam.  Propagated  by  cuttings 
and  layers.  A  very  extensive  genus,  which  is  generally  well 
adapted  for  gardens. 


GARDEN    FLOWERS. 


327 


R.  fruticosus  flore  pleno  (double) ;  hardy  deciduous  trailing 
shrub  ;  10  feet ;  flowers  light-red,  in  July ;  Britain. 

RUDBECKIA.  [Compositae.]  Showy  hardy  herbaceous  per- 
ennials, from  which  the  species  of  Echinacea,  Obeliscaria, 
Centrocarpha,  and  Dracopis  have  been  separated.  Increased 
by  seeds  sown  in  May,  to  produce  flowering-plants  for  the 
next  year,  or  by  dividing  the  old  roots  any  time  in  autumn 
or  spring,  and  planting  the  division  with  pieces  of  root  at- 
tached. They  grow  readily  in  any  good  common  soil. 

R.  laciniata  (jagged-leaved) ;  hardy  perennial ;  5  feet ;  flow- 
ers yellow,  in  July ;  North  America  ;  1640.  JR.  Icevigata 
(smooth) ;  hardy  perennial ;  3  feet ;  flowers  yellow,  in  July ; 
Carolina;  1812. 

Ruscus.  Butcher's  Broom.  [Smilaceae.]  Evergreen  un- 
dershrubs.  Common  soil.  Propagated  by  suckers.  These 
plants  are  not  hardy  in  the  Northern  States. 

CURIOUS  EVERGREENS.  —  R.  aculeatus,  R.  hypoglossum,  R. 
hypophyllum,  R.  racemosus. 


SABBATIA.  [Gentianaceae.]  Hardy  or  half-hardy  bien- 
nials and  perennials.  Soil,  peat,  kept  moist.  In- 
creased by  seeds  or  division. 

S.  angularis  (angular) ;  hardy  biennial  ;  6  inches  ;  flowers 
purple,  in  July  ;  North  America  ;  1826.  .5".  paniculata  (pan- 
icled) ;  hardy  perennial;  18  inches;  flowers  white,  in  May; 
North  America;  1817.  S.  stellaris  (starry);  hardy  biennial, 
dwarf;  flowers  rose,  with  a  yellowish-green  eye,  in  July  ;  North 
America  ;  1827. 

SAGE.     See  SALVIA. 

SAGITTARIA.  Arrow-head.  [Alismaceae.]  Aquatic  per- 
ennials, requiring  various  degrees  of  temperature.  Rich, 
loamy  soil.  Increased  by  division.  The  plants  require  to 
be  placed  in  water. 

S.  graminea  (grassy) ;  greenhouse  aquatic  perennial  ;  18 
inches;  flowers  white,  in  July;  Carolina;  1812.  S.  latifolia 
(broad-leaved) ;  hardy  aquatic  perennial ;  i  foot ;  flowers  white, 
single,  or  double,  in  July  ;  North  America  ;  1818.  S.  sagittifo- 
lia  (arrow-leaved) ;  hardy  aquatic  perennial  ;  2  feet ;  flowers 
white,  single,  or  double,  in  July;  England.  S.  sinensis  (Chi- 
nese) ;  greenhouse  aquatic  perennial ;  2  feet ;  flowers  white,  in 
October;  China  ;  1812. 

ST.  JOHN'S  WORT.     See  HYPERICUM. 

SAINTFOIN.     See  ONOBRYCHIS. 

SALISBURIA.  Maiden-hair  Tree.  [Taxaceas.]  Hardy 
deciduous  tree,  ornamental  on  account  of  its  habit  and  sin- 
gular maiden-hair-like  foliage.  Soil,  sandy  loam.  Prop- 
328 


GARDEN    FLOWERS.  329 

agated  by  layers  or  cuttings.  S.  adiantifolia  is  the  only  spe- 
cies, of  which  there  is  a  fine  variegated  variety. 

SALIX.  Willow.  [Saliceae.]  A  large  genus  of  decidu- 
ous shrubs  aud  trees,  a  few  of  which  are  ornamental.  Moist 
soil,  rather  loamy.  Propagated  by  cuttings  of  the  stouter 
shoots  planted  in  spring. 

ORNAMENTAL  TREES.  —  S.  Babylonica,  and  its  varieties  cris- 
pa  and  Napoleona;  S.  cuprea  pendula. 

There  are  some  two  hundred  species  and  varieties. 

SALPIGLOSSIS.  [Solanaceas.]  Annuals  or  biennials,  of  a 
showy  character,  requiring  the  protection  of  a  frame  or 
greenhouse  in  winter  ;  and  except  in  very  sheltered  situa- 
tions, where  they  may  be  planted  out  in  summer,  suited 
rather  for  pot-culture  in  doors  than  for  the  open  air.  They 
may  be  managed  very  much  in  the  same  way  as  the  biennial 
species  of  Schizanthus.  They  require  a  light  and  rich  com- 
post. Probably  they  are  all  varieties  of  the  same  species. 
When  well  cultivated,  they  are  showy  plants. 

S.  atropurpurea  (dark-purple) ;  half-hardy  biennial ;  2  feet ; 
flowers  dark-purple,  in  June;  Chili;  1827.  S.  Barclayana 
(Barclay's) ;  half-hardy  biennial ;  2  feet ;  flowers  brown  and  yel- 
low, in  June  ;  gardens.  S.  coccinea  (scarlet) ;  half-hardy  bien- 
nial ;  2  feet ;  flowers  scarlet  or  coppery,  in  June.  S.  lutea  (yel- 
low) ;  half-hardy  biennial ;  2  feet ;  flowers  yellow,  in  June.  S. 
picta  (painted) ;  half-hardy  biennial ;  2  feet ;  flowers  white  and 
purple,  in  June  ;  Chili ;  1820.  S.  straminea  (straw) ;  half-hardy 
biennial ;  2  feet ;  flowers  yellowish,  in  June  ;  Chili ;  1824. 

SALVIA.  Sage.  [Lamiaceae.]  There  are  two  kinds  of 
Salvia  highly  esteemed  for  the  brilliance  of  their  flowers,  — 
S.  splendens,  scarlet,  and  S.  patetts,  brilliant  blue  ;  but  there 
are  many  more  that  have  nearly  equal  claims,  and  scores 
that  are  merely  weeds.  Some  of  them  are  hardy,  some  half- 
hardy  ;  some  require  a  stove,  some  a  greenhouse.  Salvias 


33O  GARDEN   FLOWERS. 

grow  freely  in  any  moderately  good  soil,  the  best  being  a 
light  loam  with  a  third  of  rotted  dung.  The  greenhouse 
kinds  do  well  planted  out  in  May,  and  potted  again  in 
September,  and  are  better  propagated  annually  by  cut- 
tings in  July  or  August.  The  herbaceous  sorts,  or  half- 
shrubby  hardy  perennials,  do  very  well  in  the  ordinary  soil 
of  the  garden,. and  multiply  by  parting  the  roots,  or  by  strik- 
ing the  young  shoots.  The  raising  from  seed  is  very  sim- 
ple. The  seed  has  to  be  sown  in  March,  in  wide-mouthed 
pots ;  the  seedlings  pricked  out  early,  a  few  in  a  pot,  to  grow 
into  strength,  and  planted  out  in  May  if  they  are  hardy  or 
half-hardy,  or  potted  if  they  are  tender.  Even  the  tender 
ones  may  be  planted  out,  so  that  they  are  potted  early  in 
September,  and  put  into  frames  or  greenhouses,  or  any  other 
contrivance,  to  prevent  the  frost  from  injuring  them.  The 
stove  varieties  are  not  worth  notice,  and  the  others  may  all 
safely  be  treated  like  Geraniums,  Verbenas,  and  other  plants 
for  bedding  out.  S.  patens  -is  a  fleshy  rooted  plant,  requir- 
ing to  be  kept  dry  in  winter  like  a  Dahlia  root. 

S.  azurea  (azure) ;  hardy  perennial ;  5  feet ;  flowers  blue,  in 
August;  North  America;  1806.  S.  chamcedryoides  (german- 
der-leaved) ;  half-hardy  shrub ;  18  inches  ;  flowers  blue,  in 
June;  Mexico;  1795.  S.  confertiflora  (crowded) ;  stove  shrub; 
5  feet;  flowers  orange-red,  in  September;  Brazil;  1838.  S. 
fulgens  (brilliant) ;  greenhouse  shrub  ;  5  feet ;  flowers  scarlet, 
in  July  ;  Mexico  ;  1829.  S.  gesneriflora  (gesneria-flowered) ; 
stove  shrub  ;  3  feet ;  flowers  scarlet,  in  winter  ;  1*836.  S.  ghiti- 
nosa  (glutinous) ;  hardy  perennial ;  3  feet ;  flowers  yellow,  in 
June;  Germany;  1769.  S.  Grahamii  (Graham's);  half-hardy 
shrub;  4  feet;  flowers  purple  or  rose,  in  July ;  Mexico;  1829. 
S.  Mans  (gaping) ;  hardy  perennial ;  3  feet  ;  flowers  blue  and 
white,  in  June  ;  Cashmere  ;  1839.  S.  Horminum  (Clary) ;  har- 
dy annual ;  18  inches  ;  flowers  purple,  in  June  ;  south  of  Eu- 
rope ;  1596.  One  variety  is  red-topped,  another  purple-topped. 


GARDEN   FLOWERS.  33! 

S.  leucantha  (white-flowered) ;  greenhouse  shrub  ;  3  feet ;  flow- 
ers white,  in  July ;  Mexico  ;  1825.  S.  patens  (spreading) ;  half- 
hardy  perennial ;  2  feet ;  flowers  blue  or  white,  in  July  ;  Me^xi- 
co  ;  1838.  S.  pratensis  (meadow) ;  hardy  perennial ;  3  feet ; 
flowers  purple,  in  May  ;  England.  S.  prunelloides  (prunella- 
like)  ;  half-hardy  perennial ;  6  inches  ;  flowers  blue,  in  June ; 
Mexico;  1838.  S.  pseudo-coccinea  (bastard) ;  greenhouse  sub- 
shrub;  3  feet ;  flowers  scarlet,  in  July  ;  South  .America  ;  1797. 
.S".  Sclarea  (Clary) ;  hardy  biennial  ;  3  feet ;  flowers  whitish  and 
purple,  in  July;  south  of  Europe  ;  1562.  S.  splendens  (splen- 
did) ;  greenhouse  shrub  ;  5  feet ;  flowers  scarlet,  in  September  ; 
Mexico  ;  1822.  S.  Tenorii,  (Tenorie's);  hardy  perennial ;  2  feet ; 
flowers  blue,  in  June  ;  Italy  ;  1821. 

SANDWORT.     See  ARENARIA. 

SANGUINARIA.  Puccoon.  [Papaveraceae.]  Dwarf  early- 
blooming  hardy  perennials.  Soil,  light  loam.  Increased 
by  division.  They  are  very  ornamental  and  valuable  on  ac- 
count of  their  early  bloom. 

S.  Canadensis  (Canadian) ;  hardy  perennial ;  6  inches  ;  flow- 
ers white,  in  May  ;  North  America. 

The  variety  grandiflora  has  larger  flowers.  This  plant  has 
a  tendency  to  produce  extra  petals,  and  promises  well  for  a 
double  variety. 

SAMBUCUS.  Elder.  [Caprifoliaceae.]  Hardy  shrubs, 
with  white  flowers  and  ornamental  berries.  Propagated  by 
seeds  or  cuttings.  Soil,  deep  rich  damp  loam.  The  varie- 
gated varieties  are  very  desirable. 

S.  Canadensis  (Canada) ;  6  feet ;  flowers  in  July ;  North 
America;  1761.  S.  nigra  (black-fruited);  15  feet;  flowers  in 
June ;  Britain.  S.  nigra  foliis-argenteis  (white-variegated- 
leaved)  ;  20  feet ;  flowers  in  June  ;  Britain.  S.  nigra  foliis-lu- 
teis  (yellow-variegated-leaved) ;  20  feet ;  flowers  in  June  ;  Britain. 
S.  nigra  laciniata  (cut ;  parsley-leaved) ;  20  feet ;  flowers  in  June  ; 
Britain.  S.  nigra  laciniata  aurea  (cut ;  yellow-striped) ;  20  feet ; 
flowers  in  June;  1848.  S.  nigra  leucocarpa  (white-berried) ;  20 


332  GARDEN    FLOWERS. 

feet ;  flowers  in  June  ;  Britain.  S.  nigra  monstrosa  (monstrous- 
striped-barked)  ;  20  feet ;  flowers  in  June  ;  Britain.  S.  nigra 
pulverulenta  (powdered);  10  feet;  flowers  in  June;  Britain. 
S.  nigra  rotundifolia  (roundish-leaved) ;  20  feet ;  flowers  in 
June  ;  Britain.  S.  nigra  virescens  (greenish) ;  20  feet  ;  flowers 
in  June  ;  Britain.  6".  pubens  (downy) ;  6  feet ;  flowers  in  North 
America;  1812.  S.  racemosa  (racemed) ;  12  feet;  flowers 
green  and  yellow,  in  May ;  south  of  Europe ;  1 566.  .5".  race- 
mosa flavescens  (yellowish) ;  12  feet;  flowers  yellow  and  green, 
in  May  ;  south  of  Europe  ;  1 596.  S.  racemosa  purpurea  (pur- 
ple) ;  12  feet ;  flowers  purple,  in  May  ;  south  of  Europe ;  1596. 

SANGUISORBA.  Burnet.  [Rosaceae.]  Hardy  herbaceous 
perennials  of  coarse  habit,  but  elegant  foliage.  They  grow 
readily  in  common  soil,  and  are  increased  by  division. 

S'.  Alpina  (Alpine) ;  flowers  yellow,  in  June  ;  Altai ;  1837.  S. 
'Andersonii  (Anderson's);  flowers  pink,  in  July;  Siberia.  6*. 
Canadensis  (Canadian) ;  3  feet ;  flowers  white,  in  August ;  Can- 
ada ;  1633.  S.  carnea  (flesh-colored) ;  4  feet ;  flowers  red,  in 
July;  Siberia  ;»i823.  S.  Mauritanica  (Mauritanian) ;  4  feet; 
flowers  pink,  in  July  ;  Algiers  ;  1810.  S.  media  (middle) ;  4 
feet ;  flowers  flesh,  in  August ;  Canada ;  1 785.  S.  neglecta 
(neglected);  4  feet ;  flowers  white,  in  July;  Europe;  1800.  S. 
officinalis  (shop) ;  4  feet ;  flowers  purple,  in  July ;  Britain.  S. 
officinalis  auriculata  (eared) ;  4  feet ;  flowers  pink,  in  July  ;  Si- 
cily. S.  pracox  (early-flowering) ;  3  feet ;  flowers  pink,  in  May  ; 
Siberia  ;  1827.  S.tenuifolia  (fine-leaved) ;  4  feet ;  flowers  pink, 
in  July  ;  Dahuria  ;  1 820. 

SANVITALIA.  [Composite.]  A  procumbent  half-hardy 
annual,  requiring  the  ordinary  treatment  of  half-hardy  annu- 
als. Sown  in  the  border  or  in  beds  about  the  beginning 
of  May,  it  will  bloom  about  July.  It  is  a  suitable  plant  for 
the  edges  of  beds. 

S.  procumbens  (procumbent) ;  hardy  annual ;  I  foot ;  flowers 
yellow,  in  June  ;  Mexico  ;  1798. 

SAPONARIA.     Soap-wort.    [Caryophyllacese.]     Showy  har- 


GARDEN    FLOWERS.  333 

dy  plants,  consisting  of  annuals  and  perennials.  Among  the 
latter  is  S.  officinalis  flore  plcno,  a  vigorous  growing  subject 
of  the  easiest  culture,  which,  as  it  propagates  by  fragments 
of  its  roots,  is  with  difficulty  extirpated  where  it  has  been 
once  introduced,  but  does  not  spread  very  rapidly  of  itself. 
Another  pretty  species,  forming  indeed  a  beautiful  object 
on  rock-work  during  summer,  but  apt  to  suffer  from  damp 
in  winter,  and  therefore  requiring  to  be  preserved  at  that 
season  in  a  dry  frame,  is  S.  oeymoides,  which  spreads  over 
the  surface  of  the  ground  in  patches  of  some  size,  covered 
with  innumerable  rose-colored  stars,  through  the  principal 
part  of  the  summer  season.  This  kind  is  best  increased  by 
seeds,  when  they  are  to  be  procured  :  these  should  be 
sown  in  May  or  June,  and  the  young  plants  potted  singly, 
using  a  compost  of  sandy  loam,  and  keeping  them  sheltered 
from  much  wet  and  damp,  in  cool  frames,  through  the  first 
winter,  when  they  may  be  planted  out.  When  seeds  are  not 
to  be  had,  cuttings  must  be  planted  in  June  or  July,  in  sandy 
soil,  under  hand-lights,  and  these  young  plants  wintered 
as  before.  A  store  of  young  plants  should  be  so  preserved 
annually.  For  a  dwarf  bed  in  a  flower-garden,  this  species 
is  well  suited,  on  account  of  the  mass  in  which  its  blossoms 
are  produced  :  when  so  planted,  the  surface  should  be  cov- 
ered with  stones,  over  which  the  branches  of  the  Saponaria 
delight  to  spread.  S.  calabrica  is  a  beautiful  annual,  of  very 
much  the  same  character  in  other  respects. 

S.  ccespitosa  (tufted) ;  half-hardy  perennial ;  6  inches  ;  flowers 
red,  in  July;  Pyrenees;  1820.  S.  ocymoides  (basil-like);  half- 
hardy  perennial ;  6  inches  ;  flowers  rose,  in  June  ;  Europe  ; 
1768.  6".  officinalis  flore  plcno  (officinal) ;  hardy  perennial ;  3 
feet ;  flowers  pink,  in  July  ;  gardens.  S.  prostrata  (prostrate) ; 
half-hardy  perennial ;  6  inches ;  flowers  rose,  in  July ;  Pyre- 
nees ;  1824. 

SARRACENIA.    Side-saddle  Flower.     [Sarracenise.]     Hardy 


334  GARDEN    FLOWERS. 

and  half-hardy  herbaceous  perennials.  Soil,  sphagnum  moss 
and  fibry  peat.  S.  purpurea  is  perfectly  hardy,  needing  only 
a  moist  situation  :  the  other  species  need  greenhouse  pro- 
tection. Increased  by  division. 

S.  Drummondii,  S.  flava,  S.  minor,  S.  purpurea,  S.  rubra, 
S.  variolaris,  are  all  interesting  plants,  remarkable  for  the 
pitcher-like  form  of  the  leaves. ' 

SAUSSUREA.  [Composite]  Hardy  herbaceous  perennials, 
with  red  or  purple  flowers,  thriving  in  common  garden  soil, 
and  propagated  by  division.  There  are  about  twenty  spe- 
cies, natives  of  Siberia  and  the  Caucasus. 

SAXIFRAGA.  Saxifrage.  [Saxifragaceae.]  Hardy  peren- 
nials, of  close-tufted  growth,  mostly  of  small  stature,  and  of 
simple  beauty.  All  the  species  are  admirably  suited  for 
rock-work,  thriving  when  planted  on  raised  banks  among 
rough  stones,  which  they  soon  cover  with  their  matted 
branches.  One  species,  -S".  umbrosa,  is  one  of  the  most  val- 
uable of  plants  for  town  gardens  :  in  fact,  it  thrives  any- 
where, —  as  well  in  the  midst  of  smoke  and  shade  as  in  the 
pure  air.  This  grows  a  foot  or  more  high,  and  has  pink  flow- 
ers prettily  spotted,  which  are  produced  about  May.  The 
species  flourish  in  any  kind  of  light  soil,  and  increase  to  any 
extent  by  division.  They  are  sometimes  planted  as  an  edg- 
ing to  flower  borders,  and  look  very  pretty,  but  require  to  be 
frequently  replanted. 

S.  Cotyledon  (pyramidal) ;  hardy  perennial ;  2  feet ;  flowers 
white,  in  a  pyramid,  in  June  ;  European  Alps  ;  1 596.  S.  crassi- 
folia  (thick-leaved) ;  hardy  perennial ;  I  foot ;  flowers  pink,  in 
April;  Siberia;  1765.  S. granulata  plena  (grain-rooted) ;  har- 
dy perennial  ;  I  foot ;  flowers  white,  in  May  ;  gardens.  S.  hyp- 
noides  (moss-like) ;  hardy  perennial ;  6  inches  ;  flowers  white, 
in  May  ;  Scotland.  S.  oppositifolia  (opposite-leaved) ;  hardy 
perennial ;  3  inches ;  flowers  purple  or  white,  in  March  ;  Bri- 
tain. 6*.  sarmentosa  (sarmentose) ;  half-hardy  perennial ;  2 


GARDEN    FLOWERS.  335 

feet ;  flowers  white,  spotted  red,  in  June  ;  China ;  1815.  S.  um- 
brosa;  hardy  perennial ;  18  inches  ;  flowers  flesh-colored,  spot- 
ted, in  April ;  Britain. 

All  the  perennial  kinds  may  be  safely  added  to  this  small 
selection,  which  serves  merely  to  indicate  the  variety  com- 
prised in  the  genus. 

SCABIOSA.  Scabious.  [Dipsaceae.]  Hardy  herbaceous 
perennials.  Common  soil.  Increased  by  division.  The 
species  are  S.  arvensts,  Australis,  Carpatica,  dichotomay  dip- 
saafolia,  pubescens,  Salcedi,  and  stricta,  mostly  white  flowered. 

SCARLET  RUNNER.     See  PHASEOLUS. 

SCHIVERECKIA.  [Brassiceae.]  Hardy  perennial  rock- 
plants.  Common  soil.  Increased  by  division. 

SCHIZANTHUS.  [Scrophularineae.]  Hardy  annuals  and 
greenhouse  biennials.  The  plant  is  of  branching,  elegant, 
habit,  and  well  covered  with  bloom  ;  the  flowers  of  an  odd 
shape,  with  wings  and  lips  of  different  colors.  They  are  a 
very  pretty  tribe  of  plants,  and  for  pot-culture,  as  well  as  the 
borders,  are  worthy  of  all  gardens.  Sown  in  the  open  bor- 
ders, they  bloom  the  more  dwarf  in  proportion  as  the  soil 
is  poor ;  but  the  best  way  to  raise  them  is  on  a  hot-bed  in 
March.  The  greenhouse  biennial  section  is  only  suitable 
for  pot-culture,  and  differs  in  requiring  to  be  sown  in  July  or 
August,  and  kept  through  the  winter  in  small  pots,  on  a  dry, 
airy,  greenhouse  shelf.  They  bloom  very  late  if  sown  in 
spring. 

S.  candidus  (whitish) ;  half-hardy  annual ;  2  feet ;  flowers 
whitish,  in  July;  Coquimbo  ;  1840.  S.  Grahami  (Graham's); 
half-hardy  biennial  ;  2  feet ;  flowers  lilac  and  yellow,  in  June  ; 
Chili;  1831.  S.  Hookeri  (Hooker's) ;  half-hardy  biennial ;  2 
feet ;  flowers  rose  and  yellow,  in  June  ;  Chili ;  1828.  S.  pinna- 
tus  (pinnate) ;  half-hardy  annual;  18  inches;  flowers  lilac  and 
rose,  in  June;  Chili;  1822.  '  S.  retusus  (retuse) ;  half-hardy  bi- 
ennial ;  2  feet ;  flowers  crimson  and  yellow,  or  white,  in  June  ; 


3$6  GARDEN    FLOWERS. 

Chili;  1831.  S.  violaceus  (violet);  half-hardy  annual;  2  feet; 
flowers  violet-purple,  in  July  ;  gardens. 

SCHIZONOTUS.  [Rosaceas.]  A  small  genus  of  hardy 
shrubs,  separated  from  Spiraea,  and  differing  in  having  pin- 
nate leaves.  S.  tomentosns  (Spiraea  Lindleyana)  is  a  very 
desirable,  hardy  shrub,  requiring  the  same  mode  of  manage- 
ment as  the  shrubby  species  of  Spiraea,  and  is  propagated 
by  cuttings  and  division. 

^.  tomentosa  (downy) ;  hardy  shrub  ;  3  feet ;  flowers  white,  in 
May  ;  India. 

SCHIZOPETALON.  [Brassiceae.]  S.  Walkeri  is  a  hardy 
annual,  more  curious  than  beautiful,  but  withal  worth  a 
place  in  any  garden,  not  only  for  the  singularity  of  its  ap- 
pearance, but  also  for  the  fragrance  which  it  evolves  towards 
evening.  It  is  one  of  the  cruciferous  order,  the  flowers  of 
which  have  four  petals ;  but,  in  this  case,  these  parts  are  cu- 
riously fringed  :  they  are  white  on  the  face,  dull-brown  on 
the  back.  It  should  be  sown  in  May,  in  moderately  light 
soil,  and  will  flower  about  July,  successional  sowings  bloom- 
ing on  till  September. 

6".  Walkeri  (Walker's)  ;  hardy  annual ;  2  feet ;  flowers  white 
and  brown,  in  July  ;  Chili ;  1822. 

SCHOUWIA.  [Cruciferae.]  A  hardy  annual.  Propagated 
by  seed  sown  in  light  soil  in  May. 

S.  Arabica  (Arabian);  hardy  annual  ;  9  inches  ;  flowers  pur- 
ple, in  July;  Arabia;  1837. 

SCILLA.  Squill.  [Liliaceae.]  A  genus  of  bulbs,  for  the 
most  part  hardy,  and  ranking  among  the  prettiest  ornaments 
of  the  early  spring.  They  are  far  too  much  neglected  in 
gardens,  though  of  the  easiest  culture,  and  very  ornamen- 
tal at  a  season  when  flowers  are  scarce.  They  grow  very 
well  in  any  moderately  good  garden  soil,  but  have  rather  a 
preference  for  soil  containing  a  considerable  portion  of  peat- 


GARDEN    FLOWERS.  337 

earth,  or  a  free  light  loam  ;  this  is  especially  the  case  with 
several  of  the  smaller  kinds.  They  multiply  rapidly  by 
means  of  offsets,  and  their  culture  is  very  simple,  for  they 
merely  require  planting  in  the  autumn  (the  bulbs  being 
placed  from  two  to  four  inches  under  ground,  according  to 
their  size),  and  they  may  then  remain  year  after  year.  Ex- 
cept for  the  sake  of  increase,  the  less  they  are  disturbed  the 
better.  There  are  something  like  three  dozen  species  re- 
corded as  being  in  cultivation,  all  of  which  are  worth  plant- 
ing in  a  garden. 

S.  amcena  (pleasing)  ;  hardy  bulb  ;  3  inches  ;  flowers  blue,  in 
May;  Levant;  1596.  S.  bifolia  (two-leaved);  hardy  bulb;  3 
inches ;  flowers  blue,  in  May ;  Europe  and  Asia  Minor.  S. 
campanulata  (bell-flowered) ;  hardy  bulb  ;  I  foot ;  flowers  blue, 
white,  or  pink,  in  May  ;  Spain  ;  1683.  S.  Italica  (Italian) ;  har- 
dy bulb  ;  9  inches  ;  flowers  blue,  in  May  ;  Switzerland ;  1605. 
S.  prcecox  (early) ;  hardy  bulb  ;  3  inches  ;  flowers  deep-blue,  in 
May;  Siberia;  1790.  S.  Sibirica  (Siberian);  hardy  bulb;  3 
inches  ;  flowers  blue,  in  May;  Siberia;  1795. 

SCORPIURUS.  [Leguminosae.]  Hardy  annuals.  Common 
soil.  Increased  by  seeds. 

SCROPHULARIA.  [Scrophularineae.]  Hardy  perennials. 
Common  soil,  rather  damp.  Propagated  by  divison. 

SCUTELLARIA.  Skull-cap.  [Scrophularineae.]  A  rather 
numerous  family  of  dwarf  herbaceous  perennials,  some  of 
which  are  very  ornamental.  They  are  mostly  hardy,  showy, 
and  worth  growing  in  the  mixed  flower  borders.  They  are 
not  particular  as  to  soil,  and  are  readily  increased  by  division, 
or,  where  the  roots  are  indivisible,  by  planting  as  cuttings 
the  young  shoots  produced  from  the  crowns  of  the  roots  in 
spring.  There  is  another  class  requiring  greenhouse  pro- 
tection, at  least  in  winter.  These  are  increased  by  cuttings 
planted  in  sandy  soil,  and  placed  in  a  mild  hot-bed  ;  and 
the  plants  should  be  potted  into  rich  soil  of  loam  and  leaf- 
22 


338  GARDEN    FLOWERS. 

mould,  if  grown  in  pots  ;  but  they  may  be  planted  out  in  a 
warm  situation  in  the  flower-garden  by  the  beginning  of 
June,  to  come  into  flower  about  August. 

S.  Alpina  (Alpine);  hardy  perennial ;  9  inches  ;  flowers  blue 
and  white,  in  June ;  Hungary;  1752.  S.  Columns  (heart-leaved) ; 
hardy  perennial ;  18  inches;  flowers  blue,  in  July  ;  south  of  Eu- 
rope ;  1806.  S.  scordifolia  (scordium-leaved);  greenhouse  peren 
nial ;  2  feet ;  flowers  scarlet,  in  June  ;  Mexico  ;  1841.  S.  galc- 
riculata  (small-cupped) ;  hardy  perennial ;  i  foot ;  flowers  blue, 
in  June  ;  England.  S.  grandiflora  (large-flowered) ;  hardy  per- 
ennial ;  1 8  inches  ;  flowers  yellow  and  red,  in  July  ;  Siberia  ; 
1804.  S.Japonica  (Japanese);  hardy  perennial ;  I  foot;  flow- 
ers deep-blue,  in  June  ;  Japan  ;  1838.  S.  lupulina  (wolf) ;  har- 
dy perennial ;  I  foot ;  flowers  yellow  and  white,  in  July  ;  Tarta- 
ry  >  J739-  S.  macrantha  (large-flowered);  hardy  perennial;  I 
foot  ;  flowers  purple,  in  July  ;  China ;  1844.  S.  Vetitenatii 
(Ventenat's) ;  greenhouse  perennial ;  2  feet ;  flowers  scarlet,  in 
July;  St.  Martha;  1844. 

SCYPHANTHUS.  [Loasaceae.]  A  handsome  twining  plant, 
related  to  Loasa,  and  best  treated  as  an  annual.  It  may  be 
grown  in  pots  or  trellises,  or  on  the  rafters  of  the  green- 
house, or  may  be  planted  out  for  the  summer  in  warm  situa- 
tions where  the  soil  is  light  and  dryish.  In  pots,  it  should 
be  grown  in  a  sandy  mixture  of  loam  and  leaf-mould.  The 
seeds  should  be  sown  in  March,  in  a  mild  hot-bed,  and 
nursed  on  till  they  are  able  to  bear  the  temperature  of  the 
greenhouse,  after  which  they  may  be  planted  out.  They 
may  also  be  sown  in  May  in  the  borders. 

S.  elegajts  (elegant) ;  half-hardy  twining  annual  ;  8  feet ;  flow- 
ers yellow,  in  July  ;  Chili  ;  1824. 

SEA. LAVENDER.     See  STATICE. 

SEDUM.  Stonecrop.  [Crassulaceae.]  A  large  family  of 
succulents,  comprising  a  great  many  kinds  which  are  hardy 
herbs.  They  are  well  adapted  for  covering  rock-work. 


GARDEN    FLOWERS.  339 

They  are  of  the  easiest  culture,  growing  in  almost  any  soil 
not  retentive  of  moisture,  but  preferring  that  which  is  sandy. 
When  established  on  rock-work,  they  grow  almost  without 
soil.  A  very  handsome  half-hardy  kind,  somewhat  shrubby- 
habited,  is  6".  Sieboldiiy  one  of  the  prettiest  of  the  species, 
having  very  glaucous  leaves,  and  large  heads  of  pink  flow- 
ers ;  it  forms  a  large  tuft  when  grown  in  a  large  pot,  and 
should  have  a  light  open  soil.  Increased  by  division. 

S.  acre  (acrid) ;  hardy  perennial ;  3  inches  ;  flowers  yellow,  in 
June;  England.  .S".  dasyphyllum  (thick-leaved) ;  hardy  peren- 
nial ;  3  inches  ;  flowers  white,  in  June  ;  England.  S.  Kamt- 
schaticum  (Kamtschatkan) ;  hardy  perennial ;  6  inches  ;  flowers 
yellow,  in  June  ;  Kamtschatka.  6".  rupestre  (rock) ;  hardy  per- 
ennial ;  3  inches  ;  flowers  yellow,  in  June ;  England.  6".  Sie- 
boldii  (Siebold's) ;  half-hardy  perennial ;  I  foot ;  flowers  pink,  in 
August ;  Japan ;  1835.  S.  Telephium  (Orpine) ;  hardy  perennial; 
2  feet ;  flowers  purple,  in  July ;  England.  S.  villosum  (shaggy) ; 
hardy  perennial ;  3  inches  ;  flowers  pink,  in  June  ;  England. 

All  the  species  of  Sedum,  and  they  are  numerous,  are  de- 
sirable plants  for  rock-work. 

SEMPERVIVUM.  House-leek.  [Crassulaceae.]  A  family  of 
succulents,  related  to  Sedum,  comprising  many  shrubby 
greenhouse  species  and  a  few  hardy  perennials.  The  hardy 
herbaceous  kinds  flourish  in  rather  dry  garden  soil,  and  are 
increased  by  division.  The  best  species  are  S.  arachnoideum, 
flagelliforme,  globiferum,  pumilum,  and  tectorum. 

SENECILLUS.  [Composite.]  Hardy  herbaceous  peren- 
nials, allied  to  Cineraria.  Easily  increased  by  seeds  or 
division.  Rich  sandy  loam. 

S.  glauca  (sea-green) ;  hardy  perennial ;  6  feet ;  flowers  yel- 
low, in  August ;  Siberia;  1790. 

S.  purpurata,  from  Cape  of  Good  Hope,  with  purple  flow- 
ers, is  not  hardy  in  the  Northern  States. 


34O  GARDEN    FLOWERS. 

SENECIO.  Groundsel.  [Composite.]  An  extensive  genus 
of  composite  plants.  The  hardy  herbaceous  kinds  are  of 
little  importance.  S.  elegans  is  an  annual,  requiring  to  be 
sown  in  the  open  border  in  the  month  of  April,  and  again 
in  June  for  a  succession ;  the  double-flowered  varieties, 
which  are  very  handsome,  may  be  multiplied  by  cuttings, 
and  treated  as  perennial  sub-shrubs.  The  cuttings  are 
struck  in  July  or  August.  If  for  blooming  in  pots,  they 
are  shifted  on  like  Cinerarias ;  but  if  for  planting  out  in 
the  flower-garden,  where  they  make  admirable  beds,  they 
may  stand  in  the  small  pots  till  March,  and  then  be  re- 
moved into  pots  two  sizes  larger,  in  which  they  remain 
until  they  are  planted  out  in  the  beginning  of  June,  by 
which  time  they  will  be  in  flower.  The  young  plants  should 
be  freely  topped  during  autumn  and  winter,  and  the  early 
spring,  to  make  them  bushy.  The  double  white  and  the 
dpuble  purple  are  distinct,  and  very  desirable  kinds. 

SERRATULA.  [Composite.]  A  family  of  hardy  herba- 
ceous plants,  generally  purple-flowered,  easily  propagated  by 
division,  and  growing  in  common  garden  soil. 

SHEEP  LAUREL.     See  KALMIA  ANGUSTI FOLIA. 

SHEPHERDIA.  Buffalo  Berry.  [Eleagnaceae.]  Hardy  de- 
ciduous shrubs  or  small  trees,  very  ornamental  when  in 
fruit.  The  berry  is  eatable.  Soil,  deep  sandy  loam.  Prop- 
agated by  seeds.  The  plants  are  dioecious. 

S.  argentea  (silvery);  hardy  tree;  16  feet;  North  America; 
1820.  S.  Canadensis  (Canadian);  hardy  tree;  10  feet;  North 
America;  1759. 

SIBERIAN  PEA  TREE.     See  CARAGANA. 

SIEGESBECKIA.  [Composite.]  Hardy  annuals,  with  yel- 
low flowers,  thriving  in  common  garden  soil.  Sow  in  a  hot- 
bed in  April,  and  transplant  to  the  border  in  May.  S.  cor- 
difolia,  Iberica,  Orientals,  and  triangularis  are  the  species. 
S.  Iberica  has  white  flowers. 


GARDEN    FLOWERS.  341 

SIDESADDLE  FLOWER.     See  SARRACENIA. 

SIEVERSIA.  [Rosaceae.]  Hardy  perennials,  with  the  habit 
and  structure  of  Geum,  and  requiring  similar  treatment. 
They  are  mostly  dwarf  plants,  and  grow  in  light  garden-soil, 
increase  being  effected  by  dividing  the  roots.  Pretty  plants 
for  the  border,  or  for  rock-work. 

S.  montana  (mountain) ;  hardy  perennial ;  6  inches  ;  flowers 
yellow,  in  May;  Austria;  1597.  S.  triftora  (three-flowered); 
hardy  perennial ;  9  inches  ;  flowers  yellow,  in  June  ;  North  Amer- 
ica ;  1826. 

SILENE.  Catchfly.  [Caryophyllaceae.]  A  genus  of  an- 
nual and  perennial  plants,  bearing  trusses  of  pink,  red,  pale- 
rose,  and  lilac  blossoms,  and  lasting  some  weeks  in  bloom  ; 
The  annuals  may  be  sown  thinly  in  the  open  border,  where 
they  are  to  remain.  The  perennial  sorts  grow  in  common 
soil,  and  are  propagated  by  division. 

S.  Armeria  (Lobel's) ;  hardy  annual ;  18  inches  ;  flowers  pink 
or  white,  in  July  ;  England.  S.  compacta  (compact) ;  hardy  an- 
nual;  18  inches;  flowers  pink,  in  July;  Caucasus;  1823.  .5*. 
fimbriata  (fringed) ;  hardy  perennial ;  2  feet ;  flowers  white,  in 
June;  Caucasus;  1803.  S.  maritima  flore-pleno  (double-sea) ; 
hardy  perennial ;  6  inches  ;  flowers  white,  in  August ;  England. 
S.  pendula  (pendulous) ;  hardy  annual  ;  i  foot ;  flowers  rose- 
pink  or  white,  in  May;  Sicily;  1731.  S.  regia  (royal);  hardy 
perennial;  1 8  inches  ;  flowers  crimson,  in  June;  North  Amer- 
ica; 1811.  S.  Schafta  (Schaft's) ;  hardy  perennial;  6  inches  ; 
flowers  deep-rose,  in  May  ;  Russia  ;  1844. 

There  are  more  than  a  hundred  other  species. 

SILVER  FIR.     See  ABIES. 

SKIMMIA..  [Aurantiaceae.]  Evergreen  shrubs,  not  hardy 
in  the  Northern  States,  bearing  fragrant  white  flowers,  and 
very  ornamental  in  fruit.  Good  loamy  soil.  Propagated  by 
cuttings,  layers,  or  seeds. 

S.  Japonica  (Japan) ;  evergreen  shrub  ;  3  feet ;  flowers  white, 
in  spring;  China;  1852. 


342  GARDEN    FLOWERS. 

SKULL-CAP.     See  SCUTELLARIA. 

SMILACINA.  [Liliaceae.]  Hardy  herbaceous  plants.  Light 
loamy  soil.  Propagated  by  division. 

S.  bifolia  (two-leaved) ;  3  inches  ;  flowers  in  May  ;  north  of 
Europe  ;  1596.  S.  borealis  (northern) ;  i  foot ;  flowers  yellow,  in 
May;  1787.  S.  Canadensis  (Canadian);  6  inches;  flowers  in 
June  ;  1812.  S.  racemosa  (racemed);  I  foot ;  flowers  pale-yellow, 
in  May  ;  1640.  S.  stellata  (starred) ;  6  inches  ;  flowers  in  May  ; 
1633.  S.  trifolia  (three-leaved):  3  inches  ;  flowers  in  June  ;  1812. 
S.  umbellata  (umbelled) ;  9  inches  ;  flowers  in  May  ;  1778. 

S.  borealis,  more  properly  Clintonia  borealis,  is  a  very 
pretty  hardy  evergreen,  with  yellowish  flowers  and  beautiful 
blue  berries. 

SNAP-DRAGON.     See  ANTIRRHINUM. 

SNEEZEWORT.     See  ACHILLEA  PTARMICA. 

SNOWBALL.     See  VIBURNUM  OPULUS. 

SNOWDROP.     See  GALANTHUS. 

SNOWFLAKE.     See  LEUCOJUM. 

SNOWY  MESPILUS.     See  AMELANCHIER. 

SOAPWORT.     See  SAPONARIA. 

SOLANUM.  Nightshade.  [Solanaceae.]  This  very  exten- 
sive genus  comprises  plants  greatly  varied  in  their  habit, 
and  includes  stove,  greenhouse,  and  hardy  kinds,  annuals, 
perennials,  and  shrubs.  Some  of  the  species  are  valuable 
for  the  flower-garden ;  but  they  are  generally  rank-growing 
and  weedy.  $.  ovigerum  is  the  Egg-plant,  which  is  often 
grown  for  ornament  as  well  as  use.  All  the  species  require 
a  rich  loamy  soil,  and  are  killed  by  the  first  frost.  The 
greenhouse  species  comprise  many  valuable  plants. 

SOLDANELLA.  [Primulaceae.]  A  beautiful  little  group 
of  minute  perennial  plants,  and  among  the  most  interesting 
of  the  Alpine  families,  but  seldom  grown.  They  increase 
with  facility  by  the  process  of  dividing  the  roots.  The  com- 


GARDEN    FLOWERS.  343 

post  for  them  should  be  sandy  loam  and  peat,  made  very 
porous. 

S.  Alpina  (Alpine) ;  hardy  perennial ;  3  inches  ;  flowers  blue, 
in  April  ;  Switzerland;  1656.  S.  minima  (least) ;  hardy  peren- 
nial ;  3  inches  ;  flowers  blue,  in  April ;  Corinthian  Alps  ;  1823. 
S.  montana  (mountain) ;  hardy  perennial ;  3  inches  ;  flowers  blue, 
in  April ;  Bohemia  ;  1816.  S.  pusilla  (weak) ;  hardy  perennial ; 
3  inches  ;  flowers  violet-blue,  in  April ;  south  of  Europe;  1820. 

SOLIDAGO.  Golden-rod.  [Compositas.]  Hardy  herba- 
ceous perennials,  all  producing  yellow  daisy-shaped  blos- 
soms, small  individually,  but,  for  the  most  part,  produced  so 
abundantly  as  to  have  a  very  conspicuous  appearance  :  they 
mostly  bloom  in  autumn,  and  some  very  late  in  the  season. 
They  are  increased  by  dividing  the  roots,  separating  some 
of  the  young  suckers,  which  are  annually  produced  in  abun- 
dance at  the  base  of  the  plant.  But  few  of  the  numerous 
kinds  are  required  in  one  garden,  as  there  is  considerable 
sameness  in  their  general  aspect. 

S.  Canadcnsis  (Canadian) ;  hardy  perennial ;  2£  feet ;  flowers 
yellow,  in  September ;  North  America ;  1648.  S.  humilis 
(dwarf) ;  hardy  perennial ;  I  foot ;  flowers  yellow,  in  August ; 
North  America;  1811. 

SOLOMON'S  SEAL.     See  POLYGONATUM. 

SOPHORA.  [Leguminoseae.]  Herbaceous  plants  and 
hardy  trees.  Propagated  by  division,  seeds,  and  cuttings. 
Rich  loamy  soil. 

S.  flavescens  (yellowish) ;  hardy  perennial ;  2  feet ;  flowers 
yellow,  in  June;  Siberia;  1785.  S.  galegoides  (galega-like) ; 
hardy  perennial ;  2  feet ;  flowers  yellow, in  June  ;  Siberia;  1817. 
S.  Chinensis  (Chinese) ;  hardy  tree  ;  30  feet ;  flowers  white,  in 
August;  China;  1763.  S.  Japonica  (Japanese);  hardy  tree  ;  40 
feet ;  flowers  white,  in  August ;  Japan  ;  1763. 

The  weeping  variety,  and  that  with  variegated  leaves,  are 
very  desirable. 


344  GARDEN    FLOWERS. 

SORREL-TREE.     See  ANDROMEDA  ARBOREA. 

SOUTHERN-WOOD.     See  ARTEMISIA. 

SPECULARIA.  [Campanulaceas.]  A  small  family  of  hardy 
annuals,  formerly  comprised  under  Campanula.  The  com- 
mon S.  speculum,  with  purplish-lilac  flowers,  varies  to  white 
and  rose-colored,  and  is  distinct  and  pretty.  The  plants 
form  a  small  spreading  mass  of  about  nine  inches  high,  and 
may  be  had  in  bloom  for  the  whole  summer  by  successive 
sowing.  The  seeds  may  be  sown  —  very  thinly,  for  they  are 
very  small  —  in  the  open  border,  and  should  be  very  lightly 
covered.  Six  or  eight  plants  are  enough  to  form  a  patch. 

6".  speculum  (Venus's  looking-glass) ;  hardy  annual ;  I  foot  ; 
flowers  purplish-lilac  or  white,  in  May  ;  south  of  Europe  ;  1596. 

SPEEDWELL.     See  VERONICA. 

SPHENOGYNE.  [Compositae.]  A  genus  of  composite 
plants,  consisting  of  hardy  annuals  and  greenhouse  shrubs. 
The  most  useful  is  S.  speriosa,  a  very  pretty  half-hardy  an- 
nual, which  may  be  had  in  succession  through  the  summer 
by  successive  sowings.  The  plants  grow  well  in  rich  light 
garden  soil,  and  in  favorable  seasons  are  very  ornamental. 

6".  speciosa  (showy) ;  half-hardy  annual  ;  i  foot ;  flowers  orange 
and  black,  in  June  ;  Cape  ;  1836. 

SP^ROSTIGMA.  [Onagraceae.]  Hardy  biennials  and  an- 
nuals, of  easy  culture  in  the  border,  and  propagated  by 
seeds. 

S.  Chamissonis  (Chamisso's) ;  hardy  annual ;  i  foot  ;  flowers 
yellow,  in  August;  Russia;  1837.  S.  hirtum  (hairy);  hardy 
biennial;  6  inches ;  flowers  yellow,  in  August  ;  Russia;  1836. 
S.  minutijJorum  (small-flowered) ;  hardy  annual  ;  i  foot ;  flowers 
yellow,  in  August  ;  Russia  ;  1837. 

S.  cheiranthifolium,  a  Chilian  species,  is  not  hardy. 

SPERGULA.  [Caryophyllaceae.]  Very  pretty  mossy  plants, 
studded  in  June  with  white  flowers.  In  England  they  are 


GARDEN    FLOWERS.  345 

extensively  used  for  lawns  ;  but  in  this  country  our  summer's 
sun  dries  them  up.  Stiff  loamy  soil.  Propagated  by  division 
and  seed. 

S.  pilifera  (hairy)  ;  hardy  perennial ;  2  inches  ;  flowers  white, 
in  June  ;  Corsica. 

SPIDERWORT.     See  TRADESCANTIA. 

SPIGELIA.  Worm-grass.  [Gentianeae.]  S.  Marilandica 
is  a  pretty  hardy  perennial  herb,  growing  a  foot  high,  and 
bearing  tubular  flowers,  which  are  scarlet,  tipped  with  green, 
and  baar  no  inconsiderable  resemblance  to  those  of  Cor- 
rea  spetiosa.  The  plant  prefers  a  cool  and  somewhat  shady 
situation,  where  the  soil  is  of  a  somewhat  peaty  character,  — 
say  half  peat  and  half  maiden  loam.  When  in  a  thriving 
condition,  it  is  a  very  pretty  plant.  It  is  propagated  by  divi- 
sion of  the  root. 

S.  Marilandica  (Maryland) ;  hardy  perennial ;  i  foot  ;  flowers 
red  and  green,  in  July  ;  North  America  ;  1694. 

SPINDLE-TREE.     See  EUONYMUS. 

SPIRAEA.  [Rosaceae.]  A  very  interesting  tribe  of  hardy 
plants,  some  of  them  herbaceous  perennials,  others  decidu- 
ous shrubs,  handsome  when  in  flower  :  nearly  all  bear  white 
flowers  in  pyramidal  spikes.  The  herbaceous  kinds  are 
beautiful  in  pots  or  in  the  borders  ;  and  the  shrubs  are  pretty 
in  plantations.  The  former  are  propagated  by  parting  the 
plants  and  by  cuttings  ;  and  the  latter  by  layers,  and  by 
cuttings  of  the  young  wood.  The  herbaceous  kinds  spread 
a  good  deal,  and  may  be  divided  easily.  The  shrubs  are 
very  useful  in  clumps,  and  can  be  pruned  to  any  form.  To 
propagate  these,  the  branches  should  be  layered  in  autumn. 
There  are  many  species,  of  which  those  enumerated  below 
are  some  of  the  best  and  most  distinct. 

S.  ariafolia  (white-beam-leaved) ;  hardy  shrub  ;  6  feet ;  flow- 
ers whitish,  in  July;  North  America  ;  1827.  S.  aruncus  (goat's- 


34-6  GARDEN    FLOWERS. 

beard) ;  hardy  perennial  ;  3  feet ;  flowers  white,  in  July  ;  Siberia  ; 
1633.  S.  bella  (pretty) ;  hardy  shrub;  3  feet;  flowers  rose,  in 
July  ;  Nepaul;  1820.  S.  callosa  (callous) ;  hardy  shrub ;  3  feet ; 
flowers  deep-rose,  in  June  ;  North  China;  1852.  S.  corymbosa 
(croymbose) ;  hardy  shrub  ;  4  feet ;  flowers  white,  in  July  ;  Vir- 
ginia'; 1819.  S.  Douglasii  (Douglas's);  hardy  shrub  ;  4  feet; 
flowers  rose,  in  July;  North  America;  1814.  S.  filipendula 
(dropwort)  ;  hardy  perennial ;  2  feet ;  flowers  white,  single  or 
double,  in  June  ;  Britain.  S.  hypericifolia  (hypericum-leaved) ; 
hardy  shrub  ;  5  feet ;  flowers  white,  in  May  ;  North  America  ; 
1640.  S.  lobata  (lobed) ;  hardy  perennial ;  2  feet ;  flowers  red, 
in  July;  North  America  ;  1765.  S.  opulifolia  (Guelder-rose- 
leaved)  ;  hardy  shrub  ;  5  feet ;  flowers  white,  in  June  ;  North 
America  ;  1690.  6".  palmata  (palmate) ;  hardy  perennial  ;  2  feet ; 
flowers  red,  in  July  ;  China  ;  1823.  S.  prunifolia  (plum-leaved); 
hardy  shrub;  4  feet;  flowers  white,  in  March;  China;  1844. 
The  double-flowered  variety,  flore-pleno,  is  a  beautiful  shrub, 
with  double  white,  button-like  blossoms.  S.  Reevesii  (Reeves's) ; 
hardy  shrub;  4  feet;  flowers  white,  in  June;  China;  1852. 
The  double  variety  is  the  best.  S.  ulmifolia  (elm-leaved) ;  hardy 
shrub";  3  feet ;  flowers  white,  in  June  ;  Carniola  ;  1790. 

SPREKELIA.  [Amaryllidaceae.]  Beautiful  stove  or  green- 
house bulbs.  S.  formosissima,  the  old  Amaryllis  formosissi- 
mus,  is  imported  annually  in  large  quantities,  and  does  well 
bedded  out  and  treated  as  a  gladiolus.  They  may  be  grown 
as  greenhouse  bulbs,  keeping  them  in  the  house  on  a  very 
light  shelf  while  the  leaves  are  growing,  and  watering  with 
weak  manure-water  while  in  full  vigor;  then  ripening  off, 
and  keeping  the  bulbs  quite  dry  in  winter,  until  they  show 
signs  of  flowering.  Increased  by  offsets. 

S.  brevis  (short-tubed);  stove  bulb;  i  foot;  flowers  green  and 
red,  in  June  ;  Bolivia  ;  1839.  S.formosissima  (Jacobaean  lily)  ; 
greenhouse  bulb  ;  i  foot ;  flowers  rich  crimson-scarlet,  in  June  ; 
Guatemala  ;  1658.  S.  glauca  (glaucous) ;  greenhouse  bulb  ;  i 
foot ;  flowers  scarlet,  in  May  ;  Mexico  ;  1840. 


GARDEN    FLOWERS.  347 

SPRAGUEA.  [Portulaceas.]  A  very  beautiful  little  plant, 
of  recent  introduction.  Rich  loamy  soil.  Propagated  by 
seeds. 

.5".  umbellata  (umbelled) ;  9  inches  ;  flowers  white  and  purple  ; 
California;  1862. 

SPRUCE  FIR.     See  ABIES. 

SQUILL.     See  SCILLA. 

STACHYS.  Hedge-nettle.  [Lamiaceae.]  Herbaceous  plants, 
hardy  and  tender,  and  annuals.  Many  of  the  greenhouse 
species  are  desirable.  The  annuals  are  worthless.  Of  the 
perennials,  S.  Corsica,  grandiflora,  lanata,  strictay  and  setifera 
are  hardy.  Light  loamy  soil.  Increased  by  division. 

STAFF-TREE.     See  CELASTRUS. 

STAPHYLEA.  Bladder-nut.  [Staphyleaceae.]  Hardy  de- 
ciduous shrubs,  with  showy  foliage  and  white  flowers.  Light 
garden  soil.  Propagated  by  cuttings,  layers,  or  by  seeds, 
which  vegetate  slowly.  The  hardy  species  are  — 

.5".  pinnata  (pinnate)  ;  hardy  shrub  ;  6  feet ;  flowers  white,  in 
June ;  England.  S.  trifoliata  (three-leaved) ;  hardy  shrub ;  6 
feet;  flowers  white,  in  May  ;  North  America  ;  1640. 

STAR  OF  BETHLEHEM.     See  ORNITHOGALUM. 

STARWORT.     See  ASTER. 

STATICE.  Sea  Lavender.  [Plumbaginaceae.]  Fine  hardy 
or  half-hardy  perennials,  growing  vigorously  in  ordinary 
flower-borders,  of  good  light  loamy  soil,  where  they  throw 
up  their  widely-branching  flower-stems  with  hundreds  of 
small  blooms,  forming  a  complete  feather  of  diminutive  blos- 
soms, for  the  most  part  white  or  blue.  These  perennials 
only  require  planting  out,  and,  with  watering  in  dry  weather, 
they  will  increase  in  size,  and  flower  season  after  season, 
until  they  may  be  taken  up,  and  parted  to  multiply  them. 
When  the  roots  are  taken  up,  they  are  divided  so  as  to  give 
at  least  one  good  heart  to  each  piece  of  foot ;  the  roots 


34^  GARDEN    FLOWERS. 

being  rather  coarse.  All  the  hardy  kinds  want  the  same 
treatment.  The  half-hardy  kinds  may  be  kept  with  the  pro- 
protection  of  a  frame,  and  are  best  grown  in  pots  ;  or,  at 
least,  a  store  of  plants  should  be  kept  in  pots,  if  those  in 
the  borders  are  annually  abandoned.  Statices  are  now 
called  Armeria. 

S.  bellidifolia  (daisy-leaved) ;  half-hardy  perennial ;  I  foot ; 
flowers  bluish-lilac,  in  June;  Greece;  1810.  S.  emarginata 
(notched);  half-hardy  perennial ;  2  feet ;  flowers  bluish,  in  July  ; 
Gibraltar.  S,  eximia  (choice) ;  hardy  perennial ;  I  foot ;  flow- 
ers red,  in  July  ;  Songaria  ;  1844.  S.  Fortuni  (Fortune's) ;  half- 
hardy  perennials  ;  1 8  inches  ;  flowers  white  and  yellow,  in  July  ; 
China;  1845.  S.  incana  (hoary) ;  half-hardy  perennial ;  i  foot; 
flowers  light-rose,  in  July  ;  Levant;  1823.  S.  Limonium  (com- 
mon) ;  hardy  perennial ;  18  inches  ;  flowers  blue,  in  July  ;  Eng- 
land. S.  puberula  (downy) ;  half-hardy  perennial ;  6  inches  ; 
flowers  blue  and  cream,  in  June  ;  Canaries  ;  1830. 

All  the  Statices  are  worth  growing. 

STENACTIS.  [Compositse.]  Hardy  herbaceous  perennials. 
Common  soil.  Increased  by  division. 

S.  speciosa  (showy) ;  hardy  perennial ;  2  feet ;  flowers  purple, 
in  July  ;  California  ;  1831. 

STERNBERGIA.  [Amaryllidaceae.]  Hardy  bulbs.  Soil, 
sandy  loam.  Propagated  by  offsets. 

S.  colchiciflora  (colchicum-flowered) ;  hardy  bulb  ;  6  inches  ; 
flowers  yellow,  in  September  ;  Hungary  ;  1816. 

STIPA.  Feather-grass.  [Gramineas.]  Ornamental  hardy 
perennial.  Common  soil.  Increased  by  division. 

S.  pinnata  (feathered) ;  hardy  perennial ;  2  feet ;  flowers  in 
July  ;  Britain. 

STOCK.     See  MATHIOLA. 

STOKESIA.  [Compositae.]  A  fine  half-hardy  evergreen 
herb,  requiring  a  little  winter  protection,  but  flowering  finely 


GARDEN    FLOWERS.  349 

in  the  border  in  summer.  Good  loamy  soil.  Propagated 
by  seeds  or  division, 

S.  cyanea  (azure) ;  2  feet ;  flowers  blue,  in  August ;  Carolina  ; 
1776. 

STONECROP.     See  SEDUM. 

STORK'S-BILL.     See  PELARGONIUM. 

STRAWBERRY  ELITE.     See  BLITUM. 

STUARTIA.  [Camellieas.]  A  family  of  showy  shrubs, 
very  valuable  for  the  garden.  Soil,  rich  loam.  Propagated 
by  layers  and  cuttings.  S.  pentagynia  is  hardy  as  far  North 
as  Massachusetts,  and  is  very  conspicuous  in  August  from  its 
large  white  flowers  with  purple  centre.  S.  Virginica,  the 
other  species,  is  not  hardy. 

STYRAX.  Storax.  [Styracese.]  Hardy  deciduous  shrubs, 
with  very  pretty  white  flowers.  Soil,  rich  sandy  loam. 
Propagated  by  seeds,  cuttings,  and  layers. 

S.  grandiflorum  (large-flowered) ;  6  feet  ;  July  ;  North  Amer- 
ica ;  1765.  S.  Icevigatum  (smooth);  4  feet;  July;  North 
America;  1765.  S.  pulverulentum  (powdery) ;  4  feet ;  flowers 
in  June  ;  North  America  ;  1794. 

5.  officinale,  from  the  Levant,  is  half-hardy. 

SULTAN.     See  CENTUREA. 
SUMACH.     See  RHUS. 
SUN-DEW.     See  DROSERA. 
SUN-FLOWER.     See  HELIANTHUS. 
SUN-ROSE.     See  HELIANTHEMUM. 
SWALLOW-WORT.     See  ASCLEPIAS. 
SWAN-DAISY.     See  BRACHYCOME. 
SWEET  ALYSSUM.     See  KONIGA. 
SWEET-BRIER.     See  ROSA  RUBIGINOSA. 
SWEET  GUM.     See  LIQUIDAMBER. 
SWEET  PEA.     See  LA^HYRUS. 
SWEET  SCABIOUS.     See  ASTEROCEPHALUS. 


3  SO  GARDEN    FLOWERS. 

SWEET  SULTAN.     See  CENTAUREA  MOSCHATA. 

SWEET  WILLIAM.     See  DIANTHUS  BARBATUS. 

SYMPHIANDRA.  [Campanulaceae.]  Hardy  perennial.  Dry- 
ish sandy  loam.  Propagated  by  seeds  or  cuttings. 

S.  pendula  (pendulous) ;  hardy  perennial ;  i  foot ;  flowers 
white,  in  July  ;  Caucasus  ;  1823. 

SYMPHORIA.  [Caprifoliaceae.]  Pretty  deciduous  shrubs, 
remarkable  for  the  white  berries  which  succeed  their  flowers, 
and  remain  through  the  winter.  Common  soil.  Increased 
by  suckers. 

S.  glomerata  (clustered) ;  hardy  shrub  ;  4  feet ;  flowers  whit- 
ish, in  August ;  North  America  ;  1730.  A  variegated  variety  is 
very  ornamental.  S.  racemosus  (racemed) ;  hardy  shrub  ;  5 
feet;  flowers  pinkish,  in  August ;  North  America  ;  1817. 

SYMPHYTUM.  Comfrey.  [Boraginaceae.]  Coarse-grow- 
ing, but  in  some  instances  showy  hardy  perennials.  Com- 
mon soil.  Propagated  by  division  or  seeds. 

S.  asperrimum  (rough) ;  hardy  perennial ;  6  feet ;  flowers  red 
and  blue,  in  June ;  Caucasus  ;  1799.  S.  Caucasicum  (Cauca- 
sian) ;  hardy  perennial ;  4  feet ;  flowers  azure,  in  June  ;  Cauca- 
sus ;  1820.  S.  Orientale  (Eastern)  ;  hardy  perennial ;  3  feet ; 
flowers  white  ;  Turkey;  1752.  This  spreads  itself  about,  dis- 
appearing in  one  spot  and  re-appearing  in  others. 

SYRINGA.  Lilac.  [Oleaceae.]  This  family  comprises  the 
Lilac  and  its  varieties.  Well-known  and  favorite  deciduous 
shrubs,  of  which  there  are  several  very  distinct  kinds  :  the 
common  Lilac,  6".  vulgaris,  gives  white,  red,  and  purple  va- 
rieties ;  the  Persian  Lilac,  S.  Persica,  has  a  white,  as  well  as  a 
cut-leaved,  variety.  There  are  some  others,  as  S.  Josikcea, 
and  the  Chinese,  S.  Rothmagensis.  They  chiefly  differ  in  the 
size  of  the  foliage  and  flower.  All  are  hardy,  and  well  de- 
serving a  place  in  all  shrubberie^.  They  are  propagated 
by  layers  and  suckers.  All  these  species  grow  naturally 


GARDEN    FLOWERS.  35  I 

in  the  form  of  bushy  shrubs ;  but  they  are  in  every  re- 
spect more  desirable  as  standards.  To  make  them  grow 
as  standards,  the  buds  of  the  suckers  with  single  stems 
are  all  rubbed  off,  but  two  or  three  placed  at  and  near 
the  top ;  and,  as  the  top  advances  in  height,  the  under 
branches  are  cut  clean  away,  so  that  at  no  one  time  shall 
there  be  more  than  the  few  top  branches.  When  the  single 
stem,  with  its  top  three  pair  of  branches,  has  reached  the  de- 
sired height,  say  six  feet  or  less,  the  branches  are  allowed  to 
remain  on  and  grow  ;  but  the  top  is  removed  to  prevent  the 
tree  growing  higher,  and  the  ends  of  the  branches  are  also 
removed  to  encourage  lateral  shoots,  which  soon  form  a 
handsome  head.  In  this  form,  the  Lilac-tree  may  then  be 
planted  among  evergreen  shrubs,  which  will  completely  hide 
the  stem,  while  it  takes  up  scarcely  any  room. 

S.  Josik&a  (Josika's) ;  hardy  shrub  ;  6  feet ;  flowers  deep- 
lilac,  in  May  ;  Germany ;  1 833.  S.  Persica  (Persian) ;  hardy 
shrub  ;  3  feet ;  flowers  lilac,  in  May  ;  Persia  ;  1640.  S.  Rotho- 
magensis  (Rouen) ;  hardy  shrub  ;  4  feet ;  flowers  lilac,  in  May ; 
China;  1795.  S.  vtclgaris  (common);  hardy  shrub;  6  feet; 
flowers  lilac,  purple,  red,  or  white,  in  May  ;  Persia  and  Hunga- 
ry.; 1597. 

SYRINGA.     See  PHILADELPHIA. 


TAGETES.  [Composite.]  This  genus  contains  the 
French  and  African  marigolds,  both  well-known  and 
showy  annual  flowers.  The  African  is  of  a  rich  golden 
color,  and  very  large.  The  French  is  of  a  rich  brown,  dark 
or  light,  but  variously  blotched  or  edged  with  bright  golden 
yellow.  In  a  large  number  of  seedlings,  scarcely  two  will 
give  flowers  alike,  and  indeed,  on  the  same  plant,  it  is  diffi- 
cult to  find  two  in  all  respect  identical.  Both  kinds  are  raised 
from  seed ;  and,  to  get  them  early,  they  should  be  sown  in 
heat  about  March.  When  they  germinate,  they  must  have 
plenty  of  air  to  prevent  their  becoming  drawn  up.  Plant 
the  French  out  towards  the  middle  of  May,  about  three  in 
a  patch,  because  the  diversity  of  color  assists  by  its  con- 
trasts in  producing  a  good  effect.  This,  however,  does  not 
apply  to  the  African,  which  may  be  put  out  singly,  be- 
cause one  plant  makes  show  enough  in  a  place.  All  single 
and  semi-double  ones  ought  to  be  pulled  up  and  thrown 
away.  Besides  those  sown  in  heat,  others  should  be  sown 
in  the  open  ground  to  form  a  succession  ;  for,  although  the 
first  will  keep  blooming  until  the  frost  cuts  them  off,  younger 
ones  coming  in  are  more  compact  plants.  There  is  another 
annual  kind  which  should  find  a  place  in  all  gardens,  for  its 
neat  and  elegant  foliage,  its  rich  orange  flowers,  and  its 
compact  and  profusely  flowering  habit :  it  is  T.  tenuifolia, 
sold  in  seed-shops  as  T.  signata.  The  flowers  are  small,  com- 
pared even  with  the  French  Marigold,  and  they  are  single  ; 
352 


GARDEN    FLOWERS.  353 

but,  in  soil  not  too  rich,  the  plants  form  closely  branched, 
compact  bushes,  and  are  literally  covered  with  blossoms, 
which,  in  the  mass,  have  a  very  charming  effect.  T.  lucida,  a 
pretty  perennial,  is  propagated  by  division,  and  requires  a 
greenhouse  in  winter,  but  is  very  effective  as  a  bedding  plant. 
S.  signata  pumila  is  a  fine  free-flowering  dwarf  variety. 

T.  erecta  (African  Marigold) ;  hardy  annual ;  3  feet ;  flowers 
orange  or  yellow,  In  July  ;  Mexico;  1596.  T.  lucida  (shining) ; 
half-hardy  perennial ;  I  foot ;  flowers  yellow,  in  July ;  South 
America  ;  1 798.  T.  patula  (French  Marigold) ;  hardy  annual  ; 
18  inches  ;  flowers  brown  and  gold,  in  July  ;  Mexico;  1573.  T. 
tenuifolia  (fine-leaved) ;  hardy  annual ;  2  feet  ;  flowers  orange- 
yellow,  in  July  ;  Peru;  1797. 

TALINUM.  [Portulaceas.]  This  genus  contains  some  an- 
nuals, which,  if  raised  in  heat  and  bedded  out  in  a  sheltered 
place,  are  effective.  Soil,  sandy  loam. 

T.  polyandrum  (many-stemmed) ;  flowers  purpler  in  August ; 
Australia;  1853.  T.  purpuratum  (purple);  flowers  purple,  in 
August  ;  Mexico  ;  1826. 

There  are  biennial  and  perennial  species  which  are  tender. 

TAMARISK.     See  TAMARIX. 

TAMARIX.  Tamarisk.  [Tamariscineae.]'  Hardy  shrubs, 
Common  soil.  Propagated  by  cuttings. 

T.  Gallica  (French) ;  hardy  sub-evergreen  shrub  ;  8'  feet ; 
flowers  pink,  in  July  ;  south  of  England.  T.  Germanica  (Ger- 
man) ;  hardy  evergreen  shrub  ;  8  feet ;  flowers  pink,  'in  July  ; 
Caucasus  ;  1682. 

TARTARIAN  HONEYSUCKLE.     See  LONICERA. 

TAXODIUM.  Deciduous  Cypress.  [Pinaceae.]  The  most 
valuable  species  is  T.  distichum,  which  is  hardy  as  far  North 
as  Massachusetts.  It  is  a  very  graceful  tree,  with  light  sprays 
of  feathery  foliage,  and  succeeds  in  good  loamy  soil. 

TAXUS.  Yeu>.  [Taxaceae.}  Fine  evergreen  shrubs  or 
23- 


354  GARDEN   FLOWERS. 

trees.  Deep  loamy  soil.  Increased  by  cuttings  in  shady 
border,  or  by  seeds.  The  Yew  is  hardy  as  far  North  as 
Massachusetts  in  sheltered  situations,  though  liable  to  be 
browned  by  the  winter's  sun.  The  American  Yew  is  per- 
pectly  hardy.  The  Irish  Yew  (fastigiata),  is  tender  in  the 
Northern  States.  The  berries  of  the  Yew  are  very  beautiful. 

T.  baccata  (common) ;  berried  ;  20  feet ;  Britain.  T.  baccata 
fastigiata  (tapering) ;  20  feet;  Ireland  ;  1780.  T.  baccata  foliis 
variegatis  (variegated-leaved) ;  3  feet.  T.  baccata  fructuluteo 
(yellow-berried);  Ireland.  T.  baccata  procuinbens  Q.y'mg-&o\\n}; 
8  feet ;  Europe.  T.  baccata  sparsifolia  (scattered-leaved).  T. 
baccata  variegata  (variegated);  20  feet ;  Europe.  T.  Canadensis 
(Canadian) ;  20  feet ;  Canada  ;  1800. 

TECOMA.  [Bignoniaceae.]  A  genus  of  elegant  tubular- 
flowered  plants,  consisting  of  both  evergreen  and  decidu- 
ous shrubs  and  climbers.  T.  radicans  and  its  varieties  are 
beautiful  hardy  deciduous  climbers,  very  ornamental  against 
a  wall  or  a  house :  they  grow  well  in  good  rich  loam,  and 
are  propagated  by  layers.  Also  called  Bignonia. 

T.  grandiflora  (large-flowered) ;  climbing  shrub ;  20  feet ; 
flowers  orange,  in  July;  China;  1800.  T.  radicans  (rooting); 
hardy  climbing  shrub  ;  30  feet ;  flowers  orange,  in  July  ;  North 
America;  1640. 

TEESDALIA.  [Cruciferae.]  A  genus  of  annuals  allied  to 
Candytuft,  and  requiring  the  same  treatment.  The  species 
are  T.  iberis  and  lipidium. 

TELLIMA.  [Saxifragaceae.]  Hardy  perennials.  Sandy 
loam  and  peat.  Increased  by  division. 

T.  grandiflora  (large-flowered);  hardy  perennial ;  i  foot ;  flow- 
ers pink,  in  May  ;  North  America  ;  1826. 

TETRAGONOLOBUS.  [Leguminosae.]  Annuals  and  peren- 
nials, of  which  the  former  are  most  important.  Propagated 
by  seeds  sown  in  May  in  common  soil. 


GARDEN    FLOWERS.  355 

T.  biflorus  (two-flowered) ;  hardy  annual ;  6  inches  ;  flowers 
yellow,  in  July  ;  Barbary  ;  1818.  T.  purpureus  (purple) ;  hardy 
annual ;  i  foot ;  flowers  dark-purple,  in  July  ;  Sicily  ;  1769. 

THALICTRUM.  Meadow-rue.  [Ranunculaceae.]  Hardy 
herbaceous  perennials,  worth  growing  in  a  mixed  border  for 
the  sake  of  their  pretty  compound  foliage,  but  having  rather 
insignificant  blossoms.  They  grow  freely  in  common  gar- 
den soil,  and  are  increased  by  division  of  the  plant. 

T.  aquilegifolium  (columbine-leaved) ;  hardy  perennial ;  3 
feet ;  flowers  purple,  in  May  ;  .Austria  ;  1731. 

T.  corynellum  and  dioicum  are  natives  of  our  woods  and 
meadows.  T.  anemonoides,  or  Anemone  thalictroides,  is  a  beau- 
tiful little  spring-flowering  plant :  the  double  variety  is  very 
desirable.  There  are  over  sixty  species. 

THRIFT.     See  ARMERIA. 

THROATWORT.     See  TRACHELIUM. 

THORN-APPLE.     See  DATURA. 

THUJA.  Arbor-vitce.  [Coniferse.]  These  are  among  the 
best  of  evergreen  shrubs  for  the  shrubbery,  or  as  specimen 
plants  on  lawns.  T.  Orientalis,  the  Chinese  Arbor-vitae,  is 
well  known,  and  is  admired  for  its  close  cone-shaped  out- 
line. T.  Occidentalism  the  American  Arbor-vitae,  has  the  same 
habit,  but  is  of  looser  growth.  There  is  another  elegant 
hardy  species  called  T.  plitata,  not  uncommon  in  gardens ; 
and  one  much  rarer,  T.  pendula,  which  has  long  slender 
drooping  twigs,  and  is  a  most  singular  and  very  ornamental 
small  tree.  The  commoner  sorts  grow  well  in  any  moder- 
ately favorable  situation,  preferring  a  somewhat  moist  but 
not  marshy  situation.  They  are  best  raised  from  seeds, 
sown  in  April,  in  a  frame  or  covered  bed.  T.  pendula 
should  be  kept  dryer,  and  is  increased  by  grafts  or  cuttings. 

T.  Occidentalis  (Western) ;  hardy  evergreen  shrub  ;  1 5  feet ; 
flowers  green,  in  May;  North  America;  1596.  T.  Orientalis 


356  GARDEN    FLOWERS. 

(Eastern) ;  hardy  evergreen  shrub ;  1 5  feet ;  flowers  green,  in 
May;  China;  1752.  T.  pendula  (drooping) ;  hardy  evergreen 
shrub;  10  feet;  flowers  green,  in  May;  Tartary ;  1828.  T. 
plicata  (plaited) ;  hardy  evergreen  shrub  ;  10  feet ;  flowers  green, 
in  May  ;  Nootka  Sound  ;  1796. 

THUIOPSIS.  [Coniferae.]  A  family  of  fine  hardy  ever- 
greens, somewhat  resembling  the  Arbor-vitae,  but  with  fine 
cut  foliage.  None  are  as  yet  very  common.  Propagated 
by  cuttings.  Common  soil. 

T.  borealis  (northern) ;  hardy  tree  ;  loofeet ;  Nootka  Sound  ; 
1855.  T.  dolebrata  (silvery);  hardy  tree;  50  feet ;  Japan;  1850. 
Variety  variegata  has  a  yellow  variegation  ;  Japan  ;  1861.  Va- 
riety nana  seldom  exceeds  six  feet  in  height ;  Japan  ;  1861.  T. 
Standishii  (Standish's) ;  resembles  the  last,  but  has  more  slen- 
der and  less  silvery  foliage  ;  Japan  ;  1861. 

THUNBERGIA.  [Acanthaceae.]  Stove  evergreen  climbers. 
They  thrive  best  in  a  mixture  of  turfy  loam,  peat,  and  rotted 
dung ;  but  the  best  of  them,  T.  alata,  and  its  varieties,  be- 
ing very  liable  to  attacks  of  the  red  spider,  are  best  raised 
from  seeds,  and  treated  like  tender  annuals,  only  they  re- 
quire a  trellis  on  which  to  train  their  branches.  T.  alata 
aurantiaca  is  the  best,  having  deep  orange  blossoms,  with  a 
black  centre  ;  T.  alata  alba,  with  white  flowers  and  a  black 
centre,  is  also  very  pretty,  and  there  are  several  others; 
the  color  of  T.  alata  itself  is  buff-yellow,  with  a  black  centre. 
The  varieties  all  bloom  throughout  the  summer,  and  at  that 
season  are  splendid  objects  in  a  greenhouse,  if  well  man- 
aged :  they  may  also  be  grown  out-doors,  and  are  very  beau- 
tiful objects  in  the  garden,  preferring  moist  peat  soil.  All 
of  the  species,  strike  freely ;  and  cuttings  in  sand,  under  a 
bell-glass,  with  a  little  bottom-heat,  are  rooted  in  a  short 
time.  The  seeds  may  be  sown  in  March,  in  wide-mouthed 
pots,  and  as  soon  as  the  plants  are  large  enough,  potted  off 
in  the  smallest-sized  pots,  to  be  treated  the  same  as  cut- 
tings ;  or  planted  in  the  borders  in  May. 


GARDEN    FLOWERS.  357 

T.  alata  (winged) ;  stove-climbing  perennials  ;  5  feet;  flowers 
buff  with  black  eye,  in  June;  Africa;  1823.  T.  alata  alba 
(white) ;  stove  climbing  perennial  ;  5  feet ;  flowers  white,  with 
black  eye,  in  June  ;  Madagascar.  T.  alata  aiirantiata  (orange); 
stove  climbing  perennial ;  5  feet ;  flowers  orange  with  black  eye, 
in  June  ;  gardens. 

THYMUS.  Thyme.  [Lamiaceae.]  Hardy  evergreen  per- 
ennials and  sub-shrub.  Soil,  sandy  loam.  Propagated  by 
divisions  or  cuttings.  Many  of  them  are  beautiful  rock- 
plants. 

T.azureus  (azure);  hardy  perennial ;  6  inches  ;  flowers  purple, 
in  June  ;  south  of  Europe  ;  1830.  T.  Corsicus  (Corsican) ;  half- 
hardy  perennial ;  6  inches  ;  flowers  lilac, in  June  ;  Corsica;  1831. 
T.  lanuginosus  (woolly) ;  hardy  trailing  perennial ;  flowers  pur- 
ple, in  July ;  Britain. 

TIARELLA.  [Saxifragaceag.]  Hardy  perennials.  Common 
dryish  soil.  Increased  by  division. 

T.  cordifolia  (heart-leaved) ;  6  inches  ;  flowers  white,  in  May ; 
North  America  ;  1731. 

TIGRIDIA.  Tiger-flower.  [Iridaceae.]  One  of  the  most 
showy  and  remarkable  of  flowers,  but  at  the  same  time  one 
of  the  most  fugitive ;  the  flowers  last  but  a  few  hours,  but 
there  is  a  good  succession  of  them  produced.  They  are 
hardy  bulbous-rooted  plants,  with  the  flowers  large,  singularly 
formed,  like  a  cocked  hat  reversed,  and  beautifully  spotted 
with  a  darker  color  upon  a  yellow  or  deep  orange-colored 
ground.  The  two  so-called  species  are  very  similar  in  all 
but  having  a  darker  or  lighter  ground  color.  The  flowers 
last  but  the  day  they  come  out  if  the  sun  is  pretty  hot,  which 
it  generally  is  when  they  flower,  in  July.  They  do  not  grow 
more  than  twelve  inches  high,  and  should  be  planted  in  a 
mass,  because  there  will  then  be  a  number  of  flowers  open 
for  some  time  ;  when  planted  singly,  that  is  not  the  case,  for 
there  will  be  days  when  a  plant  will  have  none,  and  that,  too, 


358  GARDEN    FLOWERS. 

before  it  is  out  of  bloom  altogether.  Plant  them  in  May, 
three  inches  deep,  and  take  them  up  in  the  autumn.  In- 
creased by  offsets. 

T.  conchiflora  (shell-flowered) ;  half-hardy  bulb  ;  I  foot ;  flow- 
ers yellow-spotted,  in  June;  Mexico  ;.  1823.  T.  pavonia  (pea- 
cock) ;  half-hardy  bulb  ;  i  foot ;  flowers  orange  and  red,  in  June  ; 
Mexico;  1796.  T.  speciosa  is  a  hybrid  between  these  two,  with 
more  of  the  nature  of  T.  pavonia.  T.  Wheelerii  is  also  a  hy- 
brid resembling  T.  conchiflora. 

TILIA.  Lime  or  Linden.  [Tiliaceae.]  Well-known  hardy 
ornamental  trees.  The  American  is  the  best.  Propagated 
by  seeds  and  layers.  Soil,  rich  loam. 

T.  alba  (white-wooded) ;  30  feet ;  flowers  in  July  ;  Hungary  ; 
1767.  T.  Americana  (American)  ;  30  feet ;  flowers  in  June  ; 
North  America;  1752.  71  Americana  heterophylla  (various- 
leaved);  30  feet;  flowers  in  July;  North  America  ;  1811.  T. 
Americana  laxiflora  (loose-flowered) ;  50  feet ;  flowers  white  in 
June  ;  North  America  ;  1820.  T.  Amertcanapubescens(d.o-wny); 
20  feet ;  flowers  in  July  ;  North  America  ;  1726.  T.  Americana 
pubescens  leptophylla  (thin-leaved-downy) ;  20  feet ;  flowers  yel- 
low, in  July  ;  North  America.  T.  Europcea  (European,  or  com- 
mon) ;  50  feet ;  flowers  in  July ;  Britain.  T.  Europcea  aurea 
(golden-twigged)  ;  50  feet ;  flowers  in  August ;  Britain.  T.  Eu- 
ropcea dasystyla  (hairy-styled) ;  50  feet ;  flowers  in  July ;  Tauria. 
T.  Europcza  laciniata  (cut-leaved) ;  50  feet ;  flowers  in  August ; 
Britain.  T.  Europcea  microphylla  (small  leaved) ;  50  feet ;  flow- 
ers in  August ;  Britain.  T.  Europcea  pendula  (drooping) ;  flow- 
ers in  June  ;  1845.  ^  Europcea  platyphylla  (broad-leaved) ;  50 
feet ;  flowers  in  August ;  Britain.  T.  Europcea  platyphylla  au- 
rea (golde'n-broad-leaved) ;  20  feet ;  Britain.  T.  Europcea  rubra 
(red-twigged);  50  feet ;  flowers  in  August ;  Britain.  71  Europcea 
variegata  (variegated-leaved) ;  flowers  in  June;  1847.  T.  Eu- 
ropcea vitifolia  (vine-leaved) ;  flowers  in  June  ;  1846. 

TOAD-FLAX.     See  LIN  ARIA. 

TOBACCO.     See  NICOTIANA. 


GARDEN    FLOWERS.  359 

TOLPIS.  Hawkweed.  [Compositae.]  A  fine  yellow-flow- 
ered annual,  formerly  called  Crepis  barbata.  Sow  in  May  in 
common  soil.  The  flowers  close  in  cloudy  weather. 

T.  barbata  (bearded) ;  hardy  annual  ;  2  feet ;  flowers  yellow 
and  purple,  in  July  ;  1620.  The  other  species  are  T.  altissima, 
coronopifolia,  grandiflora,  umbellata,  and  -virgata. 

TORREYA.  [Taxaceae.]  Hardy  evergreen  trees.  Deep 
loamy  soil.  Propagated  by  cuttings  or  seeds. 

T.  myristica  (Californian  nutmeg) ;  hardy  evergreen  tree  ;  30 
feet;  California;  1851.  T.  taxifolia  (yew-leaved) ;  hardy  ever- 
green shrub  ;  20  feet ;  Florida  ;  1 840. 

TOUCH-ME-NOT.     See  IMPATIENS. 

TOURNEFORTIA.  [Boragineas.]  T.  heliotropoides  is  a  heli- 
otrope-like hardy  or  nearly  hardy  plant,  not  very  showy,  but 
a  very  free  bloomer,  and  useful  for  small  beds.  It  will  grow 
in  the  open  borders  :  a  plant  or  two  should  be  kept  in  a 
frame  through  the  winter.  It  is  increased  either  by  seeds 
sown  in  May,  or  by  cuttings ;  and  is  a  low  plant,  flowering 
from  May  to  August. 

T.  heliotropoides  (heliotrope-like) ;  half-hardy  perennial ;  I 
foot ;  flowers  lilac,  in  June  ;  Buenos  Ayres  ;  1829. 

TRACHELIUM.  Throatwort.  [Campanulaceas.]  Half-hardy 
herbaceous  perennials.  Light  loamy  soil.  Increased  by 
seeds  sown  in  spring  in  a  gentle  heat,  and  carefully  grown 
while  young. 

T.  coeruleum  (blue) ;  half-hardy  perennial ;  2  feet  ;  flowers 
purple  or  white,  in  August ;  Italy  ;  1640. 

TRADESCANTIA.  Spiderwort.  [Commelinaceae.]  The 
hardy  perennial  species  of  this  genus  are  adapted  for  the 
common  borders.  They  are  readily  increased  by  division, 
and  only  require  to  be  planted  in  the  common  soil,  and  left 
undisturbed  till  they  get  too  large,  when  they  must  be  taken 


360  GARDEN    FLOWERS. 

up  and  divided.  The  tender  species  are  of  less  moment, 
except  T.  discolor,  a  curious  stove  species,  and  T.  iridescens, 
a  pretty  dwarf  free-blooming  greenhouse  herb. 

T.  subaspera  (roughish) ;  hardy  perennial;  18  inches;  flow- 
ers purple,  in  May  ;  North  America  ;  1812.  T.  Virginica  (Vir- 
ginian) ;  hardy  perennial;  18  inches;  flowers  blue,  in  June; 
North  America  ;  1629. 

This  varies,  with  white,  blue,  red,  crimson,  and  double- 
blue  flowers. 

TRAGOPOGON.  [Composite.]  A  family  of  hardy  bien- 
nials, thriving  in  common  garden  soil.  Propagated  by  seeds. 
T.  floccosus,  mutabilis,  and  roseus  are  hardy  border  plants. 

TRAGOPYRUM.  [Polygonaceag.]  Hardy  deciduous  shrubs, 
propagated  by  layers,  and  growing  best  in  moist,  peaty  soil. 

T.  buxifolium  (box-leaved) ;  18  inches  ;  flowers  white,  in  July; 
Siberia;  1800.  T.  lanceolatum  (spear-shaped);  2  feet ;  flowers 
pink,  in  July;  Siberia;  1778. 

TREE-PEONY.     See  MOUTAN. 

TREFOIL.     See  TRIFOLIUM. 

TRIENTALIS.  [Primulaceae.]  A  family  of  delicate  little 
perennials,  grown  best  in  a  shady  situation  in  leaf-mould. 
Propagated  by  division. 

T.  Americana  (American) ;  6  inches  ;  flowers  white,  in  June  ; 
North  America  ;  1816.  The  European  species  (T.  Europcea) 
much  resembles  this. 

TRIFOLIUM.  Trefoil,  or  Clover.  [Leguminosae.]  Hardy 
herbs,  many  of  which  are  annuals  or  biennials,  and  a  large 
number  perennials.  They  are  not  of  much  value  as  garden 
plants.  T.  incarnatum,  with  its  scarlet  flower-heads,  is 
showy ;  and  T.  uniflorum  is  a  very  pretty  minute  perennial 
species,  deserving  a  place  among  alpines.  The  annuals  may 
be  sown  in  April  in  the  places  where  they  are  to  flower. 
The  perennials  need  only  to  be  planted  in  ordinary  soil. 


GARDEN    FLOWERS.  361 

T.  incarnatum  (flesh) ;  hardy  annual ;  i  foot ;  flowers  scarlet, 
in  June  ;  Italy  ;  1596.  T.  lagopus  (hare's-foot) ;  hardy  annual ; 
1 8  inches  ;  flowers  red,  in  July ;  Spain;  1827.  T.  megacepha- 
lum  (great-headed) ;  hardy  perennial  ;  i  foot ;  flowers  pale-pur- 
ple, in  July ;  North  America.  T.  rubens  (red) ;  hardy  perennial ; 
2  feet;  flowers  deep-red,  in  July  ;  south  of  Europe  ;  1633.  T. 
uniflorum  (one-flowered) ;  hardy  perennial ;  3  inches  ;  flowers 
red  and  white,  in  June  ;  south  of  Europe  ;  1800. 

TRILLIUM.  [Trilliaceee.]  Curious  small  hardy  herbaceous 
plants.  The  stem  has  three  leaves,  and  the  flowers  three 
petals.  They  are  tuberous-rooted  perennials,  and  propagate 
but  slowly  by  dividing  the  roots ;  but  they  may  be  raised 
from  seed,  which  is  inclosed  in  a  berry.  This  may  be  sown 
in  pans,  and  be  raised  in  a  frame,  and  pricked  out,  three  or 
four  in  a  pot,  to  grow ;  and  lastly  potted  singly  into  sixty  - 
sixed  pots.  All  those  curious  in  plants  should  grow  them, 
though,  like  many  other  curious  plants,  they  are  greatly  ne- 
glected. They  flower  very  early  in  spring,  and  grow  best  in 
peat  soil. 

T.  cernuum  (drooping);  hardy  tuberous  perennial ;  i.foot; 
flowers  white,  in  May;  North  America;  1758.  T.  erectum 
(erect) ;  hardy  tuberous  perennial ;  6  inches  ;  flowers  white,  in 
May  ;  North  America  ;  1700.  T.  grandiflorutu  (large-flowered) ; 
hardy  tuberous  perennial ;  6  inches  ;  flowers  white,  in  May ; 
North  America  ;  1799.  T,  obo vatum  (obovate) ;  hardy  tuberous 
perennial  ;  6  inches  ;  flowers  red,  in  May ;  North  America ; 
1810.  T.  sessile  (sessile) ;  hardy  tuberous  perennial ;  6  inches  ; 
flowers  brownish-purple,  in  May;  North  America;  1759.  T. 
undulatum  (wavy) ;  hardy  tuberous  perennial ;  6  inches  ;  flow- 
ers red,  in  May  ;  North  America  ;  1818. 

TRITOMA.  [Liliacese.]  Beautiful  half-hardy  herbaceous 
plants,  requiring  a  light  dry  soil,  and  warm  or  sheltered  situ- 
ation, in  which  they  produce  their  upright  spikes  of  droop- 
ing scarlet  tubes,  freely,  in  the  autumnal  months.  They 


362  GARDEN    FLOWERS. 

throw  out  suckers  from  their  roots,  by  which  they  may  be 
increased.     They  are  sometimes  called  Kniphofia. 

T.  Burchellii  (Burchell's)  ;  half-hardy  perennial ;  2  feet ;  flow- 
ers orange,  in  August ;  Cape;  1816.  T. pumila  (dwarf) ;  hardy 
perennial;  i  foot;  flowers  orange,  in  September;  Cape;  1774. 
T.  Rooperi  (Rooper's) ;  hardy  perennial ;  3  feet ;  flowers  or- 
ange-scarlet, in  autumn;  Natal;  1848.  T.  Uvaria  (grape); 
hardy  perennial  ;  2  feet ;  flowers  orange,  in  August ;  Cape  ;  1707. 

TROLLIUS.  Globe-flou>er.  [Ranunculaceae.]  Showy  her- 
baceous perennials,  quite  hardy,  growing  in  ordinary  garden 
soil,  and  increased  easily  by  parting  the  roots  during  the 
dormant  season. 

T.  Asiaticus  (Asiatic)  ;  hardy  perennial  ;  i  foot  ;  flowers 
deep-yellow,  in  May  ;  Siberia  ;  1759.  ^  Europosus  (European) ; 
hardy  perennial  ;  i  foot ;  flowers  yellow,  in  May  ;  Britain. 

There  are  many  other  species. 

TROP.«OLUM.  Indian  Cress.  [Tropaeolacese.]  Soft- 
stemmed  climbing  herbs,  part  of  which  are  annual,  and 
others  perennial,  having  tuberous  roots.  T.  mq/us,  the 
common  Nasturtium,  as  it  is  called  erroneously,  and  its  va- 
rieties, may  be  sown  in  the  open  ground  in  May,  where  it  is 
to  bloom  through  the  summer,  and  requires  neither  care  nor 
attention.  These  are  beautiful  plants  everywhere  —  in  rich 
ground,  covering  the  surface  with  foliage  and  flowers,  or 
climbing  up  stakes,  and  hiding  unsightly  fences  or  other  ob- 
jects, or  potted  and  placed  on  the  window-sill,  where  the 
burning  heat  and  limited  food  arrests  their  vegetation,  but 
adds  profusion  to  the  blossoms,  and  intensity  to  their  colors. 
T.  minus  is  smaller,  but  equally  effective  in  its  way.  The 
double  orange-colored  variety  of  T.  majus  is  a  greenhouse 
plant,  as  is  also  the  double  scarlet  Nasturtium,  which  is  the 
double-flowered  variety  of  T.  minus.  These  are  increased 
by  cuttings,  and  preserved,  like  other  half-hardy  things,  in 


GARDEN    FLOWERS.  363 

the  greenhouse  during  winter  for  planting  out  in  summer, 
where  they  thrive  in  hot,  dry  situations.  T.  pcregrinum  is 
the  canary-bird  flower,  and  thrives  well  in  the  border  in  sum- 
mer, producing  its  yellow,  curiously-shaped  flowers  profusely. 

T.  Tom  Thumb  is  a  fine  variety  of  T.  ma/us,  forming  a  clump ; 
flowers  bright-yellow;  hybrid;  1859.  There  are  many  others 
of  this  type. 

HARDY  ANNUALS.  —  T.  majus  (greater) ;  6  feet ;  flowers  or- 
ange-yellow, in  July ;  Peru  ;  1686.  T.  majus  atrosanguineum 
(dark-red)  ;  3  feet ;  flowers  dark-red,  in  August ;  Peru.  T.  mi- 
nus (smaller) ;  i  foot ;  flowers  orange  and  yellow,  in  August ; 
Peru ;  1 596.  T.  peregrinum  (canary-bird  flower)  ;  6  feet ; 
flowers  yellow,  in  September  ;  New  Grenada  ;  1810. 

TRUMPET-FLOWER.     See  BIGNONIA  and  TECOMA. 

TUBEROSE.     See  POLIANTHES. 

TULIPA.  Tulip.  [Liliacea;.]  Hardy  and  very  showy 
bulbs.  The  variegated  Tulips  of  the  gardens  are  the  pro- 
geny of  T.  Gesneriana.  The  bulbs  are  planted  in  October 
or  November,  and  bloom  in  May.  They  grow  in  nothing 
so  well  as  in  plain,  good,  sandy  loam,  taken  from  a  pasture 
with  the  turf  rotted  in  it ;  and  it  is  the  custom  to  dig  out 
the  bed  from  two  to  three  feet  deep,  that  this  soil  may 
be  placed  therein.  They  are  planted  six  inches  apart,  the 
bed  being  four  feet  wide,  and  containing  seven  flowers 
across.  The  tallest  flowers,  which  are  known  well  to  the 
fanciers,  are  planted  in  the  centre  row  ;  those  a  little  shorter, 
in  the  rows  next  to  the  middle ;  and  the  shortest,  outside  : 
so  that  the  tulip-bed  when  in  flower  looks  like  a  bank  of 
bloom.  The  small  offsets  are  planted  in  separate  beds,  un- 
til they  grow  large  enough  to  plant  in  the  principal  beds. 
They  are  raised  from  seed  to  produce  new  varieties,  and 
they  multiply  by  offsets.  The  seeds  may  be  sown  in  pans 
or  wide-mouthed  pots,  in  the  early  spring  or  the  autumn, 
and  placed  in  a  garden  frame.  They  will  come  up,  and 


364  GARDEN    FLOWERS. 

about  June  turn  yellow,  and  die  down,  but  little  bulbs  will 
have  formed  :  some  take  them  up  and  replant  them  ;  but,  if 
they  are  not  too  thick,  they  may  be  left  until  the  next  year. 
It  will  be  five  or  six  years  before  they  bloom.  The  Van 
Thol  Tulip,  a  pretty  early  sort,  is  the  T.  suaveolens :  this 
blooms  naturally  in  April,  and  is  very  well  adapted  for 
forcing  even  much  earlier  than  this.  Few  of  the  other 
species  are  cultivated  except  as  curiosities. 

T.  Gesneriana  (Gesner's) ;  hardy  bulb ;  2  feet ;  flowers  red 
or  striped,  in  May  ;  Levant ;  1577.  The  florists'  varieties  are  of 
a  garden  origin.  T.  oculis  soils  (sun's-eye) ;  hardy  bulb  ;  i  foot ; 
flowers  red,  with  dark  eye,  in  April;  Italy;  1816.  T.  pratcox 
(early) ;  hardy  bulb ;  9  inches  ;  flowers  scarlet  and  yellow,  in 
April ;  Italy  ;  1825.  T.  suaveolens  (Van  Thol) ;  hardy  bulb  ; 
6  inches  ;  flowers  scarlet  and  gold,  in  April ;  south  of  Europe  ; 
1603.  T.  Turcica  (Florentine) ;  hardy  bulb  ;  9  inches  ;  flowers 
yellow,  in  April ;  south  of  Europe. 

There  are  some  twenty  other  species. 

TULIP-TREE.     See  LIRIODENDRON. 

TUSSILAGO.  Coitus-foot.  [Compositae.]  A  genus  of  hardy 
or  half-hardy  plants,  doing  best  in  rich  loamy  soil.  Propa- 
gated easily  by  division.  The  species  are  T.  alba,  Alpina, 
discolor,  farfara^  fragrans,  frigida,  Icevigata,  nivea,  palmata, 
and  sagittata.  . 


ULEX.  ,  Furze.     [Leguminosae.]     This  well-known,  gay- 
flowering  plant  is  not  hardy  in  the  Northern  States. 
It  grows  in  any  soil,  and  is  propagated  by  seed. 

U.  Europcea  (common) ;  evergreen  shrub  ;  4  feet ;  flowers 
yellow,  in  May  ;  Britain.  The  double-flowered  variety,  U.  Eu- 
ropcea flore-pleno,  is  the  most  beautiful.  U.  nana  (dwarf) ;  ever- 
green trailing  shrub;  18  inches;  flowers  yellow,  in  August; 
England. 

ULMUS.  Elm.  [Ulmaceae.]  Hardy  deciduous  timber- 
trees.  Soil,  deep,  dry,  sandy  loam.  The  common  sorts 
are  propagated  by, seeds,  layers,  or  grafts;  the  varieties  by 
grafting. 

U.  alata  (winged);  30  feet;  North  America;  1820.  U.  alba 
(white;  Hungarian);  30  feet;  Hungary;  1824.  U.Americana 
(white  ;  American) ;  40  feet ;  North  America.  U._  Americana 
alba  (white  branched) ;  40  feet ;  North  America.  U.  Americana 
foliis-variegatis  (variegated-leaved).  U.  Americana  incisa  (cut- 
leaved)  ;  North  America.  U.  Americana  pendula  (drooping) ; 
North  America;  1820.  U.  Americana  rubra  (red-branched); 
40  feet ;  North  America  ;  1824.  U.  campestris  (English  field) ; 
80  feet ;  Britain.  U.  campestris  acutifolia  (acute-leaved) ;  80 
feet ;  Britain.  U.  campestris  alba  (white) ;  80  feet ;  Britain. 
U.  campestris  betulcefolia  (birch-leaved) ;  Britain.  U.  campestris 
Chinensis  (Chinese) ;  China.  U.  campestris  foliis-aureis  (leaves 
golden-variegated) ;  Britain.  U.  campestris  foliis-variegatis 
(leaves  variegated  with  white) ;  Britain.  U.  campestris  latifolia 
(broad-leaved) ;  80  feet ;  Britain.  U.  campestris  nana  (dwarf) ; 

365 


366  GARDEN    FLOWERS. 

2  feet;  Britain.  U.  campestris  parvifolia  (small-leaved);  20 
feet;  Siberia;  1822.  U.  campestris  stricta  (upright);  80  feet; 
Britain.  U.  campestris  viminalis  (twiggy) ;  30  feet ;  Britain. 
U.fulva  (slippery);  60  feet ;  North  America.  U.  glabra  (smooth); 
60  feet ;  Britain.  U.  glabra  latifolia  (broad-leaved) ;  Britain. 
U.  major  (greater) ;  40  feet ;  Britain.  U.  montana  (mountain  ; 
Scotch  or  Wych) ;  40  feet ;  Britain.  U.  montana  fastigiata  (py- 
ramidal; Exeter);  Exeter;  1826.  U.  montana  nigra  (black);  40 
feet;  Ireland.  U.  montana pendula  (drooping);  Britain.  U.  mon- 
tana rugosa  (rough-leaved) ;  40  feet ;  Britain.  U.  montana  vul- 
garis  (common) ;  40  feet ;  Britain.  U.  suberosa  (cork-barked) ; 
40  feet ;  Britain.  U.  suberosa  alba  (white-barked) ;  Britain. 
U.  suberosa  angustifolia  (narrow-leaved) ;  Hertford.  U.  sube- 
rosa erecta  (upright) ;  80  feet ;  Britain.  U.  suberosa  foliis-'varie- 
gatis  (variegated-leaved) ;  80  feet ;  Britain.  U.  suberosa  latifo- 
lia (broad-leaved) ;  Hertford.  U.  suberosa  vulgarts  (common) ; 
80  feet ;  Holland. 

UROSPERMUM.  Sheep 's-beard.  [Compositae.]  A  hardy 
perennial,  with  showy  yellow  flowers.  Soil,  common  loam. 
Propagated  by  seed. 

U.  Dalechampi;  hardy  perennial ;  2  feet ;  flowers  yellow,  in 
July  ;  south  of  Europe. 

UVULARIA.  [Melanthaceae.]  Neat,  dwarf,  hardy,  herba- 
ceous perennials.  They  grow  with  ordinary  attention  in  the 
common  soil  of  gardens,  preferring  a  cool  situation,  without 
stagnant  moisture,  and  are  propagated  by  division. 

U.  grandiflora  (large-flowered) ;  hardy  perennial  ;  i  foot ; 
flowers  yellow,  in  May;  North  America ;  1802.  U.  pcrfoliata 
(perfoliate) ;  hardy  perennial ;  9  inches  ;  flowers  yellow,  in  May  ; 
North  America  ;  1810.  U.  sessilifolia  (sessile-leaved) ;  hardy 
perennial ;  6  inches  ;  flowers  cream-colored,  in  May  ;  North 
America;  1790. 


VACCINIUM.  Whortleberry.  [VaccinaceEe.]  Hardy, 
deciduous,  or  sometimes  evergreen  shrubs,  mostly 
ornamental.  Soil,  sandy  loam  or  peat.  Propagated  by 
suckers  or  layers.  There  are  many  species  in  cultivation. 
Some  of  the  East-Indian  species  are  very  beautiful,  but  are 
not  hardy.  The  hardy  species  are  not  very  showy,  but  are 
useful  in  a  shrubbery. 

VALERIANA.  Valerian.  [Valerianacese.]  Hardy  peren- 
nials, some  of  which  are  pretty,  but  not  remarkably  orna- 
mental. They  may  all  be  grown  in  the  open  border,  in  or- 
dinary garden  soil.  They  increase  readily  by  division  of  the 
plants. 

V.  Celtica  (Celtic) ;  hardy  perennial ;  i  foot ;  flowers  white,  in 
June;  Switzerland;  1748.  V.  dioica  (diaecious) ;  hardy  peren- 
nial ;  i  foot ;  flowers  flesh-color,  in  May  ;  England.  V.  mon- 
tana  (mountain) ;  hardy  perennial ;  i  foot ;  flowers,  light-red,  in 
June  ;  Switzerland  ;  1748.  V.  Phu  (Phu) ;  hardy  perennial  ;  3 
feet;  flowers  white,  in  June;  Germany;  1597.  V.  Pyrenaica 
(Pyrenean) ;  hardy  perennial ;  3  feet ;  flowers  pink,  in  June  ; 
Scotland.  V.  tuberosa  (tuberous) ;  hardy  perennial  ;  18  inches; 
flowers  pale  red,  in  June  ;  south  of  Europe  ;  1629. 

VALERIANELLA.  Lamb's  Lettuce.  [Valerianaceae.]  Hardy 
annuals,  mostly  weedy  or  salad  plants.  V.  congcsta  is  pretty. 
Common  soil.  Increased  by  seeds. 

V.  congesta  (crowded) ;  hardy  annual ;  i  foot ;  flowers  red,  in 
July;  Columbia;  1826. 

VENEDIUM.  [Composite.]  A  genus  containing  some 

367 


368  GARDEN    FLOWERS. 

half-hardy  showy  annuals.  Light,  rich  soil.  Propagated  by 
seeds,  which  should  be  sown  in  May  where  they  are  to  bloom. 

V.  calendulaceum  (marigold-like) ;  half-hardy  annual ;  I  foot  ; 
flowers  yellow,  in  August;  Cape  of  Good  Hope  ;  1852. 

VENUS  LOOKING-GLASS.     See  SPECULARIA. 

VENUS  NAVELWORT.     See  OMPHALODES. 

VERATRUM.  [Melanthacese.]  Hardy  herbaceous  plants 
of  tall  coarse  habit,  but  with  fine  ornamental  foliage,  and 
having  a  very  distinct  habit  and  appearance,  and  therefore 
desirable  in  large  mixed  borders.  They  increase  by  division, 
and  grow  in  ordinary  garden-soil. 

V.  album  (white) ;  hardy  perennial ;  3  feet ;  flowers  greenish, 
in  July  ;  Europe ;  1 548.  V.  nigrum  (black) ;  hardy  perennial ; 
3  feet ;  flowers  dark-chocolate,  in  July  ;  Siberia  ;  1596.  V.  viride 
(green) ;  hardy  perennial ;  5  feet ;  flowers  greenish,  in  June  ; 
North  America ;  1742. 

VERBASCUM.  Mullein.  [Scrophularineae.]  Hardy  peren- 
nials, strikingly  effective  in  large  borders,  or  towards  the 
margins  of  shrubberies.  They  are  easily-grown  plants,  thriv- 
ing in  any  garden  soil,  and  only  need  to  be  sown  where  they 
are  to  bloom,  each  patch  being  thinned  away,  leaving  only 
the  strongest.  The  seeds  should  be  sown  about  June  in  one 
year,  to  produce  flowering  plants  for  the  next  season.  They 
are  mostly  biennials,  and  young  plants  should  therefore  be 
raised  from  seeds  annually.  The  perennials  are  increased 
both  by  seeds  and  division.  • 

V.  alopecurus  (fox-tail) ;  hai  dy  perennial  ;  3  feet  ;  flowers  yel- 
low, in  July  ;  France;  1820.  V.  A  ustriacum  (Austrian) ;  hardy 
perennial  ;  5  feet ;  flowers  yellow,  in  July  ;  Austria  ;  1818.  V. 
blattaria  (moth) ;  hardy  biennial ;  4  feet ;  flowers  yellow,  in  July ; 
England.  V.  formosum  (handsome) ;  hardy  biennial ;  2  feet ; 
flowers  yellow,  in  July  ;  Russia;  1818.  V.  grandiflorum  (large- 
flowered)  ;  hardy  biennial ;  4  feet ;  flowers  yellow,  in  July ;  Eu- 
rope ;  1820.  V.  Phoeniceum  (purple) ;  hardy  perennial ;  3  feet ; 


GARDEN    FLOWERS.  369 

flowers  purple,  in  June  ;  south  of  Europe  ;  1796.  V.  spectabile 
(showy) ;  hardy  biennial ;  2  feet ;  flowers  yellow  and  purple, 
in  July  ;  Tauria  ;  1820.  V.  thapsus  (shepherd's  club);  hardy 
biennial ;  6  feet ;  flowers  yellow,  in  July ;  England.  V.  triste 
(dark) ;  hardy  perennial ;  2  feet ;  flowers  yellow  and  red,  in  July  ; 
south  of  Europe  ;  1688. 

There  are  about  fifty  other  species. 

VERBENA.  Vervain.  [Verbenaceae.]  Beautiful  flower-gar- 
den plants,  consisting  for  the  most  part  of  perennial  species, 
requiring  protection  during  winter.  The  race  of  half-hardy 
Verbenas  has  given  rise  to  those  fine  seminal  varieties,  which 
are  now,  during  summer,  to  be  seen  decorating  every  garden. 
V.  Melindres  or  chamcedrifolia  was  one  of  the  first  favorites  ; 
but,  like  most  of  the  other  species,  it  has  been  lost  amid  the 
more  beautiful  sorts  that  have  sprung  up  under  the  florists' 
care.  It  is  the  creeping  habit,  however,  and  abundant  bloom 
of  V.  Melindres,  which  has  given  much  of  their  value  to  the 
florists'  seedlings  ;  their  size  and  the  more  erect  habit  and 
fragrance  observable  in  recent  varieties  having  been  derived 
from  V.  teucrioides.  The  Verbena  strikes  freely  under  a  bell- 
glass  in  light  sandy  soil,  and  very  quickly  in  a  mild  hot-bed ; 
and  it  grows  freely  in  any  rich  light  soil.  New  varieties  are 
raised  from  seeds.  The  seeds  should  be  sown  in  pans,  and 
placed  in  a  greenhouse  or  frame,  the  young  seedlings  planted 
out  in  beds  six  inches  apart,  until  it  is  seen  what  flowers 
they  produce,  when  such  as  are  worthy  may  be  propagated. 
In  gardens,  those  which  approach  nearest  to  the  admirable 
habit  of  V.  Melindres  —  which  creeps  along  the  ground, 
spreading  and  rooting  at  every  joint,  until  it  covers  a  bed 
like  a  carpet,  and  throws  up  its  umbels  or  trusses  of  flowers 
all  over  its  allotted  space  —  should  be  selected. 

V.  Melindres  (Melindres) ;  half-hardy  perennial ;  I  foot ;  flow- 
ers scarlet,  in  June  ;  Buenos  Ayres  ;  1827.     V.  multifida  (many- 
24 


37O  GARDEN   FLOWERS. 

cleft) ;  half-hardy  perennial ;  6  inches  ;  flowers  purple,  lilac,  or 
white,  in  July;  Chili;  1839.  V.  pulchella  (neat);  half-hardy 
trailing  perennial  ;  flowers  purple  or  white ;  Buenos  Ayres ; 
1827.  V.  radicans  (rooting);  half-hardy  trailing  perennial;  6 
inches;  flowers  pink,  in  July  ;  Chili;  1832.  V.  sulphured  (sul- 
phur) ;  half-hardy  perennial ;  i  foot ;  flowers  pale-yellow,  in  July  ; 
Chili ;  1832.  V.  teiicrioides  (teucrium-like) ;  half-hardy  peren- 
nial ;  2  feet ;  flowers  whitish,  in  July  ;  Montevideo;  1837.  V. 
Tweediana  (Tweedie's) ;  half-hardy  perennial ;  18  inches  ;  flow- 
ers rose-crimson,  in  June;  Brazil;  1834.  V.  -venosa  (veiny); 
half-hardy  perennial ;  2  feet ;  flowers  rose-purple,  in  May ; 
Buenos  Ayres  ;  1830. 

For  fine  varieties,  consult  florists'  catalogues.  The  follow- 
ing can,  however,  be  recommended.  WHITE  —  Mrs.  Hoi- 
ford,  Snowflake,  Anne.  WHITE,  DARK  CENTRE  —  Fairest  of 
the  Fair,  Viscountess  Emlyn,  Earl  of  Shaftsbury.  PEACH  — 
Great  Eastern,  Salmon,  Ida.  REDDISH  SCARLET  —  Gen. 
Simpson.  SCARLET  —  Defiance,  Phenomenon,  Foxhunter,  Lord 
Raglan.  CRIMSON  —  Admiral  Dundas,  Jean  Bart,  Geant 
des  Batailles.  PURPLE  —  Ariosto,  Purple  King,  Azucena, 
Zampa.  BLUE —  Garibaldi. 

VERBENA  LEMON.     See  ALOYSIA. 

VERONICA.  Speedwell.  [Scrophularineae.]  A  very  large 
genus,  consisting  almost  entirely  of  hardy  perennials.  About 
a  score  are  insignificant  annuals  ;  half  a  dozen  are  sub- aqua- 
tics ;  some  half-dozen  are  shrubs  requiring  greenhouse  pro- 
tection ;  and  the  rest  are  hardy  perennials,  most  of  the 
larger-growing  of  which  are  adapted  for  the  mixed  borders, 
and  are  really  showy  with  their  long  narrow  close  spikes  of 
flowers,  usually  blue.  These  latter  may  be  said  to  require  no 
culture ;  they  grow  with  the  greatest  facility  in  garden  soil  of 
of  any  description,  increase  extensively  by  partition  of  the 
roots,  and  live  through  all  the  inclemencies  of  winter  and  the 
droughts  of  summer  without  suffering  material  detriment. 


GARDEN    FLOWERS.  3/1 

V.  Caucasica  (Caucasian) ;  hardy  perennial  ;  6  inches  ;  flowers 
blush,  in  July  ;  Caucasus  ;  1816.  V.  crassifolia  (thick-leaved) ; 
hardy  perennial ;  2£  feet ;  flowers  blue,  in  July ;  Europe  ;  1822. 
V.  elegans  (elegant) ;  hardy  perennial ;  2  feet ;  flowers  pink,  in 
June;  south  of  France;  1822.  V.  formosa  (handsome)1;  half- 
hardy  evergreen  shrub  ;  3  feet ;  flowers  white,  in  April  ;  Van 
Diemen's  Land;  1835.  V.  glabra  (smooth) ;  hardy  perennial ; 
4  feet ;  flowers  blue  or  white,  in  July  ;  south  of  Europe  ;  1804. 
V.  grandis  (grand)  ;  hardy  perennial ;  18  inches  ;  flowers  white, 
in  August ;  Siberia;  1826.  V,  hybrida  (hybrid);  hardy  peren- 
nial ;  I  foot ;  flowers  blue,  in  July  ;  England.  V,  incana  (hoary); 
hardy  perennial;  2  feet;  flowers  blue,  in  July;  Russia;  1759. 
V.  incisa  (cut-leaved) ;  hardy  perennial ;  2  feet ;  flowers  blue,  in 
July  ;  Siberia  ;  1 739.  V.  longifolia  (long-leaved) ;  hardy  peren- 
nial ;  3  feet ;  flowers  blue,  white,  or  flesh-colored,  in  August ; 
south  of  Europe  ;  1731.  V.  paniculata  (panicled) ;  hardy  peren- 
nial;  2  feet ;  flowers  blue,  in  June  ;  Russia;  1797.  V.salicifo- 
lia  (willow-leaved) ;  half-hardy  evergreen  shrub  ;  3  feet ;  flowers 
lilac,  in  September  ;  New  Zealand;  1843.  V.  spedosa  (showy); 
half-hardy  evergreen  shrub  ;  3  feet ;  flowers  purple  or  rose,  in 
July;  New  Zealand;  1835.  V.  Virginica  (Virginian);  hardy 
perennial  ;  5  feet ;  flowers  white  or  flesh-colored,  in  July  ;  Vir- 
ginia ;  1714. 

VERVAIN.     See  VERBENA. 

VESICARIA.  [Brassiceae.]  Hardy  annuals  or  perennials. 
Common  soil.  Multiplied  by  seeds,  division,  or  cuttings, 
according  to  habit.  V.  utriculata,  is  a  beautiful  rock  plant. 

V.  grandiflora  (large-flowered) ;  hardy  annual ;  i  foot  ;  flow- 
ers yellow,  in  July  ;  Texas  ;  1835.  V.  ntriculata  (bladder) ;  hardy 
perennial ;  i  foot  ;  flowers  sulphur-yellow,  in  May  ;  Levant ; 
1730. 

VETCH.     See  VICIA. 

VIBURNUM.  [Caprifoliaceas.]  A  genus  consisting  for  the 
most  part  of  hardy  shrubs.  The  Guelder-rose,  V,  Opulus,  is 
very  familiar  in  shrubberies  :  the  bloom  is  white,  in  bunches 


372  GARDEN    FLOWERS. 

that  form  complete  balls,  and,  being  abundant,  is  very  effec- 
tive. This  is  generally  propagated  from  suckers,  which  come 
up,  like  those  of  the  Lilac,  very  freely.  There  is  a  great  va- 
riety of  species,  but  few  are  so  handsome  as  the  Guelder- 
rose.  V.  macrocephalum  and  plicatum  are,  however,  fine 
showy  shrubs.  Rich  loamy  soil.  Increased  by  layers,  cut- 
tings, or  suckers. 

V.  macrocephalum  (large-headed) ;  hardy  shrub  ;  10  feet ; 
flowers  white,  in  May;  China;  1845.  v-  Opulus  (Guelder- 
rose)  ;  hardy  shrub  ;  8  feet ;  flowers  white,  in  May ;  Britain. 
V.  plicatum  (plaited) ;  hardy  shrub ;  10  feet  ;  flowers  white,  in 
May  ;  China  ;  1845. 

Many  of  our  native  species,  such  as  V.  prunifolium,  Len- 
tago,  dentatum,  and  lantanoides,  are  very  handsome  shrubs. 

VICIA.  Vetch.  [Leguminosas.]  Hardy  annuals  or  per- 
ennials. Common  soil.  Propagated  by  seeds  or  division. 

VINCA.  Periwinkle.  [Apocynaceag.]  Pretty,  hardy,  shrub- 
by plants,  always  dwarf  and  evergreen,  generally  of  trailing 
habit,  and  well  adapted  for  covering  the  surface  of  the  ground 
in  shady  situations  where  little  else  will  live.  They  are  in- 
creased by  separating  the  rooted  trailing  shoots.  Common 
soil.  V.  rffsea,  and  its  variety  alba,  and  ocdlata,  are  properly 
stove  shrubs,  but  do  finely  as  bedding  plants  in  rich  soil,  in 
a  warm  exposure  :  they  may  be  raised  from  seed  in  a  hot-bed 
or  from  cuttings.  They  should  not  be  planted  out  until  all 
danger  of  cold  weather  is  over.  Natives  of  East  Indies. 

V.  herbacea  (herbaceous) ;  hardy  evergreen  trailing  perennial ; 
6  inches;  flowers  purple,  in  June  ;  Hungary  ;  1816.  V.  major 
(greater);  hardy  evergreen  trailing  shrub;  18  inches;  flowers 
blue,  in  July ;  England.  V.  minor  (lesser) ;  hardy  evergreen 
trailing  shrub  ;  i  foot ;  flowers  blue,  in  May  ;  England. 

There  is  a  variety  with  variegated  leaves. 

VIOLA.      Violet.     [Violaceae.]     A  large  genus  of  pretty 


GARDEN    FLOWERS.  3/3 

herbaceous  plants,  almost  all  of  which  are  hardy.  The 
first  to  be  mentioned  is  the  Sweet  Violet,  V.  odorata, 
of  which  the  common  wild  forms  should  be  planted  in 
abundance  in  every  shrubbery  for  the  sake  of  their  sweet 
blossoms.  For  general  cultivation,  the  varieties  known  as 
the  Neapolitan,  the  Russian,  and  the  Tree-violet,  are  the 
best.  The  Russian  is  quite  hardy,  and  requires  only  to  be 
planted  in  rich  soil,  which  must  be  renewed,  in  part  at  least, 
annually.  The  others  need  higher  culture.  To  grow  the 
Neapolitan  a  bed  of  rich  light  soil  must  be  made  up ; 
and  about  the  beginning  of  May,  the  old  plants  must  be 
divided  into  two,  three,  or  more,  according  to  their  size. 
These  young  plants  are  put  out,  and  carefully  watered,  when 
necessary,  through  the  summer ;  and  are  either  allowed  to 
bloom  in  these  beds,  some  protection  being  afforded  them  to 
keep  off  heavy  rains  and  frost,  or  they  are  taken  up  about 
the  end  of  September,  potted,  and  the  pots  kept  in  a  cold 
dry  frame  during  winter,  with  such  other  protection  as  the 
season  renders  necessary.  They  may  be  forced  in  frames 
by  the  application  of  gentle  heat :  and  by  this  means,  it  is 
no  unusual  thing,  with  the  luxurious,  to  have  violets  all  the 
winter.  The  Tree-violet  is  a  double-flowered,  dark  variety, 
which,  if  kept  trained  to  a  single  stem,  acquires  the  appear- 
ance of  a  miniature  tree.  This  requires  to  be  grown  as  a 
hardy  plant  in  frames  ;  the  soil  being  turfy  loam,  decomposed 
cow-dung,  and  leaf-mould  in  equal  parts.  To.  secure  the 
tree-like  habit,  the  crown  of  vigorous  young  plants  must  be 
encouraged  to  push  upwards  by  the  removal  of  all  lateral 
growth  ;  otherwise  this  variety  spreads  out  its  runners  just 
like  other  violets.  There  are  several  other  varieties  of  the 
Sweet  Violet ;  but  these  are  the  best.  The  whole  genus, 
with  one  or  two  tender  exceptions,  are  worth  cultivating  as 
hardy  perennials.  They  grow  very  freely  in,  good  garden 


374  GARDEN    FLOWERS. 

soil,  preferring  loam  moderately  rich.  Increased  by  divis- 
ion. Those  which  grow  with  stems,  like  the  Heartsease,  or 
Pansy,  should  be  frequently  renewed  from  cuttings,  which 
should,  moreover,  be,  as  far  as  possible,  the  young  shoots 
from  the  root,  in  preference  to  the  tips  of  the  older  shoots. 

Pansy  (  Viola  tricolor).  —  The  numerous  varieties  of  this 
popular  flower,  frequently  called  Heartsease,  originated  from 
the  common  three-colored  Violet.  Like  the  varieties  of  the 
Pink,  these  require  to  be  constantly  renewed  by  striking  cut- 
tings ;  for,  as  may  have  been  observed  by  many  who  have 
grown  them,  the  blooms  come  smaller  and  out  of  character 
as  the  plants  get  larger  and  older.  It  is  true,  there  are  more 
flowers  on  the  plants  when  they  enlarge  ;  but  there  is  a  great 
alteration  for  the  worse  in  their  colors  and  forms.  The 
ground  in  which  they  thrive  most  is  good  rich  loam.  They 
should  be  grown  in  beds  six  inches  apart  every  way.  The 
side-shoots  make  the  best  plants.  They  should  be  stripped 
off  when  they  are  two  inches  long ;  and  may  be  put  into 
the  ground  half  their  length,  and  covered  with  a  hand- 
glass :  if  the  place  be  shady,  so  much  the  less  trouble,  but? 
if  not,  the  hand-glass  must  be  covered  so  as  to  keep  off  the 
hot  sun  ;  the  cuttings  must  be  kept  well  watered  till  rooted. 
To  have  the  Heartsease  in  perfection,  there  should  be  a  con- 
stant supply  of  cuttings  ;  and  when  they  are  struck,  which 
will  be  seen  by  their  beginning  to  grow,  they  should  be  very 
carefully  lifted,  so  as  to  break  none  of  their  fibres,  and 
planted  out  wherever  they  are  to  bloom,  whether  it  be  in  the 
borders  or  in  beds.  After  the}7  are  planted  out,  they  should 
be  well  watered.  When  the  plants  get  large,  cut  them  down 
close ;  and  all  the  shoots  that  come  will  make  excellent  cut- 
tings. The  Pansies,  which  are  of  all  sorts  of  colors,  should 
be  had  in  bloom  all  the  year,  except  in  winter,  a  succession 
of  young  plants  being  raised  for  this  purpose. 


GARDEN    FLOWERS.  375 

V.  Altaica  (Altaic) ;  hardy  perennial ;  6  inches  ;  flowers  pur- 
ple, in  May  ;  Siberia  ;  1808.  V.  blanda  (charming) ;  hardy  per- 
ennial ;  6  inches  ;  flowers  white,  in  May  ;  North  America ; 
1803.  V.  calcarata  (spurred) ;  hardy  perennial ;  6  inches  ;  flow- 
ers bluish,  in  May;  Switzerland;  1752.  V.  grandiflora  (large- 
flowered)  ;  hardy  perennial ;  6  inches  ;  flowers  yellow,  in  June  ; 
Switzerland.  V.  lutea  (yellow) ;  hardy  perennial  ;  6  inches  ; 
flowers  yellow,  in  June  ;  England.  V.  ochroletica  (yellowish) ; 
hardy  perennial ;  6  inches  ;  flowers  straw-colored,  in  June  ; 
North  America  ;  1800.  V.  odorata  (common) ;  hardy  perennial ; 
6  inches  ;  flowers  blue  or  white,  in  May  ;  England.  V.  Palma- 
ensis  (Palmer) ;  half-hardy  perennial ;  i  foot ;  flowers  purple- 
lilac,  in  May  ;  south  of  Europe  ;  1836.  V.  palmata  (broad- 
leaved)  ;  hardy  perennial ;  6  inches  ;  -flowers  blue,  in  May  ; 
North  America;  1752.  V.  parnas sice  folia  (parnassia-leaved) ; 
hardy  perennial ;  6  inches  ;  flowers  yellow,  in  winter  and  spring  ; 
Patagonia;  1850.  V.  pedata  (pedate) ;  hardy  perennial;  6 
inches;  flowers  blue,  in  May;  North  America;  1759.  V.  Ro- 
thomagensis  (Rouen) ;  hardy  perennial  ;  6  inches  ;  flowers  blue, 
in  July  ;  France  ;  1783.  V.  stricta  (upright) ;  hardy  perennial  ; 
i  foot ;  flowers  pale-blue,  in  May;  Europe;  1822.  V.  tricolor 
(three-colored) ;  hardy  perennial ;  6  inches  ;  flowers  various,  all 
summer ;  Britain. 

There  are  many  other  species. 

VIPER'S  BUGLOSS.     See  ECHIUM. 

VIRGILIA.  [Leguminosae.]  A  fine  hardy  tree,  producing 
long  racemes  of  locust-like  flowers,  and  very  ornamental  in 
flower  and  leaf.  Deep  rich  soil.  Propagated  by  seeds  and 
layers. 

V.  httea  (yellow) ;  hardy  tree ;  30  feet ;  flowers  white,  in 
June  ;  North  America. 

'  VIRGINIAN  CREEPER.     See  AMPELOPSIS. 
VIRGINIAN  STOCK.     See  MALCOLMIA. 
VIRGIN'S  BOWER.     See  CLEMATIS. 
VISCARIA.     [Caryophyllaceae.]     A  small  genus,  allied  to 


3/6  GARDEN    FLOWERS. 

Lychnis,  containing  some  neat  small-growing  perennials,  as 
V.  vulgaris,  neglecta,  Alpina,  and  Helvetica,  forming  pretty 
rock-plants.  These  perennials  are  increased  b.y  carefully 
dividing  the  dense  tufts  of  branches  which  they  form,  re- 
taining a  share  of  roots  to  each  slip  if  possible,  and  treating 
the  divisions  rather  as  cuttings  than  as  plants,  by  keeping 
them  in  a  close  frame  until  they  begin  to  grow.  These  like 
a  very  open  soil,  containing  pounded  bricks  or  old  mortar, 
or  any  substance  of  similar  texture.  The  genus  also  con- 
tains two  very  showy  hardy  annuals,  V.  Coeli-rosa  and  oculata. 
These  may  be  sown  in  the  open  borders  with  other  hardy 
annuals  in  May. 

V.  Alpina(  Alpine)  ;  hardy  perennial ;  6  inches;  flowers  pink, 
in  May  ;  Scotland.  V.  Cceli-rosa  (Rose  of  Heaven) ;  hardy  an- 
nual ;  1 8  inches  ;  flowers  rose,  light  eye,  in  June  ;  Levant ;  1713. 
V.  Helvetica  (Swiss) ;  hardy  perennial  ;  3  inches  ;  flowers  red, 
in  June;  Switzerland;  1814.  V.  neglecta  (neglected);  hardy 
perennial  ;  9  inches  ;  flowers  white,  in  May  ;  England.  V.  ocu- 
lata (dark-eyed) ;  hardy  annual  ;  18  inches  ;  flowers  rose,  dark 
eye,  in  June  ;  Algiers  ;  1843.  ^  Suecica  (Swedish) ;  hardy 
perennial;  6  inches;  flowers  pink,  in  June;  Sweden;  1824. 
V.  vulgaris  (common) ;  hardy  perennial ;  I  foot ;  flowers  pink, 
in  May;  England.  f 


WAHLENBERGIA.    [Campanulaceae.]    Hardy  or  half- 
hardy  perennials  and  annuals.    The  latter  should  be 
sown  in  heat  in  March,  and  potted  or  planted  out  to  flower ; 
the  former  increase  by  division  or  seeds.     Soil,  sandy  loam. 

WALL-CRESS.     See  ARABIS. 

WALLFLOWER.     See  CHEIRANTHUS. 

WALNUT.     See  JUGLANS. 

WATER-LILY.     See  NYMPH^EA. 

WATER-PLANTAIN.     See  ALISMA. 

WATER-REED.     See  ARUNDO. 

WEIGELA.  [Caprifoliaceae.]  Very  handsome  hardy  de- 
ciduous shrubs.  They  are  free-growing,  striking  readily  from 
cuttings  or  from  layers,  and  grow  vigorously  in  good  garden 
soil.  The  blossoms,  at  first  white,  but  changing  to  rose- 
pink,  are  produced,  generally  in  great  profusion,  in  spring. 

W.  amabilis  (loVely) ;  hardy  shrub  ;  3  feet ;  flowers  pink,  in 
May;  Japan;  1852.  W.  rosea  (rosy);  hardy  shrub;  3  feet; 
flowers  pink,  in  May;  China;  1844.  W.  Middendorffiana ; 
hardy  shrub  ;  flowers  white,  shading  to  pale-yellow,  spotted  with 
carmine  ;  south  of  Russia  ;  1856. 

There  are  other  species,  and  a  variety  with  variegated 
foliage. 

WASHINGTONIA.  [Coniferae.]  A  magnificent  hardy  ever- 
green tree.  Soil,  loam.  Increased  by  seeds.  This  tree 
will  survive  as  far  north  as  Massachusetts. 

W.  gigantea  (gigantic)  ;  hardy  evergreen  tree  ;  200  feet ;  flow- 
ers deep  purple,  in  July  ;  California  ;  1844. 

377 


3?8  GARDEN    FLOWERS. 

WHITLAVIA.  [Hydrophyllaceae.]  Hardy  annuals,  of  or- 
namental character.  Rich  light  soil.  Increased  by  seeds. 

W.  grandiflora  (large-flowered) ;  hardy  annual ;  2  feet ;  flow- 
ers deep  purple,  in  July  ;  California  ;  1853. 

WHITLOW-GRASS.     See  DRABA. 
WHORTLE-BERRY.     See  VACCINUM. 
WILLOW.     See  SALIX. 

WlNDFLOWER.       See    ANEMONE. 

WINTER  ACONITE.     See  ERANTHIS. 

WINTER  CHERRY.     See  PHYSALIS. 

WISTARIA.  [Leguminesas.]  Hardy,  vigorous-growing  de- 
ciduous climbers.  W.  sinensis,  formerly  named  Glyrine  sinen- 
sis,  is  a  perfectly  hardy,  climbing  shrub  bearing  long  racemes 
of  purplish-lilac  flowers  before  the  foliage  is  produced. 
Young  plants,  when  newly  planted,  are  often  of  slow  growth  ; 
but  as  soon  as  they  get  established  they  grow  very  rapidly. 
The  flowers  are,  however,  produced  on  spurs  of  the  old 
wood.  It  is  propagated  by  layers,  which  root  freely  if  pegged 
under  ground  any  time  during  autumn. 

W.  frutescens;  hardy  climbing  shrub  ;  20  feet ;  flowers  deep 
purple,  in  summer;  North  America ;  1724.  W.  sinensis  (Chi- 
nese) ;  hardy  climbing  shrub  ;  25  feet ;  flowers  lilac  or  white,  in 
May  ;  China  ;  1818  ;  the  white  variety  in  1846. 

WITCH  HAZEL.     See  HAMAMELIS. 

WOLFSBANE.       See    ACONITUM. 

WOODBINE.     See  AMPELOPSIS  and  CAPRIFOLIUM. 
WULFENIA.    [Scrophularineae.]    Hardy  herbaceous  plants, 
requiring  a  dry  soil.     Propagated  by  seeds  and  division. 

W.  Amherstiancs  (Amherst's) ;  hardy  perennial ;  6  inches  ; 
flowers  lilac,  in  July  ;  Chinese  Tartary  ;  1846.  W.  Carinthiaca 
(Corinthian) ;  hardy  perennial ;  i  foot ;  flowers  blue,  in  July ; 
Carinthia;  1817. 

WYTCH  ELM.     See  ULMUS  MONTANUS. 


"^T'ANTHIUM.  Small  Burdock.  [Composite.]  A  genus 
-*»•  of  weedy  plants  of  easy  culture.  The  flowers  are  in- 
conspicuous, but  the  foliage  may  be  effective  in  masses. 
The  species  are  X.  strumarium,  Orientate,  spinosum,  and  echi- 
natum.  Easily  propagated  by  seeds. 

XANTHORHIZA.  Yellow-root.  [Ranunculaceag.]  A  hardy 
shrub,  increasing  rapidly  by  suckers.  Soil,  sandy  loam, 
rather  moist.  The  dark-purple  flowers  are  very  pretty  in 
early  spring,  and  the  foliage  is  delicate  and  pretty. 

X.  apiifolia  (parsley-leaved) ;  hardy  shrub ;  3  feet ;  flowers 
purple,  in  May;  North  America;  1766. 

XANTHOXYLUM.  [Xanthoxylacese.]  A  hardy  tree,  grow- 
ing in  any  garden  soil,  and  very  easily  propagated  by  seeds 
or  root-cuttings. 

X.  fraxineum  (ash-like) ;  hardy  tree  ;  1 5  feet ;  flowers  white, 
in  April;  North  America;  1759. 

There  are  other  species,  mostly  tender. 

XERANTHEMUM.  [Composite.]  Hardy  annuals  of  the 
composite  kind,  now  almost  expelled  from  gardens  by 
the  gayer  annuals  from  California  and  elsewhere.  They 
must  not  be  confounded  with  the  showy  yellow  and  white 
Everlasting  flowers  (as  they  are  called),  which  have  been, 
and  indeed  now  are,  sometimes  named  Xeranthemum. 
They  are  among  the  most  easily  cultivated  of  annuals,  re- 
quiring only  to  be  sown  about  May  in  the  open  border,  and 

379 


380  GARDEN    FLOWERS. 

thinned  out  for  flowering.     A  succession  may  be  sown  a 
month  later  than  the  first  sowing,  if  it  is  required. 

X.  annuum  (annual) ;  hardy  annual ;  3  feet ;  flowers  purple  or 
white,  in  July  ;  south  of  Europe  ;  1570. 

XEROPHYLLUM.  [Melanthaceae.]  A  genus  of  pretty  but 
rare  half-hardy  plants,  with  spikes  of  white  flowers  resem- 
bling Helonias.  The  foliage  appears  withered,  whence  the 
name.  Good  garden  soil.  Propagated  by  seeds. 

X.  setifolium  (bristle-leaved) ;  half-hardy  perennial ;  flowers 
white,  in  June  ;  North  America  ;  1823.  This  plant  is  also  known 
as  X.  asphodeloides  and  X.  tenax. 

XYLOSTEON.  A  subdivision  of  the  Honeysuckle  family 
(Caprifoliaceae),  including  some  of  the  shrubby  Honeysuckles. 
See  LONICERA. 

XYRIS.  Yellow-eyed  Grass.  [Xyridaceas.]  A  genus  of 
very  pretty  yellow  flowers,  of  which  one  species  is  very  com- 
mon in  open  sandy  or  peat  bogs.  If  cultivated  in  a  mass, 
the  flower  would  be  effective.  Soil,  peaty  sand.  Propa- 
gated by  seed. 

X.  bulbosa  (bulbous) ;  hardy  perennial ;  6  inches  ;  flowers  yel- 
low, all  summer  ;  North  America.  X.  Caroliniana  (Carolinian); 
hardy  perennial ;  18  inches;  flowers  yellow,  in  August;  North 
America.  X.  fimbriata  is  a  Southern  species. 


YAM,  CHINESE.     See  DIOSCOREA  BATATAS. 
YARROW.     See  ACHILLEA. 

YELLOW-EYED  GRASS.     See  XYRIS. 

YELLOW  LILY.     See  HEMEROCALLIS. 

YELLOW  POND-LILY.     See  NYMPILEA. 

YELLOW-ROOT.     See  XANTHORHIZA. 

YELLOW  SULTAN.     See  CENTAUREA  SUAVEOLENS. 

YEW.     See  TAXUS. 

YUCCA.  Adam's  Needle.  [Liliaceae.]  Fine  exotic-looking 
shrubs,  some  of  them  hardy ;  others  require  some  amount 
of  protection.  They  are  aloe-like,  with  narrow  leaves,  some 
growing  up  with  an  erect  stem,  which,  in  time,  becomes 
forked ;  and  others  being  almost  stemless,  the  leaves  grow- 
ing close  to  the  ground.  The  flowering  stem  in  all  is  erect, 
bearing  a  close  panicle  of  large  cream-colored,  drooping, 
tulip-like  blossoms.  They  all  grow  in  loamy  soil,  and  the 
hardy  kinds  have  a  fine  effect  planted  sparingly  in  promi- 
nent positions  on  rock-work. 

Y.  aloifolia  (aloe-leaved) ;  half-hardy  evergreen  shrub  ;  3  feet ; 
flowers  greenish-white,  in  August ;  South  America  ;  1696.  K  an- 
gustifolia  (narrow-leaved) ;  half-hardy  evergreen  shrub  ;  2  feet ; 
flowers  greenish-white,  in  July;  Missouri;  1811.  Y.  draconis 
(dragon) ;  half-hardy  evergreen  shrub  ;  6  feet ;  flowers  white,  in 
August;  South  America ;  1732.  Y.filamentosa  (thready);  hardy 
evergreen  shrub  ;  2  feet ;  flowers  greenish-white,  in  September ; 
Virginia  ;  1675.  Y.  glaucescens  (glaucous) ;  half-hardy  evergreen 
perennial ;  2  feet ;  flowers  white,  in  July ;  North  America  ;  1819. 


382  GARDEN    FLOWERS. 

Y.  gloriosa  (glorious) ;  evergreen  shrub  ;  4  feet ;  flowers  green- 
ish white,  in  July  ;  America  ;  1 596.  Y.  recurva  (recurved) ; 
half-hardy  evergreen  shrub  ;  3  feet ;  flowers  greenish-white,  in 
August;  Georgia;  1794.  Y.  superba  (superb) ;  half-hardy  ever- 
green shrub;  10  feet;  flowers  white,  in  August;  history  un- 
known. 

The  only  species  perfectly  hardy  in  New  England  is  K 
filamentosa,  though  the  others  occasionally  survive.  There 
is  no  better  plant  for  massing.  The  most  effective  manner 
of  growing  this  plant  is  to  set  about  a  dozen  strong  plants 
in  a  large  circular  bed  in  a  lawn,  the  soil  being  deep  and 
well  manured.  The  plants  will  display  wonderful  vigor  of 
growth,  and  will  often  send  up  flower-spikes  eight  feet  high, 
covered  with  hundreds  of  blossoms.  These  spikes  of  bloom 
are  very  effective  by  moonlight,  and  there  is  a  foolish  belief 
that  the  plant  only  blooms  about  the  time  of  the  full  moon. 
The  foliage  should  be  protected  by  a  slight  covering  of  ever- 
green boughs  from  the  winter's  sun.  Seedlings  vary  much 
in  foliage. 


ZAUSCHNERIA.  [Onagraceae.]  A  pretty  plant  for 
bedding,  though  its  blooming  season  is  often  shortened 
by  the  frost.  It  forms  a  dense  bushy  mass,  covered  with 
scarlet  fuchsia  or  honeysuckle-like  erect  flowers.  Garden 
soil.  Propagated  by  cuttings  and  division.  It  requires 
greenhouse  protection  in  winter  in  the  Northern  States. 

Z.  Californica  (Californian) ;  half-hardy  perennial ;  18  inches; 
flowers  scarlet,  .in  August ;  California ;  1 847. 

ZENOBIA.     See  ANDROMEDA. 

ZINNIA.  [Composite.]  A  genus  of  Mexican  annuals, 
bearing  flowers  of  many  different  colors,  seedling  varieties 
having  become  numerous.  The  most  ornamental  species  is 
Z.  elegans,  which  grows  best  in  peaty  soil,  and  in  a  cool  sit- 
uation. The  plant  may  be  termed  coarse,  and  is  better- 
looking  in  moderate  than  in  rich  soil.  The  seed  may  be 
sown  in  the  open  ground,  or  in  heat,  according  to  the  time 
it  is  desired  to  be  in  flower.  When  large  enough,  it  may  be 
planted  out  at  once  into  beds  a  foot  apart,  or  in  the  border 
three  in  a  patch.  When  seed  has  been  saved  from  a  single 
plant,  and  none  other  has  been  near,  the  plants  have  come 
pretty  constant  to  the  parent ;  but,  generally  speaking,  in 
the  seed  that  is  purchased  we  obtain  all  the  colors  from 
scarlet  to  light-pink  and  to  dark-crimson,  and  all  the  shades 
from  dark-chocolate  to  light-purple  and  lilac.  It  is  a  diffi- 
cult matter  to  produce,  year  after  year,  anything  like  con- 

383 


384 


GARDEN    FLOWERS. 


stancy  in  annuals ;  for  the  only  way  is  to  destroy  all  others 
that  cab.  cross  the  seed,  or  to  isolate  those  for  seeding,  so 
that  nothing  can  reach  them.  Muslin  bags  have  been  tried 
with  some  effect ;  but  it  must  be  done  very  early.  The 
double  varieties  are  brilliant  ornaments  of  the  garden,  and 
come  true  from  seed.  They  were  introduced  from  India  in 
1858. 

Z.  elegans  (elegant) ;  half-hardy  annual ;  1 8  inches  ;  flowers 
various,  in  July ;  Mexico;  1829.  Z.  mnltiflora  (many-flowered) ; 
hardy  annual;  2  feet;  flowers  dull-red,  in  August;  Mexico; 
1770. 

ZYGADENUS.  [Melanthaceae.]  A  family  of  herbaceous 
perennials,  allied  to  Veratrum,  natives  of  North  America. 
Soil,  moist  peaty  loam.  Propagated  by  division.  Flowers 
greenish-white.  Z.  glaucus,  leimanthoides,  and  glaberrimus 
are  among  the  species. 


THE  LIBRARY 
DIVERSITY  OF  CALIFORNIA 

Santa  Barbara 


THIS  BOOK  IS  DUE  ON  THE  LAST  DATE 
STAMPED  BELOW. 


